共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 500 毫秒
1.
土壤重金属生物有效性研究进展 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
土壤重金属污染具有巨大环境风险。笔者围绕土壤重金属元素生物有效性(可给性)概念、元素形态与有效性影响因素、有效态(可给态)实验技术,综述了国内外研究现状。土壤金属元素形态和生物有效性取决于其地球化学行为、元素成因来源、土壤理化条件(p H值、有机质、粘土矿物与化学活性矿物、土壤粒级组成等)以及植物根际效应等。选择性单步提取和连续提取是检测土壤元素形态、有效态的有效和可行方法。针对手—口是土壤铅等污染物在儿童群体暴露的重要途径,发展了生物可给态体外试验方法。土壤污染物生物有效性和可给性已成为土壤污染风险评价的重要指标参数,实验成果也为土壤污染修复提供了重要依据。 相似文献
2.
砷的地球化学特征与研究方向 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
砷的毒性在古代就因砒霜而广为人知,国际癌症研究会将砷列为第一类致癌物。目前,世界上有数以百万计的人受到砷中毒的威胁,砷污染事件在世界范围都有报道。环境中的砷的来源很复杂,有自然因素引起的砷污染(主要是地质成因砷污染),也有人为活动带来的砷污染,还有二者共同作用形成的砷污染。此外,砷还可以通过各种自然的地球化学过程和生物过程进行迁移转化,直接或间接对人和动物等产生危害。文章从砷的来源与分布、砷的毒性和危害、砷的迁移转化、生物在砷循环中作用的新认识等方面进行论述,并针对目前国内外砷污染研究现状,提出在已有研究基础上,建议在河套地区进一步开展砷元素地球化学及人体健康关系研究。 相似文献
3.
土壤砷污染已成为我国严重的环境问题,淋洗法是修复土壤砷污染较为有效的手段之一。文中以砷污染土壤为研究对象,运用2种环境友好的淋洗剂KH2PO4和草酸进行振荡淋洗实验,探究两种淋洗剂对不同砷污染土壤的淋洗效果,在此基础上,通过2种不同的体外方法 (physiologically based extraction test,PBET;in vitro gastrointestinal,IVG),探索其生物可给性及对人体的健康风险。结果显示,KH2PO4和草酸对土壤中砷有不同程度的去除,草酸对土壤砷的去除率较高,平均去除率为54.3%。运用PBET方法得到的土壤砷的生物可给性高于IVG方法,KH2PO4淋洗后土壤砷的生物可给性高于草酸。与草酸相比,KH2PO4淋洗会在一定程度上增加土壤砷的健康风险。不同in vitro方法对不同淋洗剂修复后效果有不同的评估结果,应该根据不同的淋洗剂选择较为保守的体外方法来评估淋洗后土壤的生物可给性及健康风险。 相似文献
4.
硒是人体必需的微量元素之一。土壤-植物体系是人体摄入硒的主要途径，但尚缺乏准确评价土壤中硒生物有效性的通用方法，且影响因素也复杂多样，这些问题制约了富硒土地资源的利用。本文通过追踪近年来国内外研究成果，系统地总结及比较了化学提取法、梯度扩散薄膜法、区域尺度硒生物有效性评价方法的优缺点。传统的化学提取法如单一提取和顺序提取在一定程度上能够表征土壤中生物有效性硒，但提取过程中存在影响因素多和提取不完全等问题。梯度扩散薄膜技术(DGT)能够模拟植物的根系吸收过程，相比顺序提取能更好地表征硒的生物有效性，但由于复杂的自然体系和不同元素结合相的差异，野外原位表征技术上仍存在难度。通过大规模的农作物-根系土样本，建立土壤-农作物硒元素评价模型，模型参数为影响土壤硒有效性的理化指标(如土壤酸碱度、有机质含量、土壤硒总量等),能较好地预测区域尺度上硒生物有效性。本文还总结了影响植物吸收土壤中硒的因素如地形、土壤类型、硒的存在形态、土壤理化性质、植物种类、土壤老化等，认为地形和土壤类型、硒的存在形态、酸碱度和有机质是影响有效硒的主要因素，植物种类与土壤老化为次要因素。完善DGT等原位分析检测技术、改进元... 相似文献
5.
