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1.
We present the results of our observations of the H2O maser emission toward the complex source ON2 associated with an active star-forming region. The observations were performed in a wide range of radial velocities, from ?75 to 90 km s?1. We have detected an emission with flux densities of 9.2, 4, and 26 Jy at radial velocities of ?33.5, ?24.4, and ?18.8 km s?1, respectively, at which no emission has been observed previously. The detected emission is most likely associated with a hitherto unknown cluster of maser spots located between the northern (N) and southern (S) components of the source ON2 (closer to the northern one). This cluster may be associated with one of the three CO molecular outflows in the ON2 region. We have also detected an emission at ?22 and ?14.5 km s?1 in N and at 12.6 km s?1 in S, which has extended significantly the velocity ranges of the maser emission in these sources and allowed their models to be improved.  相似文献   

2.
We analyze our monitoring data for the water-vapor maser in the source W31(2), associated with a region of vigorous star formation, a cluster of OB stars. The monitoring was performed with the 22-m radio telescope at Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory during 1981–2004. The variability of the H2O maser in W31(2) was found to be cyclic, with a mean period of 1.9 yr. Two flares were most intense (superflares): in 1985–1986 and 1998–1999. In each activity cycle, we observed up to several short flares, subpeaks. The fluxes of many emission features during the flares were correlated. We also observed successive activation of individual emission features in order of increasing or decreasing radial velocity, suggesting an ordered structure and, hence, a radial-velocity gradient of the medium. There is a clear correlation of the emission peaks of the main components in the spectra at radial velocities of ?1.7, ?1.3, 0.5, and 1.3 km s?1 with activity cycles and of the emission at VLSR < ?8 km s?1 with short flares. During the superflares, the emission in the low-velocity part of the H2O spectrum and a number of other phenomena related to coherent maser-emission properties were suppressed. The maser spots are assumed to form a compact structure, to have a common pumping source, and to be associated with an accretion flow onto the cluster of OB stars.  相似文献   

3.
We present the monitoring results for the H2O maser toward the infrared source IRAS 06308+0402 associated with a dense cold molecular cloud. The observations were carried out with the 22-m radio telescope at the Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (Russia) during 1992–2003. The H2O maser was discovered in May 1992 (Pashchenko 1992) during a survey of IRAS sources associated with dense cold clouds with bipolar molecular outflows. The H2O spectrum contains many emission features, suggesting the fragmentation of the envelope around a young star. The star has a low peculiar velocity relative to the CO molecular cloud (～2.2 km s?1). We found a cyclic variability of the total maser flux with a period from 1.8 to 3.1 yr.  相似文献   

4.
We present the results of our observations of the maser radio emission source G188.946+0.886 in hydroxyl (OH) molecular lines with the radio telescope of the Nançay Observatory (France) and in the H2O line at λ = 1.35 cm with the RT-22 radio telescope at the Pushchino Observatory (Russia). An emission feature in the 1720-MHz satellite line of the OH ground state has been detected for the first time. The radial velocity of the feature, V LSR = 3.6 km s?1, has a “blue” shift relative to the range of emission velocities in the main 1665- and 1667-MHz OH lines, which is 8–11 km s?1. This suggests a probable connection of the observed feature in the 1720-MHz line with the “blue” wing of the bipolar outflow observed in this region in the CO line. We have estimated the magnetic field strength for three features (0.90 and 0.8 mG for 1665 MHz and 0.25 mG for 1720 MHz) from the Zeeman splitting in the 1665- and 1720-MHz lines. No emission and (or) absorption has been detected in the other 1612-MHz satellite OH line. Three cycles of H2O maser activity have been revealed. The variability is quasi-periodic in pattern. There is a general tendency for the maser activity to decrease. Some clusters of H2O maser spots can form organized structures, for example, chains and other forms.  相似文献   

5.
We report the results of three-year long observations of OH masers at 1665 MHz in the W3(OH) source carried out with the 32-m antenna of Svetloe Radio Astronomical Observatory.We found that the strongest activity during the period from December 2011 through March 2012 was exhibited by the region at radial velocity ?46.2km s?1. The region showed no activity in the ensuing time. The most striking outburst was the event that occurred on January 23, 2013 at UT 03:27. At that time the flux of the region increased by a factor of seven in 90 s, and then decreased down to the initial level. Such a time scale yields the upper estimate of 0.18 AU (2.7 × 1012 cm) for the linear size of the maser dot. In 2013–2014 intensity variations were found the ?47.6 and ?45.1km s?1 components with time scales on the order of 10 hours and anticorrelated behavior of the left- and right-hand polarization fluxes. This is the first time that such phenomena have been found in the behavior of OH maser emission, and they cannot be explained by any existing models of maser variability.  相似文献   

