共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
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不同坡面植被空间布局对坡沟系统产流产沙影响的实验 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
植被在有效控制水土流失、改善生态环境中具有重要作用。为探讨坡面不同植被覆盖度、不同植被空间布局对坡沟系统侵蚀产沙的影响,以4 m长坡面(坡度为20°)和3 m长沟坡(坡度为50°)组成的坡沟系统为研究对象,采用不同放水流量(3.2 L/min、5.2 L/min)的放水冲刷实验,研究了不同放水流量、不同植被覆盖度、不同植被布设部位对坡-沟系统及沟坡侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,在实验条件下,不同植被布设部位在相同放水流量、相同植被覆盖度条件下对坡沟系统侵蚀产沙有明显影响,而对产流量无明显影响;沟坡部分侵蚀产沙量不随坡面植被覆盖度的增大而减小,相反呈增大趋势。说明在实验条件下,对坡沟系统而言,仅在坡面部分布设植被,尽管能在一定程度上减少坡沟系统侵蚀产沙,但并不能有效减小沟坡部分的侵蚀产沙,甚至引起沟坡部分侵蚀产沙的增大。因此,水土流失治理过程中采取有效措施进行坡沟兼治将是减少水土流失的有效手段。 相似文献
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坡面侵蚀水沙流时间变化特征的模拟实验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
多坡段实验模型以黄土丘陵沟壑区垂向上梁峁坡面与沟谷坡面构成的坡沟系统为原型,采用人工降雨模拟实验方法,对坡沟系统土壤侵蚀链内降雨径流产沙随时间变化的规律进行了系统的研究。结果表明:雨强29 7mm/h时36′40″开始产流,60 5mm/h时3′43″产流,90 2mm/h时2′30″产流。雨强29 7mm/h时侵蚀过程以面蚀为主,产沙起伏20min出现一次。60 5mm/h时以面蚀与细沟蚀为主,35°陡坡伴有崩塌、滑塌等重力侵蚀,产沙波动平均12min出现一次。雨强90 2mm/h时坡面上细沟发育充分,有细沟合并及出现浅沟侵蚀现象,35°坡崩塌、滑塌剧烈,产沙过程波动频繁,每10min一次。雨强29 7mm/h时单位流量的产沙量为0 10kg/L;雨强60 5mm/h时为0 30kg/L;雨强90 2mm/h时为0 41kg/L。流量的大小影响了侵蚀方式和形态分异的程度,使产沙过程出现强弱相间的波动性特点。 相似文献
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黄土坡面不同侵蚀带侵蚀产沙关系及其机理 总被引：43，自引：0，他引：43
黄土梁峁坡面土壤侵蚀具有明显的垂直分带性,不同侵蚀带具有各自的侵蚀产沙特点,且彼此相互影响,坡面侵蚀产沙分配受降雨强度和降雨能量的制约,随着雨强和降雨能量的增加,坡面侵蚀产沙量的最大部位由细沟侵蚀带向浅沟侵蚀带过渡,坡面侵蚀产沙强度变化的本抽为侵蚀方式的演变,坡面复合侵蚀带的径流模数明显小于对应的单一侵蚀带径流模数,而其侵蚀模数则明显大于对应的单一侵蚀带侵蚀模数,溅蚀片蚀带的来水来沙可吏细沟侵蚀带 相似文献
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燕山土石山区降雨和下垫面条件对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《山地学报》2016,(1)
为了揭示燕山土石山区水土流失规律,基于坡面径流小区定位观测资料,对坡面尺度一定降雨和下垫面条件下土壤侵蚀产沙状况进行了分析,拟为区域水土流失防治提供参考。研究结果表明:平均降雨强度和产流降雨量是引起坡面土壤侵蚀的主要因素,降雨历时和坡面土壤侵蚀产沙量之间的相关性不明显;坡面径流小区的土壤侵蚀模数随着坡度的增加呈指数增大趋势,当坡度超过20.42°后坡面土壤侵蚀模数呈快速增加趋势;坡面径流小区的侵蚀模数随着坡长的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,在坡长为22.26 m处达到最大值,说明该区域坡面侵蚀可能存在临界坡长,在22 m左右;坡面土壤侵蚀模数随着植被覆盖度的增加呈减小趋势,但是覆盖度为60%的草地和覆盖度为90%的草地的侵蚀模数差别不大,说明水土流失治理中存在着临界植被覆盖度;梯田、鱼鳞坑、水平阶等整地工程由于改变了下垫面条件,能够有效蓄水拦沙,减弱坡面土壤侵蚀。 相似文献
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坡面侵蚀过程中细沟水流动力学参数估算探讨 总被引：17，自引：7，他引：10
细沟侵蚀是坡面侵蚀的主要方式 ,在坡面侵蚀产沙及其输移过程中占有重要的地位和作用。通过放水冲刷试验 ,测定并研究了坡面细沟中径流的水力要素特征及其相互关系。试验中坡度采用 6° ,10°,12°和 15°共 4级 ,径流流量变化控制在 40～ 5 0 0ml/s之间。结果表明 ,黄土陡坡上细沟径流的流速、过水断面宽度 ,以及径流深都能表示成径流量和坡度的函数。在确定坡面细沟流各水力要素间关系指数的基础上 ,探讨了用径流量和坡度因子估算细沟径流水力参数的方法。经用实测资料验证 ,在实验土壤及流量、坡度条件下 ,用文中提出的方法估算的细沟径流深具有一定的精度。 相似文献
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沙漠沟谷暴雨洪水侵蚀产沙特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在半干旱区的季节性沙漠沟谷,暴雨引发的洪水过程侵蚀产沙强度大,水土流失严重,对区域及下游河道生态造成严重威胁。以毛布拉孔兑的支沟苏达尔沟为研究对象,以苏达尔沟2011—2015年6次暴雨洪水事件的观测数据为基础,分析洪水流量、泥沙浓度及地表沉积物粒度特征,给出暴雨洪水侵蚀产沙输沙特征。结果表明:观测期间暴雨洪水侵蚀产沙量平均每次约37.69×10~4t,产沙模数为0.57×10~4t·km-2;其中最大的洪水事件130721号暴雨洪水过程侵蚀产沙量高达90.47×10~4t,产沙模数达1.36×10~4t·km-2。流域总侵蚀产沙以0.25～0.063 mm泥沙为主,约占总侵蚀量74%。洪水总侵蚀产沙量随暴雨产流强度增强而增加,同时下游沙漠沙地段产沙贡献比重也随之增加,风沙贡献也相应增大。坡面侵蚀约占暴雨洪水总侵蚀的4.37%,且主要集中在上游砒砂岩坡面。 相似文献
