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1.
We report on a continuous-measurement campaign carried out in Vulcano (Aeolian islands, Sicily), devoted to the simultaneous monitoring of CO2 and H2O concentrations. The measurements were performed with an absorption spectrometer based on a semiconductor laser source emitting around a 2-μm wavelength. The emitted radiation was selectively absorbed by two molecular ro-vibrational transitions specific of the investigated species. Data for CO2 and H2O concentrations, and CO2 soil diffusive flux using an accumulation chamber configuration, were collected at several interesting sampling points on the island (Porto Levante beach- PLB, Fossa Grande Crater – FOG- and Valley of Palizzi, PAL). CO2/H2O values, measured on the ground, are very similar (around 0.019 (± 0.006)) and comparable to the previous discrete detected values of 0.213 (Fumarole F5-La Fossa crater rim) and 0.012 (Fumarole VFS – Baia Levante beach) obtaid during the 1977–1993 heating phase of the crater fumaroles.  相似文献   

2.
Levelling measurements carried by Osservatorio Vesuviano over Vulcano Island (North Sicily) since June 1976 show a complex history of small but significant vertical movements which took place after the ‘Patti earthquake’ of 15/4/1978. Three phases can be identified in the time history of ground deformation: (I) co-seismic subsidence of the northern part of the Island with respect to the southern part, followed by (II) transient inflation of the central region surrounding ‘La Fossa’ volcano, and finally (III) deflation and subsidence to stationary values greater than phase I. Large variations in temperature and gas content of magmatic origin were also detected in fumaroles along the crater rim of ‘La Fossa’. The coincidence in time of the earthquake with the start of the deformation history, the proximity of the event to Vulcano Island and the favourable mechanism (right lateral) and orientation (NNW) of the fault strike, suggest that the earthquake triggered the observed deformation. Among the plausible models, one seems particularly able to reproduce the amplitude and time evolution of the geodetic data, in a manner consistent with the geochemical observations. According to this model the earthquake, while generating a compressive stress field in the quadrant of Vulcano Island, induced at first a relative coseismic subsidence of the northern part of the island, accompanied by a large increase of the mean stress within a magma chamber at ～ 6.5 km depth. Volatile fluids were then released from the top of the magma chamber and migrated towards the surface following the enhanced pressure gradient. As a result fluid pressure diffusion around the magma chamber induced a local transient uplift of ground that vanished after exhaustion of the overpressure at the source, and finally left a permanent dislocation deformation, possibly amplified by the post-seismic relaxation of the earthquake deviatoric stress. This interpretation is qualitatively consistent with the one suggested by Ferri et al. (1988).  相似文献   

3.
This paper investigates the role played by the fumarolic plume of a passive degassing volcano in the genesis of rock coatings (RC) and in the introduction and re-distribution of metals and trace elements in the surficial environment. At La Fossa active volcano (Vulcano Island) and in the surrounding environment RC develop owing to exposure of the ground surface to the volcanic acid plume produced by the passive degassing of La Fossa. Significant positive anomalies of a wide variety of metals and trace elements (including Bi, Ag, Se, Te, Sb, Pb, As, Cu, Tl and Cd) were observed either in distal and proximal RC. Most of these anomalies are interpreted to be the result of the transport and subsequent deposition of trace elements, likely to form volatile compounds, in the fumarolic plume. Two main processes seem to control the geochemistry of RC: one is represented by the leaching and subsequent deposition of elements from the proximal toward the distal RC; the other is the direct input of trace elements carried by the emitted volcanic aerosol. The fact that most of the trace elements (particularly Pb, As, Tl, Bi, Te, Se, Cd) enriched in the RC of Vulcano are highly toxic and potentially dangerous to health in high concentration, indicates that the atmospheric metal injection by the quiescently degassing La Fossa volcano together with the subsequent deposition and remobilization by means of surficial waters may represent an environmental hazard that should be taken into account in evaluating the potential impact of volcanic air pollution on human health.  相似文献   