6.
We analyze the line shape for emission peaks of H2O maser sources associated with star-forming regions by using the spectra obtained with the RT-22 radio telescope at the Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory. For five sources, we found the line profile of emission peaks to be asymmetric. In all cases, the left (high-frequency) line wing is higher than the right wing. Our analysis of the line shape yielded additional information on the structure and evolution of the maser sources under study. In G43.8-0.1, the emission feature was found to split up into two components. To explain the evolution of the 16.8 km s?1 line in NGC 2071, we propose a model in which the line-of-sight velocity gradient changes under the effect of a (non-shock) wave. The observed short-duration flares of individual emission features in W75N can emerge due to a chance projection of the numerous clumps of matter involved in Keplerian motion onto each other.  相似文献   

7.
Observations of the circumstellar maser emission from the long-period variable star Y Cas in the 1.35-cm water-vapor line are presented. The observations were performed with the RT-22 radio telescope at the Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (Astrospace Center, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences) in the period 1982–2005. The variations in the integrated flux Fint in the H2O line correlate with the visual light curve of the star. The phase delay Δ? between the Fint variations and the light curve is 0.2–0.4P (P is the period of the star). The H2O maser Y Cas belongs to transient sources: peaks of high maser activity alternate with intervals of a low emission level when the H2O-line flux does not exceed (0.1–0.5) × 10?20 W m?2. A “superperiod” of ～5.7 yr was found in the occurrence of activity peaks. A particularly strong maximum of maser radio emission took place at the end of 1997, when the flux Fint reached 15.6 × 10?20 W m?2. A model for the H2O maser variability in Y Cas is discussed. The variability is caused by a periodic action of shock waves driven by stellar pulsations. The H2O maser flares may be associated with short-lived episodes of enhanced mass loss by the star or with the propagation of a particularly strong shock wave when a planet orbiting the star passes through its periastron.  相似文献   

8.
Polarization observations of the H2O maser emission at 1.35 cm from the active region Orion KL were carried out at epoch 2011.7 on the Svetloe-Zelenchukskaya radio interferometer. The observational data have been processed on the correlator of the QUASAR network. Fragments of the structure have been identified; the line velocities and profile widths and the emission polarization have been determined. The component at the radial velocity V = 7.0 km s?1 has been taken as a reference one. Its effective size in the Gaussian approximation is 1.5 mas, the axial ratio is Major/Minor = 3.3, and the orientation is PA = 11°. The component V = 7.6 km s?1 corresponds to a bipolar outflow with an effective size of 6.2 mas, the axial ratio is Major/Minor = 5.3, and the orientation ?32°. The bipolar outflow is 10 mas away from the reference feature in the direction of 173°. The longitudinal velocity components of the NW and SE parts of the bipolar outflow in the local standard of rest are +0.15 and ?0.15 km s?1, respectively. The degrees of polarization of the emission from the reference feature (7.0 km s?1) and the bipolar outflow are m = 39 and 52%, respectively. The difference in polarization orientations of both components ?? ?? does not exceed 3°.  相似文献   

9.
During the period 1979–1999, we investigated the hyperfine structure of the H2O supermaser region located in the core of the molecular cloud OMC-1 in Orion KL. The angular resolution is 0.1 mas, which corresponds to 0.045 AU. The detected structure, which consists of a central object, an accretion disk, a bipolar outflow, and an envelope, corresponds to the initial formation stage of a low-mass star. The accretion disk is at the stage of separation into groups of concentric rings. The bipolar outflow is a neutral, highly collimated jet of accreted material that includes H2O molecules and dust grains in the icy envelope. The injector is a bright compact source with a size <0.05 AU and a brightness temperature Tb≈1017 K. The velocity of the bipolar outflow is v≈10 km s?1. The rotation velocity of the jet is vrot≈1.5 km s?1. The jet has the shape of a conical helix due to the precession of the rotation axis. Occasionally, dense blobs (comet-shaped bullets) are ejected. The envelope amplifies the radio emission from the structures in a ～0.5 km s?1 maser window band with velocities v≈7.65 km s?1 by more than two orders of magnitude.  相似文献   

10.
Polarization measurements of the H2O maser emission from the active region in Orion KL were carried out at epoch 2011?C2012 on the Svetloe-Zelenchukskaya radio interferometer. The bipolar outflow structure and polarized emission parameters have been determined. The emission from the components at v = 7.6 and 7.0 km s?1 dominates in the line profile; the relative contribution of the former component has increased. The velocity of the bipolar outflow ejector region is almost equal to that of the local standard of rest v LSR = 7.65 km s?1, while the velocity of the remote component is v = 7.0 km s?1. The emission from the bipolar outflow is observed at a distance up to 11 mas from the ejector. Its diameter does not exceed 0.3 mas. The outflow orientation in the plane of the sky is ?37°. The outflow velocity components along the line of sight differ by ??v = 0.3 km s?1. The polarization levels of the bipolar outflow and the remote component reach m = 62 and 39%, respectively.  相似文献   