元素硒是许多生物（包括土壤微生物,植物、动物和人类）机体必需的微量营养元素之一,而且对植物、动物和人具有双重生物效应。半个多世纪以来土壤—植物系统元素硒的迁移、转化和富集过程一直备受关注。土壤硒的存在形态包括可溶态硒、可交换态及碳酸盐结合态硒、铁锰氧化物结合态硒、有机物结合态硒和残渣态硒5种形态,其中可溶态硒和可交换态及碳酸盐结合态硒具生物有效性,有机物结合态硒随着有机质分解可转化为可溶态硒而成为土壤潜在有效硒源。不同植物硒含量水平取决于区域土壤有效硒含量和不同植物的硒吸收和富集水平。因此,土壤硒的生物有效性是决定食物链硒含量的关键,同时土壤有效硒通过调节根际环境和植物代谢过程提高植物抗逆性。土壤—植物系统元素硒的迁移和转化是一个复杂的生物地球化学过程,受地壳运动、母岩性质、气候、地貌、土壤环境（物理、化学和微生物活动）条件、土壤硒含量及其化学性质、植物种类及其生理习性、田间管理过程等因素的耦合作用影响。为充分合理利用土壤硒资源,将来应加强植物体内,尤其是主要粮食作物、蔬菜、果树和地道药材叶片、果实中硒迁移、转化和富集研究,为缺硒地区硒的生物强化、富硒地区农作物种植选择和居民食品选择及... 相似文献
6.
以江汉平原典型场区周边农田土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤重金属元素Cd、Pb、As、Hg的总量和赋存形态特征,选用修正单项污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、风险评估编码法(RAC)和次生相与原生相比值法(RSP)四种评价方法开展了土壤重金属的污染风险评价,并对评价结果进行了对比讨论。分析结果表明:（1）基于总量的两种方法对比,潜在生态风险指数法优于修正单项污染指数法。（2）基于形态的两种方法对比,RAC法的评价结果比RSP法更为合理。（3）基于总量和形态方法对比,潜在生态风险指数法和RAC法各有其优缺点,潜在生态风险指数法能直观反映重金属在土壤中的富集信息和环境危害性,而RAC法则可以利用形态来阐明重金属在土壤环境中的行为特性和生态活性。因此,在进行土壤重金属污染风险评价时,综合考虑重金属种类、累积程度、生物毒性和生物可利用性等参数指标,才能更加科学准确地评估重金属在土壤中的环境风险。综合上述评价结果,江汉平原典型场区周边农田土壤重金属元素Pb、As污染程度较低,对周边环境无影响;重金属元素Hg累积程度不高,但由于其具有较高的生物毒性,对周边环境存在潜在威胁;重金属元素Cd是研究区最主要的污染因子,对周边环境影响大,亟需采取相应措施减轻Cd带来的风险。 相似文献
7.
环境样品中痕量元素的化学形态分析Ⅱ．砷汞镉锡铅硒铬的形态分析 总被引：2，自引：6，他引：2
环境中元素的生物有效性和毒性依赖于其存在的化学形态。文章依据文献的有关报道介绍砷、汞、镉、锡、铅、硒和铬在环境中的分布、毒性及它们在环境样品如水、土壤、沉积物和生物体中的形态分析方法,包括分析物的保存、提取、分离和检测。引用文献120篇。 相似文献
8.
硒是人体必需的生命元素,开发富硒农产品是提升人体硒摄入的安全有效途径,富硒土地资源是开发富硒农产品的基础。然而,近年来全国开展的多目标地球化学调查发现,富硒土壤中重金属元素镉通常较高,不利于富硒土地开发利用,因此,研究富硒土壤区镉的地球化学特征和生态风险状况对于富硒土地开发具有重要的指导意义。文章对承德市富硒土壤区表层土壤中主要的重金属元素镉的地球化学特征及生态风险进行评价,旨在为承德市富硒土地开发利用提供科学依据。采用“七步提取法”研究了表层土壤镉的形态特征。同时,配套分析了苹果、玉米样品中的重金属元素镉的含量,以了解其生物有效性。结果显示:承德市富硒土壤区表层土壤镉在全区均较富集,在新积土和中性粗骨土、水田中显著富集。研究区圈定了4处镉轻度污染土壤,均在表层土壤镉的高值区。表层土壤镉形态平均含量大小顺序为:水溶态 < 离子交换态 < 强有机结合态 < 腐殖酸结合态 < 铁锰氧化物结合态 < 碳酸盐结合态 < 残渣态,生态风险相对较低。表层土壤镉未对苹果和玉米样品产生影响,苹果和玉米中镉均不超标。承德市富硒土壤区表层土壤镉的生态风险较低,暂不影响承德市富硒土地开发利用。 相似文献
9.