4.
《Applied Geochemistry》1993,8(4):357-371
More than 200 chemical and isotope analyses of fumarolic fluids collected at the Fossa Grande crater, Vulcano Island, during the 1980s show that the main process controlling these fluids is mixing between the gas released by a magma body and the vapour produced through evaporation of brines of marine origin. Large variations in the relative contribution of these two sources have been observed during the last 10 a. The main species (H2O and CO2), the inert gases (He and N2), and the D content of steam are fixed by the mixing processes; they are therefore the best tracers the fraction of the deep magmatic component in the fumarolic fluids discharged at the surface. In contrast, the “fast” species (H2 and CO) equilibrate at T,P values close to the outlet temperature and atmospheric pressure, and under redox conditions governed by the SO2H2S buffer, as indicated by thermodynamic calculations.Acid gases (HCl, HF, H2S and SO2) are partly contributed by the magmatic component and partly produced by the reactions between hot rocks, steam and salts which take place in the “dry” zones surrounding the central magmatic gas column, as suggested by the good agreement between their analytical and theoretical contents.  相似文献   

5.
We present here new measurements of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide emissions from Vulcano, Etna, and Stromboli (Italy), made by direct sampling at vents and by filter pack and ultraviolet spectroscopy in downwind plumes. Measurements at the F0 and FA fumaroles on Vulcano yielded SO2/H2S molar ratios of ≈0.38 and ≈1.4, respectively, from which we estimate an H2S flux of 6 to 9 t · d−1 for the summit crater. For Mt. Etna and Stromboli, we found SO2/H2S molar ratios of ≈20 and ≈15, respectively, which combined with SO2 flux measurements, suggest H2S emission rates of 50 to 113 t · d−1 and 4 to 8 t · d−1, respectively. We observe that “source” and plume SO2/H2S ratios at Vulcano are similar, suggesting that hydrogen sulfide is essentially inert on timescales of seconds to minutes. This finding has important implications for estimates of volcanic total sulfur budget at volcanoes since most existing measurements do not account for H2S emission.  相似文献   

6.
Temporal variation in the isotopic composition of boron has been monitored in fumarolic condensates collected over an extended time period (1970-1996) from La Fossa crater, Volcano Island. We also report comparative boron isotopic data for representative Vulcano lavas and for shallow hydrologic samples (seawater, wells, thermal springs) from the north flank of La Fossa. Combined with concurrent chemical and isotopic (δ18O, δD) data for the fumaroles, these results indicate that the fumarolic fluids record mixing relations between three distinct fluid end members: (1) a dominantly magmatic fluid (EM1); (2) a mixture of modified seawater with magmatic fluid (EM2); and (3) an aqueous fluid produced from seawater by extensive wall-rock reaction, evaporation, and boiling (AF). Differences between the latter two end members are most clearly accentuated on the basis of the boron isotopic data. Long-term compositional variations for crater fumaroles were dominated by EM1-AF mixing between 1979-88, with progressive decrease in EM1 contribution with time, and by EM2-AF mixing between 1988-96. The exact spatial distribution of these fluid reservoirs remains unclear, but all must have been present throughout the monitoring period to account for the observed variations. Moreover, the combined B-O-H data seem to preclude important contributions from shallow meteoric reservoirs. Marked short-term variations in δ11B closely coincide with episodes of local seismicity, which presumably triggered reorganization of hydrothermal circulation patterns; gradual variations over periods up to 3-4 years are associated with relatively low seismicity during which fluid circulation was likely influenced by effects of mineral precipitation on permeability of the hydrologic system.  相似文献   

