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1.
加强人影工作 减缓气候变化给人类造成的灾害 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
瓦黑提·阿扎买提 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2003,26(2):45-46
1气候变化及其对人类的影响气候系统是包括大气、海洋、陆地、冰雪以及生物圈在内的庞大系统。引起气候系统变化的原因有多种,概括起来可分为自然的气候波动和人类活动的影响两大类。气候波动主要包括太阳辐射的变化以及火山爆发等。人类活动主要包括人类燃烧化石燃料、毁林等引起的大气中二氧化碳等温室气体浓度的增加,以及陆面覆盖和土地利用的变化等等。在气候系统中没有提到人类,但从19世纪末开始,人类活动已经成为气候变化的重要原因。人类对气候无意识的影响是值得注意的新的因子,正因为这个新因子的出现,打破了原有各个因子之间的平… 相似文献
2.
IPCC第一工作组第四次评估报告的基本结论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第一工作组第四次评估报告阐述了气候变化的人为和自然驱动因子、观测到的气候变化、气候变化的认知和归因以及预估的未来气候变化等方面的最新科学进展,这些最新进展主要是基于大量新的和更全面的数据、对数据更复杂的分析、对各种过程更进一步的认识、模式对这些过程模拟的改进以及对不确定性范围更广泛的分析得到的。 相似文献
3.
气候系统模式FGOALS_gl模拟的20世纪气温变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
分析了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学国家重点实验室(LASG/IAP)发展的快速耦合气候系统模式FGOALS_gl对近100年气温变化的模拟,讨论了20世纪气温变化的机理。结果表明,在自然因素和人为因素的共同强迫作用下,FGOALS_gl能够合理再现20世纪全球平均和纬向平均地表气温随时间的演变。利用太阳辐照度等自然强迫、温室气体和气溶胶等人为强迫因子来驱动耦合模式,能够模拟出过去100年全球平均气温的增温趋势和年代际变化。耦合模式可以较好地模拟出20世纪全球气温变化趋势的空间分布。对区域气温变化模拟效果的分析表明,除北大西洋外,FGOALS_gl对其他地区具有较高的模拟技巧,表明外强迫是造成多数地区气温变化的主要原因。FGOALS_gl的主要缺陷在于模拟的变暖强度偏弱,大气模式自身的偏差以及耦合模式对温室气体响应的敏感度偏低是造成上述缺陷的主要原因。总体而言,FGOALS_gl对20世纪气温变化的模拟效果较为理想,特别是在全球、半球和大陆尺度上,该模式对过去100年气温变化的模拟较为合理。 相似文献
4.
<正>1气候变化的原因全球气候变化除地球系统内部变率外,自然强迫和人为强迫是重要的外部驱动力。其中自然强迫包括太阳活动和火山活动。人为强迫即人类活动,包括大量化石燃料燃烧排放温室气体、土地利用,以及气溶胶与污染排放等,其强度取决于人口发展与变化、社会经济发展、技术变化及其内部的协调性等。本文重点给出人类强迫的影响。IPCC第六次评估报告明确表明,近百年特别是近几十年来观测到的全球变暖归因为人类活动的影响, 相似文献
5.
综述了区分气候变化和人类活动对水文要素影响的研究方法,提出当前研究中应将流域水文过程变化的环境因素来源分为气候自然变异、人为气候变化和人类活动三个方面,并给出了方法体系;基于环境变化下流域水文过程的复杂不确定性,详细剖析了环境变化下流域水文过程的不确定性来源,总结了常用的不确定性评估方法,并介绍了针对定性不确定性（奈特不确定性）评估的信息差距理论。指出为提高减缓和适应环境变化能力,未来应加强以气候自然变异、人为气候变化和人类活动三源分解的环境变化影响研究;不确定性分析应成为环境模拟的固有组成部分,在影响评价中应注重不确定性的评估,并应加强不确定性信息在流域管理决策中的应用研究以及流域风险管理研究。 相似文献
6.
本文重点分析了黑龙江省干旱气候的基本特征,并从影响黑龙江省气候异常的主要因子初步探讨了干旱的成因.指出在全球与东亚区域气候变暖的背景下,主要影响因子的年际异常变化和年代际振荡是黑龙江省干旱气候形成的主要原因. 相似文献
7.
《气候变化研究进展》2015,(6)
<正>由中国科学院秦大河院士、中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所丁永建研究员和中国科学院穆穆院士主编的《Climate and Environmental Change in China:1951-2012》一书近日已在Springer-Verlag公司出版。本书囊括了气候与环境变化科学的多个方面,包括自然的、社会的、经济的,以及人为影响方面等,也是了解中国气候和环境变化、 相似文献
8.