土壤修复过程中重金属形态的研究综述 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
重金属污染土壤的修复是现阶段污染土壤治理中的难点之一,在土壤修复过程中对重金属的形态研究已在多个领域中开展,并且在重金属形态及其与生物有效性和毒性等研究领域取得了一定的成果。本文综述了现阶段在污染土壤修复过程中对重金属形态研究的主要领域,分析研究重金属形态的必要性,总结出土壤修复过程中重金属形态方面应当从重金属在土壤与植物中的存在形态入手,研究重金属元素在不同界面间的迁移转化规律,通过阻断重金属元素在污染源、土壤、生物之间的传递链条,以阻止重金属对生物体造成危害,从而为土壤重金属污染的治理修复提供理论基础。 相似文献
10.
环境中氟的来源及健康风险评估研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
氟是存在于自然环境中的一种人体必需的微量元素,其在环境中的缺乏或过剩可能导致健康问题。本文综述了氟在自然界如大气、岩石、土壤、水体、植物中的来源,分析了其形态及含量受环境影响的因素如地形、雨水淋溶、土壤母质、土壤酸碱度、土壤有机质等。氟的来源广泛,目前全球超过2.6亿人受氟带来的环境问题影响,因此开展健康风险评估具有重要意义。氟的健康风险评估常用的风险评估模型有危害系数（Hazard Quotient）、危害指数（Hazard Index）,概率方法也常运用于风险分析中,目前还出现应用多途径暴露评估法对氟进行评估,不确定性和灵敏度的研究对于评估模型尤为关键。本文比较了传统模型的可行性和局限性,认为确定氟富集的途径,完善复合暴露评估的模式,考虑氟摄入的生物有效性,对于氟的健康风险评估十分必要;氟的健康风险评估下一步的研究还可以趋向于使用模型对氟的风险进行预测;对于氟的来源、赋存状态、迁移途径以及含量影响因素等仍然需要深入了解,全面评估其带来的健康风险。 相似文献
11.
吉林西部地区高砷地下水砷的阈值分析及风险评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
高砷地下水导致的砷中毒是吉林西部地区近年来新发现的地方病。为评价饮用水中砷对人体健康产生的潜在危害,在野外调查、采样分析的基础上,开展了水砷安全阈值分析 ,确定了砷的总质量浓度0.05 mg/L为研究区的水砷安全阈值,建立了地下水健康风险评价模型,进行了地下水砷健康风险评价。结果表明:研究区地下水砷引起的个人年均风险度最高达2.11×10-3 a-1,其中高砷的第四系承压水中97.06%的采样点水砷对人体的个人年均致癌风险度,大于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10-5 a-1;作为备用水源的第三系大安组、泰康组承压水69.57%采样点砷的致癌风险度也超过最大可接受风险水平。通过对风险度评价结果与砷中毒病情等资料的对比分析,风险评价结果与砷中毒病情基本一致,验证了评价结果的合理性。 相似文献
12.
Bangladesh is one of the most natural hazard-prone countries in the world with the greatest negative consequences being associated with cyclones, devastating floods, riverbank erosion, drought, earthquake, and arsenic contamination, etc. One way or other, these natural hazards engulfed every corner of Bangladesh. The main aim of this research paper is to carry out a multi-hazards risk and vulnerability assessment for the coastal Matlab municipality in Bangladesh and to recommend possible mitigation measures. To this aim, hazards are prioritized by integrating SMUG and FEMA models, and a participation process is implemented so as to involve community both in the risk assessment and in the identification of adaptation strategies. The Matlab municipality is highly vulnerable to several natural hazards such as cyclones, floods, and riverbank erosion. The SMUG is a qualitative assessment, while FEMA is a quantitative assessment of hazards. The FEMA model suggests a threshold of highest 100 points. All hazards that total more than 100 points may receive higher priority in emergency preparedness and mitigation measures. The FEMA model, because it judges each hazard individually in a numerical manner, may provide more satisfying results than the SMUG system. The spatial distributions of hazard, risk, social institutions, land use, and other resources indicate that the flood disaster is the top environmental problem of Matlab municipality. Hazard-specific probable mitigation measures are recommended with the discussion of local community. Finally, this study tries to provide insights into the way field research combining scientific assessments tools such as SMUG and FEMA could feed evidence-based decision-making processes for mitigation in vulnerable communities. 相似文献
13.