7.
《Applied Geochemistry》1997,12(2):213-224
In March 1994, soil gases were sampled in the area of Vulcano Porto, on the island of Vulcano, using a grid of about 200 points/km2. Analysed gases were CO2, He and222Rn and, over a smaller area, H2S. Some of the samples were also analysed for the isotope composition of CO2C. Three anomalous CO2 degassing areas were identified: Grotta dei Palizzi, the area near the Telephone Exchange, and the area near the beach fumaroles. The behaviour of He and222Rn is different in these 3 areas. The concentration of He is much lower than that of atmospheric He (down to −3950 ppb) in the isthmus, and only in the area near Grotta dei Palizzi does it have values significantly higher than atmospheric ones (up to 1900 ppb). The activity of222Rn, always significantly positively related to CO2 concentrations, peaked in the 2 fumarole areas (isthmus, Telephone Exchange).  相似文献   

8.
Summary Pyroclastites erupted from the Upper Pollara magma chamber (13 ka, Salina Island, Aeolian Archipelago) resulted from mingling and mixing of rhyolitic and andesitic magmas. An experimental study has been conducted on the rhyolitic end-member to constrain the pre-eruptive conditions of the magma. In order to check for the role of mixing on the equilibrium phase assemblage, three different starting compositions, corresponding to three different mixing degrees, have been used. The crystallization experiments were conducted at two different oxygen fugacities and at variable temperature and fluid contents. The results indicate that the natural mineralogical assemblage can only be reproduced from a composition showing a certain degree of mixing. Assuming a pressure of 200 MPa (generally accepted for the Aeolian Islands), the pre-eruptive temperature of the magmas is estimated between 755 and 800 °C and the water content of the melt was higher than 4–4.5 wt.%. The Upper Pollara magma crystallized at relatively high fO2 (ΔlogfO2 = Ni–NiO + 1 log unit), compared to rhyolitic magmas from Lipari and Vulcano. As this difference has not been observed for the most primitive magmas the difference in fO2 could be related to different degassing processes operating in Salina and Lipari – Vulcano magmas.  相似文献   

9.
Fluid inclusions have recorded the history of degassing in basalt. Some fluid inclusions in olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts of basalt were analyzed by micro-thermometry and Raman spectroscopy in this paper. The experimental results showed that many inclusions are present almost in a pure CO2 system. The densities of some CO2 inclusions were computed in terms of Raman spectroscopic characteristics of CO2 Fermi resonance at room temperature. Their densities change over a wide range, but mainly between 0.044 g/cm3 and 0.289 g/cm3. Their micro-thermometric measurements showed that the CO2 inclusions examined reached homogenization between 1145.5℃ and 1265℃ . The mean value of homogenization temperatures of CO2 inclusions in basalts is near 1210℃. The trap pressures (depths) of inclusions were computed with the equation of state and computer program. Distribution of the trap depths makes it know that the degassing of magma can happen over a wide pressure (depth) range, but mainly at the depth of 0.48 km to 3.85 km. This implicates that basalt magma experienced intensive degassing and the CO2 gas reservoir from the basalt magma also may be formed in this range of depths. The results of this study showed that the depth of basalt magma degassing can be forecasted from CO2 fluid inclusions, and it is meaningful for understanding the process of magma degassing and constraining the inorganogenic CO2 gas reservoir.  相似文献   

10.
Sulfur dioxide measured at the Visitor’s Center of Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, USA exhibits seasonal and diurnal patterns and is sensitive to rainfall, but the relationship between wind direction and SO2 is too inconsistent to support deterministic predictions of hourly SO2 based on hourly wind direction. Although SO2 at the Visitor Center has usually been below regulatory levels, high SO2 levels and adverse health effects remain a concern. This investigation identified patterns in hourly SO2 based on wind direction, time of day, month, and rainfall occurrence using 4 years of hourly data. Empirical probabilities were investigated using a Bayesian approach. Winds from the volcanic vents were rare, but when they did occur SO2 was elevated about half of the time. Conversely, half of the hours with elevated SO2 occurred when volcanic vents were not directly upwind. Episodes of elevated SO2 tended to occur during the months of November–March and between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. Rainfall was associated with a marked reduction in SO2 (29–81% depending on wind direction). Individuals that wish to avoid exposure to volcanic fumes can take these patterns into account.  相似文献   