上海地区盛夏高温分布和热岛效应的初步研究 总被引：66，自引：2，他引：64
根据1997～1998年的7～8月高温加密观测资料和卫星遥感资料,应用自然正交函数分解技术(EOF),对上海地区盛夏高温分布的气候平均场和第一特征场进行了分析.上海地区盛夏平均高温场分布具有显著的城市热岛效应特征.作者详细讨论了市区建成面积、土地利用类别、人口密度和人为热等都市化因素对热岛效应范围和强度的影响,并做出定量的估计,提出了缓解城市热岛效应的若干对策.第一特征场分析表明,风向是影响上海地区热岛效应范围和强度变化的最主要的气象因子. 相似文献
9.
10.
<正>气候变化的检测归因是识别人为和自然因子对气候变化相对贡献的核心研究内容,也是迄今没有很好解决的科学问题之一。学术界对于检测和归因的概念有严谨的阐述~([1])。气候变化的检测,是在某种统计意义的定义下揭示气候或被气候影响的系统已发生变化的过程,但并不解释这种变化的原因。归因是在给定的统计信度上评估多个因素对某一变化或者事件相对贡献的过程,是结合统计分析和物理解析的过程。这些因素包括人为强迫(如工业排放导致的大气温室气体浓度增加和气溶胶变化、大规模土地利用)和自然强迫(如火山活动、太阳变率)。政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)自发布第 相似文献
11.
Reindeer husbandry represents a major land use in the Barents region, and has been predicted to be adversely affected by climate
change. This paper considers the likely response of reindeer husbandry to changes both in climate and in socio-economic circumstances
in the four countries of the Barents region from 1990 to 2080. Key natural factors include vegetation distribution, and a
range of meteorological variables including temperature, wind, snow cover and freezing of rivers. The potential impact of
these factors is evaluated quantitatively using the tolerable windows method, the results of which indicate a general but
spatially non-uniform decline in the suitability of the region for reindeer husbandry. Relevant socio-economic factors include
regional patterns of politics, management and knowledge. A focus on herders’ own perceptions of environmental change and flexibility
of response, derived particularly from study sites in Russia, suggests that models of vulnerability to climate change should
be tempered by paying greater attention to changes in socio-economic factors. When compared with the potential effect of changing
these socioeconomic factors, the vulnerability of reindeer husbandry to projected climate change appears to be comparatively
small. 相似文献
12.
Recent land cover changes on the Tibetan Plateau: a review 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
This paper reviews the land cover changes on the Tibetan Plateau during the last 50 years partly caused by natural climate change and, more importantly, influenced by human activities. Recent warming trends on the plateau directly influence the permafrost and snow melting and will impact on the local ecosystem greatly. Human activities increased rapidly on the plateau during the last half century and have significant impacts on land use. Significant land cover changes on the Tibetan Plateau include permafrost and grassland degradation, urbanization, deforestation and desertification. These changes not only impact on local climate and environment, but also have important hydrological implications for the rivers which originate from the plateau. The most noticeable disasters include the flooding at the upper reaches of Yangtze River and droughts along the middle and lower reaches of Yellow River. Future possible land cover changes under future global climate warming are important but hard to assess due to the deficits of global climate model in this topographically complex area. Integrated investigation of climate and ecosystems, including human-beings, are highly recommended for future studies. 相似文献
13.
IPCC于2019年8月7日通过了《气候变化与土地特别报告》决策者摘要,报告第3章评估了气候变化与荒漠化的关系,取得了一些新认识,包括全球旱地(dryland)和荒漠化的范围、荒漠化过程与影响因素、荒漠化的检测与归因、荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、未来气候变化对荒漠化的影响与风险,应对荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化的联系。在估计荒漠化变化、荒漠化变化检测与归因、荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、应对荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化联系方面还存在不足。这些评估结果对我国认识旱地和荒漠化范围的变化、影响荒漠化因素、荒漠化过程、荒漠化变化检测与归因,荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、未来气候变化对荒漠化的影响与风险,以及防治荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化方面等都有重要的启示。 相似文献
14.