Chaoyang WEI 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):83-83
Municipal solid waste incinerator （MSWI） fly ash is world-widely defined as hazardous waste because of its high concentration of heavy metals and high toxic equivalents of dioxin-like compounds. Therefore, if not properly disposed, it would pose a risk of being released into the environment including soil and groundwater. Heavy metals in the MSWI fly ash are considered as the most dangerous component owing to their leaching characteristics and migration capability. To get a better knowledge of their releasing behavior, it is important to assess the potential environmental mobility of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash and to investigate the factors affecting their leaching characteristics. Fly ashes from four MSW incinerators were characterized and leaching of heavy metals according to both Chinese HVEP and USA TCLP were performed. A geochemical modeling computer program, PHREEQC （version 2） was used to calculate the equilibrium concentration, the speciation and possible precipitation of heavy metals in the leaching systems. In the modeling, the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, were input as master aqueous species in solutions, while the major and accessory components, Ca, Na, K, Cl, S, etc., were defined as finite solids. The agreement between the experimental results and the modeling ones varies for different metals as well as for different fly ashes. In general, the fitness of the modeling for different heavy metals is： Pb〉Zn〉Cd〉Cu. The modeling is excellent for fly ashes with low calcium but high chloride content, or with high concentration of heavy metals, which favor the implicit postulation of component input in the modeling, i.e., high availability of heavy metals. 相似文献
14.
P. C. S. Carvalho A. M. R. Neiva M. M. V. G. Silva 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(4):1215-1230
The main purpose of this study is to assess arsenic and antimony availability in soils, as well as Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni,
Pb and Zn availability in soils derived from the schist–metagraywacke complex close to old Sb–Au mines and in soils developed
from Ordovician slates and close to an old As–Au mine in Portugal. The availability was determined using a European certified
sequential extraction procedure (BCR). The results demonstrated that metalloids are not readily bioavailable, because they
are mainly associated with the residual fraction. Arsenic and antimony proportions in exchangeable fractions are up to 3 and
1%, respectively. However, arsenic is up to 24% in oxy-hydroxide fractions, while antimony is up to 4% in them, demonstrating
the highest bioavailability of arsenic compared to that of antimony, as metalloids are weakly bound to the soils in that fraction.
Therefore, arsenic tends to be more toxic than antimony in all soils studied. However, the pseudo-total contents show that
both metalloids are above the Italian and Dutch guidelines. Therefore, if physico-chemical changes occur arsenic and antimony
will show higher potential environmental risk than evidenced by Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. 相似文献
15.
Arsenic in soil, vegetation and water of a contaminated region 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
S. Zandsalimi M.Sc. N. Karimi Ph.D. A. Kohandel Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2011,8(2):331-338
Arsenic concentrations of surface waters, soils and plants were surveyed in three contaminated villages of Bijar County. Total arsenic in water samples (4.5 to 280 μg/L) was correlated with electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, total hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, calcium and sodium (p<0.001). Total arsenic in the soils ranged from 105.4 to 1500 mg/kg. Some of the soil factors play an important role in soil arsenic content and its bioavailability for organisms. In general, the arsenic concentrations in plants were low, especially in the most common wild species. Among 13 plant species, the highest mean arsenic concentration was found in leaves of Mentha Longifolia (79.4 mg/kg). Arsenic levels in soils and plants were positively correlated, while the ability of the plants to accumulate the element, expressed by their biological accumulation coefficients and arsenic transfer factors, was independent of the soil arsenic concentration. Relationships between the arsenic concentrations in plants, soils and surface water and the environmental aspects of these relationships have been discussed in comparison with literature data. The accumulation of arsenic in environmental samples (soil, sediment, water, plant, etc.) poses a potential risk to human health due to the transfer of this element in aquatic media, their uptake by plants and subsequent introduction into the food chain. 相似文献
16.