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黄河中游小流域坡沟侵蚀关系研究 总被引：35，自引：5，他引：30
根据坡面水下沟时在沟坡（道）上“净产沙增量”的概念,探讨了沿程含沙水流侵蚀特性的变化和坡沟侵蚀关系及产沙机理,并采用成因分析法定量确定了典型小流域的泥沙来源。 相似文献
11.
By scouring experiments, the changeable process and characteristics of sediment yield in the hillslope-gully side erosion system with different coverage degrees and spatial locations of grass were studied. Five grass coverage degrees of 0, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, three spatial locations of grass (upslope, mid-slope, low-slope) and two water inflow rates of 3.2 L/min, 5.2 L/min were applied to a 0.5 by 7 m soil bed in scouring experiments. Results showed that the sediment yield decreased with the increase of grass coverage degree at 3.2 L/min water inflow rate in scouring experiments and the sediment yield with different grass locations on the sloping surface was in the order of upper > middle > lower. At 5.2 L/min water inflow rate, the differences of sediment yield among various grass coverage degrees were increased, whereas the changeable tendency of sediment yield with different grass locations on the whole sloping surface was not very obvious. The proportion of sediment yield from the gully side increased in an exponential relationship with the increase of grass coverage degree. When the grass was located on the lower position of hillslope, the influence for accelerating gully erosion is the greatest. 相似文献
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坡面草被覆盖对坡沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
By scouring experiments, the changeable process and characteristics of sediment yield in the hillslope-gully side erosion
system with different coverage degrees and spatial locations of grass were studied. Five grass coverage degrees of 0, 30%,
50%, 70%, 90%, three spatial locations of grass (upslope, mid-slope, low-slope) and two water inflow rates of 3.2 L/min, 5.2
L/min were applied to a 0.5 by 7 m soil bed in scouring experiments. Results showed that the sediment yield decreased with
the increase of grass coverage degree at 3.2 L/min water inflow rate in scouring experiments and the sediment yield with different
grass locations on the sloping surface was in the order of upper > middle > lower. At 5.2 L/min water inflow rate, the differences
of sediment yield among various grass coverage degrees were increased, whereas the changeable tendency of sediment yield with
different grass locations on the whole sloping surface was not very obvious. The proportion of sediment yield from the gully
side increased in an exponential relationship with the increase of grass coverage degree. When the grass was located on the
lower position of hillslope, the influence for accelerating gully erosion is the greatest.