11.
We analyzed the monitoring data for the maser S255 obtained in the H2O line at λ=1.35 cm with the 22-m radio telescope at the Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory in 1981–2002. The maser was most active during 1998–2002. Since 2001, the H2O spectra have been extended and complex; their triplet structure has been disrupted. The extent of the spectra was 24 km s?1 (from ?6 to 18 km s?1). We calculated orbital parameters for some of the components. We estimated the mass of the central star to be (6–7)M⊙ and the outer Keplerian-disk radius to be ～160 AU.  相似文献   

12.
The superfine structure of the active region in Orion KL has been investigated in the H2O maser line at two epochs, December 23, 1998, and April 24, 1999, with an angular resolution as high as 0.01 mas. A bright central source, a bipolar outflow ejector with two nozzles spaced 0.008 mas apart, has been identified. The impact of the ejected flows causes precession of the rotation axis and gives rise to a jet structure in the shape of diverging helixes of opposite signs. The longitudinal velocities of the flows differ by 0.12 km s?1. The flow emission at the exit from the nozzles is linearly polarized and oriented at an angle of 22° relative to the rotation axis or parallel to the flow velocities. Their brightness temperature exceeds T b > 1018 K. The width of the emission line profiles is 0.43 km s?1, their relative shift is ±0.06 km s?1, and the orientations of the polarization planes differ by 45°, which determines the extraordinary rotation of the polarization plane, 25°/km s?1.  相似文献   

13.
We analyze the superfine structure of the supermaser H2O emission region in Orion KL over the period 1979–1999. The angular resolution reached 0.1 mas, which corresponds to 0.045 AU at a distance to Orion KL of 450 pc. We determined the velocity of the local standard of rest, VLSR = 7.65 km s?1. The formation of a protostar is accompanied by a structure that consists of an accretion disk, a bipolar outflow, and a surrounding envelope. The disk is at the stage of separation into protoplanetary rings. The disk plane is warped like the brim of a hat. The disk is 27 AU in diameter and ～0.3 AU in thickness. The rings contain ice granules. Radiation and stellar wind sublimate and blow away the water molecules to form halos around the rings, maser rings. The radiation from the rings is concentrated in the azimuthal plane, and its directivity reaches 10?3. The relative velocities of the rings located in the central part of the disk 15 AU in diameter correspond to rigid-body rotation, Vrot = ΩR. The rotation period is T ≈ 170 yr. The injector is surrounded by a toroidal structure 1.2 AU in diameter. The diameter of the injected flow does not exceed 0.05 AU. A highly collimated bipolar outflow with a diameter of ～0.1 AU is observed at a distance as large as 3 AU. Precession of the injector axis with a period of ～10 yr forms a spiral flow structure. The flow velocity is ～10 km s?1. The kinetic energy of the accreting matter and the disk is assumed to be transferred to the bipolar outflow, causing the rotation velocity distribution of the rings to deviate from the Keplerian velocity. The surrounding envelope amplifies the emission from the structure at a velocity of 7.65 km s?1 in a band of ～0.5 km s?1 by more than two orders of magnitude, which determines the supermaser emission.  相似文献   

14.
We investigated the kinematics of the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) in the old supernova remnant CTB 80 using the Fabry-Perot interferometer of the 6-m Special Astrophysical Observatory telescope. In addition to the previously known expansion of the system of bright filaments with a velocity of 100–200 km s?1, we detected weak high-velocity features in the Hα line at least up to velocities of 400–450 km s?1. We analyzed the morphology of the PWN in the Hα, [S II], and [O III] lines using HST archival data and discuss its nature. The shape of the central filamentary shell, which is determined by the emission in the [O III] line and in the radio continuum, is shown to be consistent with the bow-shock model for a significant (about 60°) inclination of the pulsar’s velocity vector to the plane of the sky. In this case, the space velocity of the pulsar is twice as high as its tangential velocity, i.e., it reaches ?500 km s?1, and PSR B1951+32 is the first pulsar whose radial velocity about 40 km s?1 has been estimated from PWN observations. The shell-like Hα-structures outside the bow shock front in the east and the west could be associated with both the pulsar’s jets and the pulsar wind breakthrough due to the layered structure of the extended CTB 80 shell.  相似文献   