Challenges of analyzing multi-hazard risk: a review 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
Melanie S. Kappes Margreth Keiler Kirsten von Elverfeldt Thomas Glade 《Natural Hazards》2012,64(2):1925-1958
Many areas of the world are prone to several natural hazards, and effective risk reduction is only possible if all relevant threats are considered and analyzed. However, in contrast to single-hazard analyses, the examination of multiple hazards poses a range of additional challenges due to the differing characteristics of processes. This refers to the assessment of the hazard level, as well as to the vulnerability toward distinct processes, and to the arising risk level. As comparability of the single-hazard results is strongly needed, an equivalent approach has to be chosen that allows to estimate the overall hazard and consequent risk level as well as to rank threats. In addition, the visualization of a range of natural hazards or risks is a challenging task since the high quantity of information has to be depicted in a way that allows for easy and clear interpretation. The aim of this contribution is to give an outline of the challenges each step of a multi-hazard (risk) analysis poses and to present current studies and approaches that face these difficulties. 相似文献
17.
GEORG MATTHESS MARGOT ISENBECK 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1987,16(4):411-418
Pesticides are very often spread in agricultural and forest areas covering important groundwater bodies in Quaternary sand and gravel deposits. They are mostly synthetic organic chemicals used for plant protection against predators and competing herbs. According to their radius of action they can be separated into herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, acaricides, molluscicides, rodenticides, fungicides, and bactericides. With respect to the risks of groundwater contamination by pesticides, only the first three groups are of interest. For a risks assessment of groundwater contamination, detailed knowledge of the geochemical behaviour of the pesticides and of the physico-chemical processes controlling their persistence and transport in the sediments is necessary. These processes can be summarized as dissolution/precipitation, adsorption/ desorption, degradation and transport processes in the soil in the unsaturated and saturated zones. Furthermore, the type of plant production being established in the area has to be considered. In the case of crop rotation the applied pesticides are changed every year and the risk of groundwater contamination is normally low because of retardation and degradation. In soils used for special-purpose crops, an accumulation of pesticide residues is possible, because the same substances are applied every year. Especially on sandy soils the leaching of residues can lead to severe groundwater contamination. 相似文献
18.
地下水中污染物具有迁移性和扩散性,会对下游敏感受体造成威胁,目前场地地下水风险评估主要关注人体健康风险,还未能综合考虑地下水污染的整体风险,尤其是忽视了污染物迁移引起的对下游敏感受体的风险。本研究基于“源-径-汇”模型构建了考虑污染物扩散风险的场地地下水污染风险评估的指标体系与风险评估模式。在指标体系构建方面,重点考虑场地地下水的污染源、迁移路径和敏感受体3个方面。在风险评估模式方面,根据场地不同地下水污染状态开展3个层次的风险评估。基于假想的铬污染场地开展了案例分析,设置了地下水污染状态的4种情景,利用Wexler溶质运移模型计算了地下水污染羽的时空变化,并针对地下水污染的不同层次开展了风险评估。结果表明,在场地地下水污染羽未到达场地边界的2种情形中,场地地下水的风险评分分别为4.0,6.2,分别属于低风险与中风险。在场地地下水污染羽到达或超出场地边界的2种情形中,场地地下水的风险评分分别为7.0,8.8,分别属于中风险与高风险。综合而言,本研究构建的方法能够用来对场地地下水进行系统全面的评估和对比,能够根据风险结果对污染场地进行有效的分级管控,为污染场地的风险管控提供技术支撑。 相似文献
19.
20.
氨基泡塑的合成及其应用于富集地质样品中的痕量金 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
采用泡塑(PUF)富集,AAS或ICP-OES测定地质样品中痕量金是常用的分析方法。与活性炭相比,PUF的选择性好,但吸附容量偏低,可将泡塑负载不同的萃取剂或修饰不同的官能团提高吸附容量。本文将聚醚型泡塑经盐酸水解制备成氨基泡塑(PUF-NH_2)。红外光谱和扫描电镜表征显示,PUF-NH_2峰形发生了明显红移(3376.5 cm-1),其中的氨基数量显著增加,另外PUF-NH_2的高分子出现明显断裂,发生水解后裸露出的氨基具有还原性,在吸附金的过程中易与金离子在PUF-NH_2表面发生氧化还原反应,形成金纳米颗粒。改性后的PUF-NH_2吸附容量达到96 mg/g,与PUF相比提高了8倍。将PUF-NH_2应用于富集地质样品中的金,经炭化灼烧、50%王水提取后用ICP-OES测定,金的加标回收率在95.0%~105.0%之间,检出限为0.15μg/g。实验证明用PUF-NH_2处理样品提高了富集倍数和分析灵敏度,有利于低品位矿石的分析。 相似文献