Foundation: National Basic Research Program of China, No.2007CB407201; National Key Technology R&D Program, No.2006BAB06B01-06; Science
and Technique Development Foundation of YRIHR, No.200603
Author: Li Mian (1968–), Ph.D and Senior Engineer, specialized in soil erosion. 相似文献
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黄土坡面细沟侵蚀过程的REE示踪 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
利用REE示踪技术探讨了坡面细沟侵蚀的发育过程。试验结果表明：在细沟发育过程中，各坡段细沟侵蚀量呈动态变化趋势；细沟发育过程可以分为起始、发展、稳定3个阶段，在不同阶段，侵蚀方式、发育特征迥异。总的看来，在坡顶部、上部、中部、下部4个坡段上，细沟发育过程中，坡面下部的侵蚀量较大。但随着放水流量的增加，坡面上部侵蚀量的比重增加。由于溯源侵蚀，最下部坡段的相对侵蚀量从92％减少到37％，呈显著下降趋势，其它3个坡段则分别从4．7％、0．25％、2．14％增加到29％、17％和23％。试验结果还表明，REE示踪法不仅可定量测定不同坡位的侵蚀量，还可以揭示冲刷过程中各坡位相对侵蚀量的变化趋势。 相似文献
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草原区植被对土壤风蚀影响的风洞模拟试验研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
在前期研究的基础上,选择内蒙古乌兰察布荒漠草原区为研究区域,通过野外移动风洞模拟试验,开展荒漠草原植被对土壤风力侵蚀影响的定量化分析研究,旨在探讨不同植被盖度下空气动力学粗糙度的变化、不同植被盖度下的风沙流结构特征及植被盖度与风蚀输沙率的定量关系,从而为水土流失机理研究提供理论依据。试验研究表明：空气动力学粗糙度随着地表植被盖度的增加呈三次函数关系增加,拟合函数为Z0=ax3+bx2+cx+d;随着距地高度的增加,各层收集到的风蚀量呈不同程度降低,随着地表植被盖度的增加,各层输沙量也均降低;不同风速下植被盖度与风蚀输沙率之间呈幂函数相关。 相似文献
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CHEN Hao 《地理学报(英文版)》1999,(2)
1introductionThetopiconslope-gUllyerosionretahonshipinsmallCatclunentSofthendddiereaChesoftheYellowhiverhaslongbeenconcernedbyscienhstsinreleVantdepartmentSasthere~hresultwouldprovidescienuncbasisforop~erosioncontrolteChniqueanddeCisionmaking.AlthoughnumerousfieldStUdiesonedmentso~sinasmallCatchmentinthecoddlereachesoftheYellowmyerhavebeendriedcuLyetcurrentviewPOintSweredrawnduetodifferentresearchmethodsappliedTheproblemofsedimentsourcesonasmallcatClunentinthecoddlereachesoftheYellowhiv… 相似文献
17.