11.
The Claus process has been used for the conversion of H2S and SO2 to elemental sulfur. These two sulfur compounds need special attention because they are very poisonous with negative impact on both the environment and human health. Here, highly active Fe–Ni/TiO2 catalyst has been prepared and shaped by three different binders (bentonite, polyethylene glycol and carboxymethyl cellulose) into extrudes. Comparing the mechanical strength and surface area of prepared extrudes, the optimal shaped catalyst was selected with 20% of bentonite, 2% of PEG and 2% of CMC. The optimal catalyst was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray techniques and used for sulfur recovery process. The performance of this product for sulfur recovery via Claus process was excellent with the conversion of hydrogen sulfide of 76.77% and sulfur dioxide of 97.83%. The catalyst also provides high hydrolysis activity of CS2 (83.06%). Therefore, a highly active TiO2-supported shaped catalyst with 85.62% of conversion efficiency has been prepared successfully to convert the small amounts of H2S, SO2 and CS2 to elemental sulfur.  相似文献   

12.
The strongly reducing nature of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) treatment materials can lead to gas production, potentially resulting in the formation of gas bubbles and ebullition. Degassing in organic C based PRB systems due to the production of gases (primarily CO2 and CH4) is investigated using the depletion of naturally occurring non-reactive gases Ar and N2, to identify, confirm, and quantify chemical and physical processes. Sampling and analysis of dissolved gases were performed at the Nickel Rim Mine Organic Carbon PRB, which was designed for the treatment of groundwater contaminated by low quality mine drainage characterized by slightly acidic pH, and elevated Fe(II) and SO4 concentrations. A simple 4-gas degassing model was used to analyze the dissolved gas data, and the results indicate that SO4 reduction is by far the dominant process of organic C consumption within the barrier. The data provided additional information to delineate rates of microbially mediated SO4 reduction and confirm the presence of slow and fast flow zones within the barrier. Degassing was incorporated into multicomponent reactive transport simulations for the barrier and the simulations were successful in reproducing observed dissolved gas trends.  相似文献   

13.
The crystal structure of the unstable mineral alumoklyuchevskite K3Cu3AlO2(SO4)4 [monoclinic, I2, a = 18.772(7), b = 4.967(2), c = 18.468(7) Å, β = 101.66(1)°, V = 1686(1) Å] was refined to R 1 = 0.131 for 2450 unique reflections with F ≥ 4σF hkl. The structure is based on oxocentered tetrahedrons (OAlCu 3 7+ ) linked into chains via edges. Each chain is surrounded by SO4 tetrahedrons forming a structural complex. Each complex is elongated along the b axis. This type of crystal structure was also found in other fumarole minerals of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption (GTFE, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, 1975–1976), klyuchevskite, K3Cu3Fe3+O2(SO4)4; and piypite, K2Cu2O(SO4)2.  相似文献   

14.
Crystals of hydronium jarosite were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of Fe(III)–SO4 solutions. Single-crystal XRD refinement with R1=0.0232 for the unique observed reflections (|Fo| > 4F) and wR2=0.0451 for all data gave a=7.3559(8) Å, c=17.019(3) Å, Vo=160.11(4) cm3, and fractional positions for all atoms except the H in the H3O groups. The chemical composition of this sample is described by the formula (H3O)0.91Fe2.91(SO4)2[(OH)5.64(H2O)0.18]. The enthalpy of formation (Hof) is –3694.5 ± 4.6 kJ mol–1, calculated from acid (5.0 N HCl) solution calorimetry data for hydronium jarosite, -FeOOH, MgO, H2O, and -MgSO4. The entropy at standard temperature and pressure (So) is 438.9±0.7 J mol–1 K–1, calculated from adiabatic and semi-adiabatic calorimetry data. The heat capacity (Cp) data between 273 and 400 K were fitted to a Maier-Kelley polynomial Cp(T in K)=280.6 + 0.6149T–3199700T–2. The Gibbs free energy of formation is –3162.2 ± 4.6 kJ mol–1. Speciation and activity calculations for Fe(III)–SO4 solutions show that these new thermodynamic data reproduce the results of solubility experiments with hydronium jarosite. A spin-glass freezing transition was manifested as a broad anomaly in the Cp data, and as a broad maximum in the zero-field-cooled magnetic susceptibility data at 16.5 K. Another anomaly in Cp, below 0.7 K, has been tentatively attributed to spin cluster tunneling. A set of thermodynamic values for an ideal composition end member (H3O)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6 was estimated: Gof= –3226.4 ± 4.6 kJ mol–1, Hof=–3770.2 ± 4.6 kJ mol–1, So=448.2 ± 0.7 J mol–1 K–1, Cp (T in K)=287.2 + 0.6281T–3286000T–2 (between 273 and 400 K).  相似文献   