15.
We have made high resolution observations of HCN (1-0) emission from the carbon star Y Canum Venaticorum using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array. We find that the emission region is not well resolved by the synthesized beam of 3.7 × 4.6 over the entire velocity range (VLSR =10 to 35 km s–1). We find that the true brightness temperature probably exceeds 200 K at many velocity channels as well as at the 26 km s–1 maser spike. The broad emission component may be the result of superimposed maser spikes. The high brightness requires an unreasonably high HCN fractional abundance if LTE is assumed. It is likely that the HCN abundance previously reported for the star is considerably affected by the maser action. A new maser spike has been found at VLSR = 29 km s–1  相似文献   

16.
We investigate the H2O maser flare that occurred in the source NGC 7538 S during 1998–2005 in the radial-velocity range from ?57 to ?52 km s?1. We have found a large number of emission features, suggesting that the medium where the flare occurred is highly fragmented. We have identified four spectral groups of emission features. All groups are most likely associated with the cluster of maser spots located in the center of an elongated structure and related to a massive rotating disk. The observed pattern of variations in the fluxes and radial velocities of the features can be explained by the presence of inhomogeneities in the medium, which can form elongated structures like filaments or chains. The mean extent of this structure is estimated to be 6–8 AU. Two cycles of maser activity have been observed, 1998–2002 and 2003–2005, which may be determined by the cyclic activity of the central object, a massive O-type protostar.  相似文献   

17.
Two star-forming regions Cepheus A and W75N, were searched for the 4765-MHz OH maser emission using the multi-element radio linked interferometer network (MERLIN). The excited OH emission has an arc-like structure of 40 mas in Cep A and a linear structure of size 45 mas in W75N. We also found the 1720-MHz line in Cep A and Hutawarakorn [MNRAS 330 (2002) 349] reported the 1720-MHz emission in W75N. The 1720- and 4765-MHz OH spots coincided in space within 60 mas and in velocity within 0.3 km s–1 in both targets implying that both maser transitions arise from the same region. According to the modelling by Gray [MNRAS 252 (1991) 30] the 1720/4765-MHz co-propagation requires a low density, warm environment. The masers lie at the edges of H II regions where such conditions are expected.  相似文献   

18.
Based on published data, we have collected information about Galactic maser sources with measured distances. In particular, 44 Galactic maser sources located in star-forming regions have trigonometric parallaxes, proper motions, and radial velocities. In addition, ten more radio sources with incomplete information are known, but their parallaxes have been measured with a high accuracy. For all 54 sources, we have calculated the corrections for the well-known Lutz-Kelker bias. Based on a sample of 44 sources, we have refined the parameters of the Galactic rotation curve. Thus, at R 0 = 8kpc, the peculiar velocity components for the Sun are (U ⊙, V ⊙, W ⊙) = (7.5, 17.6, 8.4) ± (1.2, 1.2, 1.2) km s?1 and the angular velocity components are ω 0 = ?28.7 ± 0.5 km s?1 kpc?1, ω 0′ = +4.17 ± 0.10 km s?1 kpc?2, and ω0″ = ?0.87 ± 0.06 km s?1 kpc?3. The corresponding Oort constants are A = 16.7 ± 0.6 km s?1 kpc?1 and B = ?12.0 ± 1.0 km s?1 kpc?1; the circular rotation velocity of the solar neighborhood around the Galactic center is V 0 = 230 ± 16 km s?1. We have found that the corrections for the Lutz-Kelker bias affect the determination of the angular velocity ω 0 most strongly; their effect on the remaining parameters is statistically insignificant. Within themodel of a two-armed spiral pattern, we have determined the pattern pitch angle $i = - 6_.^ \circ 5$ and the phase of the Sun in the spiral wave χ 0 = 150°.  相似文献   

19.
We have studied the fine structure of the active H2O supermaser emission region in Orion KL with an angular resolution of 0.1 mas. We found central features suggestive of a bipolar outflow, bullets, and an envelope which correspond to the earliest stage of low-mass star formation. The ejector is a bright compact source ≤0.05 AU in size with a brightness temperature T b ?1017 K. The highly collimated bipolar outflow ～30 has a velocity v ej ?10 km s?1, a rotation period of ～0.5 yr, a precession period of ～10 yr, and a precession angle of ～33°. Precession gives rise to a jet in the shape of a conical helix. The envelope amplifies the radio emission from the components by about three orders of magnitude at a velocity v=7.65 km s?1.  相似文献   

20.
We report the results of a month long program of daily observationsconducted to study the short-term variability of the H2O maseremission from W51M. During the period of our experiment, we observedsignificant changes in the flux density of some maser features, but no driftin the velocity of any feature. The flux density of a feature at 82.8 kms-1 declined from 1140 Jy to 152 Jy over the month-long monitoringprogram. We tentatively conclude that this variation may be caused byenhanced interstellar scintillation.  相似文献   

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