Soil water deficit and vegetation restoration in the refuse dumps of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine, Inner Mongolia, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The sustainability of ecosystem restoration of refuse dumps in open-pit coal mines depends on plant species selection, their configuration, and the optimal usage of water resources. This study is based on field experiments in the northern refuse dump of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia of China established in 1995. Eight plant configurations, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and their combinations, as well as the adjacent community of natural vegetation, were selected. The succession of the revegetated plants, soil water storage, the spatiotemporal distribution of plant water deficits degree and its compensation degree were also studied. Results indicated that the vegetation cover (shrubs and herbaceous cover), richness, abundance, soil nutrients (soil organic matter, N and P), and biological soil crust coverage on the soil surface are significantly influenced by the vegetation configurations. The average soil water storage values in the shrub+grass and grass communities throughout the growing season are 208.69 mm and 206.55 mm, which are the closest to that of in the natural vegetation community (215.87 mm). Plant water deficits degree in the grass and shrub+grass communities were the lowest, but the degrees of water deficit compensation in these configuration were larger than those of the other vegetation configurations. Differences in plant water deficit degree and water compensation among the different configurations were significant (P<0.05). Plant water deficit degrees were predominantly minimal on the surface, increased with increasing soil depth, and remained stable at 80 cm soil depth. The soil moisture compensation in the natural vegetation, shrub+grass, and grass communities changed at 10%, while that in other vegetation communities changed between 20% and 40%. Overall, we conclude that the shrub+grass and grass configuration modes are the optimal vegetation restoration models in terms of ecohydrology for future ecological engineering projects. 相似文献
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粤北石漠化地区坡地土壤侵蚀模拟试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在粤北山区裸地、草坡地和耕地等3种石漠化土地的坡面上,采用0.3 mm·min-1、0.48 mm·min-1、0.72 mm·min-1、1.08 mm·min-1 4种降雨强度进行了36场人工降雨模拟试验。结果表明,坡面上3种类型石漠化土地的土壤侵蚀特征、强度各不相同。在同一地类上,土壤侵蚀量随降雨过程的进行呈现出波动下降的趋势,且随雨强的增大,土壤侵蚀量亦增大;土壤侵蚀量与雨强之间均呈现极显著的线性相关关系。在任一雨强条件下,都是裸地的土壤侵蚀量最大,耕地次之,草坡地最小。地表覆被对降雨侵蚀产沙过程有重要的抑制作用,大雨强条件下抑制作用尤为突出;而水平沟耕作方式能减少小雨强条件下的土壤侵蚀量,但随着雨强的增大,其影响也随之降低。 相似文献
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砾石级沙粒胶结体抗风蚀效益的实验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地部分垄间地表发育了一种由众多沙粒胶结而成的大颗粒物质,称为沙粒胶结体(sand cemented bodies,缩写为SCB),其直径达到粗沙级、极粗沙级和砾石级。为了研究其对地表风沙活动的影响,本研究以野外采集的砾石级沙粒胶结体(gravel-size sand cemented bodies,缩写为GSSCB)为实验材料,在净风和挟沙风条件下进行了GSSCB覆盖沙面的抗风蚀模拟实验。结果表明:床面的蚀积状态与来流条件、GSSCB覆盖度和风速均有关,净风时所有覆盖度床面均呈风蚀状态,挟沙风时随覆盖度和风速而变化,床面可呈3种状态-风蚀、蚀积平衡、风积;在风蚀状态时,床面风蚀率随覆盖度增大以指数形式降低,随风速增大而以多种函数形式增加,抗风蚀效率随覆盖度增大而逐渐增加,但不同覆盖度范围增加率不同;挟沙风条件下呈蚀积平衡状态时的床面覆盖度临界Cb值与风速大小有关,随风速增加呈幂函数形式增加;在挟沙风条件下,覆盖度大于Cb值时床面呈风积状态,积沙率与风速的关系较为复杂,80%覆盖度床面积沙率随风速增大呈对数形式增加,但40%覆盖度床面积沙率则随风速增加呈指数形式降低。可见,由于与砾石的物理性质相近,GSSCB覆盖确实具有与砾石相类似的抗风蚀效益,并且在一定覆盖度条件下还能捕获风沙流挟沙颗粒。因此,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地丘间地天然发育的GSSCB对于地表蚀积过程具有重要影响。GSSCB可作为一种新型固沙技术进行开发。 相似文献