15.
Summary This paper presents a model of the active magmatic-hydrothermal (high-sulfidation) system of La Fossa volcano, based on mineralogical and geochemical studies of hydrothermal alteration on the surface and in the subsoil (geothermal wells and lithic clasts from explosive eruptions).The main engine of this system is represented by the shallow magmatic feeding system of La Fossa, which produces substantial degassing of volatiles (H2O, S, Cl). The introduction of magmatic fluids into the conduit system causes high temperature recrystallisation and metasomatism of the volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks. Lateraly to the volcanic conduits, the magmatic fluids undergo a primary neutralization, forming neutral low permeability hydrothermal zones. During their rise to the surface, the magmatic vapours may condense in groundwater, forming acid solutions that react with rocks to form superficial hydrothermal alteration. Silicic, advanced argillic and intermediate argillic alteration facies develop. This reflects the progressive neutralisation of extremely acid fluids. High contents of trace elements, like TI and Bi, supporting evidence for magmatic fluid transport, were found close to the high temperature fumaroles (up to 500°Q in the silicic alteration zone of La Fossa.
Ein geologisches Modell des magmatisch-hydrothermalen Systems von Vulcano, Aeolische Inseln, Italien
Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit stellt ein Modell für das aktive magmatisch-hydrothermale (highsulfidation) System des La Fossa Vulkans vor. Dieses beruht auf mineralogischen und geochemischen Studien der hydrothermalen Umwandlung an der Oberfläche und im Untergrund (geothermale Bohrungen und lithische Klasten von explosiven Eruptionen). Als Energiequelle fungiert das seichte magmatische Zufuhrsystem von La Fossa, das signifikante Entgasung volatiler Phasen (H2O, S, HCl) mit sich bringt. Das Eindringen magmatischer Fluide in die Zufuhrkanäle verursacht Rekristallisation und Metasomatose der vulkanischen und subvulkanischen Gesteine bei hohen Temperaturen. In lateralen Bereichen der vulkanischen Zufuhrkanäle erfahren die magmatischen Fluide eine primäre Neutralisation, wobei neutrale hydrothermale Zonen niedriger Permeabilität entstehen. Während des Aufstiegs an die Oberfläche können die magmatischen Fluide im Grundwasser kondensiert werden, wobei sie saure Lösungen bilden, die wiederum mit den Gesteinen reagieren und zu Hydrothermalalteration führen. Dabei entstehen silizische, fortgeschrittene argillische und intermediäre agillische Umwandlungsfazies. Dies entspricht der zunehmenden Neutralisation extrem saurer Fluide. Hohe Gehalte an Spurenelementen, wie TI und Bi können als zusätzliche Hinweise für magmatischen Fluidtransport gesehen werden, sie treten in der Nähe der HochTemperatur-Fumarolen (bis 500'C) in der silizischen Alterationszone von La Fossa auf.
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16.
Fluorine speciation in topsoils of three active volcanoes of Sicily (Italy)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Fluorine is one of the many environmental harmful elements released by volcanic activity. The content of total oxalate-extractable and water-extractable fluorine was determined in 96 topsoils of three active volcanic systems of southern Italy (Mt Etna, Stromboli and Vulcano). Total fluorine (F) content (F TOT) ranges from 112 to 7,430 mg kg−1, F extracted with oxalate (F OX) ranges from 16 to 2,320 mg kg−1 (2–93% of F TOT) and F extracted with distilled water ( ) ranges from 1.7 to 159 mg kg−1 (0.2–40 % of F TOT). Fluorine in the sampled topsoils derives both from the weathering of volcanic rocks and ashes and from the enhanced deposition due to volcanic gas emissions either from open-conduit passive degassing (Mt Etna and Stromboli) or from a fumarolic field (Vulcano). Fluorine accumulation in the studied soils does not generally present particular environmental issues except for a few anomalous sites at Vulcano, where measured contents could be dangerous both for vegetation and for grazing animals.  相似文献   

17.
We have developed a quantitative model of CO2 and H2O isotopic mixing between magmatic and hydrothermal gases for the fumarolic emissions of the La Fossa crater (Vulcano Island, Italy). On the basis of isotope balance equations, the model takes into account the isotope equilibrium between H2O and CO2 and extends the recent model of chemical and energy two-end-member mixing by Nuccio et al. (1999). As a result, the H2O and CO2 content and the δD, δ18O, and δ13C isotope compositions for both magmatic and hydrothermal end-members have been assessed. Low contributions of meteoric steam, added at a shallow depth, have been also recognized and quantified in the fumaroles throughout the period from 1988 to 1998. Nonequilibrium oxygen isotope exchange also seems to be occurring between ascending gases and wall rocks along some fumarolic conduits.The δ13CCO2 of the magmatic gases varies around −3 to 1‰ vs. Peedee belemnite (PDB), following a perfect synchronism with the variations of the CO2 concentration in the magmatic gases. This suggests a process of isotope fractionation because of vapor exsolution caused by magma depressurization. The hydrogen isotopes in the magmatic gases (−1 to −‰ vs. standard mean ocean water [SMOW]), as well as the above δ13CCO2 value, are coherent with a convergent tectonic setting of magma generation, where the local mantle is widely contaminated by fluids released from the subducted slab. Magma contamination in the crust probably amplifies this effect.The computed isotope composition of carbon and hydrogen in the hydrothermal vapors has been used to calculate the δD and δ13C of the entire hydrothermal system, including mixed H2O-CO2 vapor, liquid water, and dissolved carbon. We have computed values of about 10‰ vs. SMOW for water and −2 to −6.5‰ vs. PDB for CO2. On these grounds, we think that Mediterranean marine water (δDH2O ≈ 10‰) feeds the hydrothermal system. It infiltrates at depth throughout the local rocks, reaching oxygen isotope equilibrium at high temperatures. Interaction processes between magmatic gases and the evolving seawater also seem to occur, causing the dissolution of isotopically fractionated aqueous CO2 and providing the source for hydrothermal carbon. These results have important implications concerning fluid circulation beneath Vulcano and address the more convenient routine of geochemical surveillance.  相似文献   

18.
People living in the urban area and the surrounding suburban area have disparities in exposure and health risks due to different levels of ambient air pollutants. The main objective of this study is to investigate the concentrations, seasonal variations, and related health risks of ambient air pollutants (PM10, NO2, and SO2) in urban and suburban areas of Ningbo, China. The results showed that the average PM10, NO2, and SO2 concentrations in the urban area were 85.2, 49.3, and 37.4 μg/m3, which were 1.13, 1.25, and 1.41 times the values of the suburban area during the period of March 2009 to February 2010. For the potential health risk analysis, the residents have been divided into four age categories namely, infants, children (1 year), children (8–10 years), and adults. The analysis took into account age-specific breathing rates, body weights for different age categories. The results showed that the potential health risks to respiratory disease for all age categories living in urban area were higher than those in suburban area.  相似文献   

19.
Les solfatares de l'e de Vulcano sont bien connues et l'auteur rappelle leur extrème variabilité depuis la dernière éruption du volcan trachytique de la Fossa (1890). Parce qu'elles provoquent la formation actuelle d'un gisement de sulfures, les fumerolles de la rive W et du fond du Porto di Levante ont été tout spécialement étudiées. Il s'agit essentiellement d'émissions sous-marines de CO2 et de vapeur d'eau à la température d'ébullition qui traversent des tufs et des sables imbibés d'eau de mer entre le niveau de la plage et 15–20 m de profondeur. Les tufs, au départ très poreux, contiennent actuellement jusqu'à 29% de pyrite et de marcassite; ces sulfures de fer se présentent: 1. en couches colloformes sur les diaclases, associés à l'alunite, au soufre et à l'opale; la mélantérite, la chalcantite, le gypse, etc. ... apparaissent après l'échantillonnage. 2. en remplacement de la titanomagnétite, des pyroxènes et de la mésostase des lapilli. 3. en cristaux subautomorphes isolés dans les espaces intergranulaires. 4. en mouches incrustées sur les lapilli, remplissant progressivement les espaces intra- et intergranulaires. 5. en sphérules de 5 types: fibroradiées, framboidales, à enveloppes ... A côté de la marcassite toujours bien cristallisée, la pyrite procède d'au moins deux générations: des cristaux bien définis de pyrite claire ou des enduits homogénes de pyrite brunâtre; cette dernière semble provenir de la recristallisation d'une phase sulfurée instable.
Though the solfataras of Vulcano Island are well known, the author brings to mind the excessive variability of these fumaroles after the last eruption of 1890 of the trachytic Fossa volcano. The fumaroles on the W-shore and on the bottom of the bay of Porto di Levante have especially been studied because they are giving rise to a present day sulphide deposit. The fumaroles are mainly submarine exhalations of CO2 and steam that ascend through tuffs and volcanic sands soaked with sea water between the beach level and a depth of about 15–20 m. The tuffs which were very porous when deposited contain now up to 29% pyrite and marcasite; these iron-sulphides occur in the 5 following patterns: 1. colloform crusts on the joints associated with alunite, sulphur and opal. Melanterite, chalcanthite and gypsum crystallize after the sampling. 2. replacement of titanomagnétite, pyroxenes and groundmass of some lapilli. 3. subidiomorphic crystals isolated in the intergranular cavities. 4. patches encrusted on the lapillis filling gradually the intergranular cavities. 5. spherules in 5 kinds: fibro-radiated spherules, framboidal spherules with or without concentric sheating, etc. Compared with marcasite that is always well crystallized, the pyrite shows at least two generations: a well crystallized light yellow pyrite and a homogeneous brownish pyrite coating; the latter must have originated from the recrystallization of an unstable sulphuretted phase.
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20.
Occurrence of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) is one of the most important engineering geological hazards during tunneling. Its hazards and consequent challenges are very difficult and costly to solve. During site investigation, one of the tasks for engineering geologists is prediction and evaluation of the risk of H2S gas in the underground spaces. In this study, water conveyance tunnel of Aspar, which was excavated in H2S-bearing environments, is discussed. The tunnel is excavated in the hydrocarbon formations. Applied experiments suggest that geological formations pertaining to hydrocarbon resources are crucial in formation and reservation of H2S gas. This paper briefly discusses hazards and geological sources of H2S, as well as remedial measures for decreasing the risks and problems in excavation of the tunnel. To predict the risk of H2S gas in the underground spaces, it is possible to use some precursors such as: sulfur springs, organic traces, organic argillaceous rocks, exposure of H2S odor from fresh surface of rock and smell of H2S during boreholes drilling. Controlling the inflow of groundwater into the excavation, diluting the concentration of H2S, training the personnel and utilization of some proper safety equipment have been used to mitigate risks and problems in tunnel excavation.  相似文献   

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