气候变化及人类活动对西北干旱区水资源影响研究综述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文回顾了西北干旱区气候变化事实及其对水资源影响的最新研究进展,从气候变化和人类活动两个角度综述了水资源变化的原因,以及未来西北干旱区水资源变化与适应对策。研究表明：1961年以来西北干旱区呈现明显暖湿化趋势,其中冬季增温最快,夏季降水增加速率最大。伊利河谷、塔城等地区增温趋势最大,北疆降水量增加最多。受气候变暖导致冰雪快速消融和山区降水增加的影响,西北干旱区西部河流黑河、疏勒河、塔里木河出山口径流量显著增加。由于东部河流石羊河径流的补给主要靠降水,降水的减少导致径流呈现下降趋势。不合理人类活动造成石羊河、黑河和开都河中下游径流减少。本文提出了西北干旱区亟待深入研究的任务：极端天气气候事件的变化规律及其对水资源影响;未来气候变化和水资源的预估;气候变化归因研究;气候变化-社会经济活动一体化适应策略选择;水资源科学合理定量分配等。 相似文献
15.
地球系统中的大气圈、水圈、冰雪圈、岩石圈和生物圈构成了气候系统, 气候系统中不同圈层之间的相互作用决定了气候的自然变化。由于人类活动的日益加剧, 对气候系统已经产生了显著影响。气候的自然变化和人类活动导致的气候变化对社会经济的发展以及人民生活的影响日益加大, 并涉及到国家安全、环境外交和可持续发展等一系列重大问题。要认识气候变化及其强迫因素、预测未来气候变化, 最基础的工作是建立针对气候目的涉及到气候系统五大圈层的综合气候观测系统, 以获取所需的高质量资料和相关产品, 提供气候系统变化的详细信息。该文回顾了气候观测系统设计在中国的发展以及中国气象科学研究院在组织设计中国气候观测系统中的作用, 并指出了在建立我国气候观测系统中存在的一些需要改进的方面。在对气候观测系统进行分析的基础上, 指出了与建立气候观测系统相关的10个方面的关键问题, 这些问题包括:气候观测系统的科学需求、气候观测系统的代表性、全面性、规范性、对气候预测和预估及模式发展的支撑性、多学科应用性、社会经济性、资料开放共享性以及气候系统资料的同化再分析和历史资料的抢救。 相似文献
16.
南疆塔里木河流域生态环境近期变化的成因解释 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
徐羹慧 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2005,28(2):28-31
南疆塔里木河流域的生态环境已引起社会和科技界广泛注意。本文分析了该地区生态环境近期变化的6个主要特点，并用自然和人文社会学观点解释了变化的成因，提出气候变化是该极干旱区生态环境变化中最活跃的主要自然因素及其影响方式，但在人类主要活动地区盆地主体，人类活动对生态环境变化起着决定性的作用。 相似文献
17.
While it is generally asserted that those countries who have contributed least to anthropogenic climate change are most vulnerable to its adverse impacts some recently developed indices of vulnerability to climate change come to a different conclusion. Confirmation or rejection of this assertion is complicated by the lack of an agreed metric for measuring countries’ vulnerability to climate change and by conflicting interpretations of vulnerability. This paper presents a comprehensive semi-quantitative analysis of the disparity between countries’ responsibility for climate change, their capability to act and assist, and their vulnerability to climate change for four climate-sensitive sectors based on a broad range of disaggregated vulnerability indicators. This analysis finds a double inequity between responsibility and capability on the one hand and the vulnerability of food security, human health, and coastal populations on the other. This double inequity is robust across alternative indicator choices and interpretations of vulnerability. The main cause for the higher vulnerability of poor nations who have generally contributed little to climate change is their lower adaptive capacity. In addition, the biophysical sensitivity and socio-economic exposure of poor nations to climate impacts on food security and human health generally exceeds that of wealthier nations. No definite statement can be made on the inequity associated with climate impacts on water supply due to large uncertainties about future changes in regional water availability and to conflicting indicators of current water scarcity. The robust double inequity between responsibility and vulnerability for most climate-sensitive sectors strengthens the moral case for financial and technical assistance from those countries most responsible for climate change to those countries most vulnerable to its adverse impacts. However, the complex and geographically heterogeneous patterns of vulnerability factors for different climate-sensitive sectors suggest that the allocation of international adaptation funds to developing countries should be guided by sector-specific or hazard-specific criteria despite repeated requests from participants in international climate negotiations to develop a generic index of countries’ vulnerability to climate change. 相似文献
18.
Lara C. Whitely Binder Jennifer Krencicki Barcelos Derek B. Booth Meriel Darzen Marketa McGuire Elsner Richard Fenske Thomas F. Graham Alan F. Hamlet John Hodges-Howell J. Elizabeth Jackson Catherine Karr Patrick W. Keys Jeremy S. Littell Nathan Mantua Jennifer Marlow Don McKenzie Michael Robinson-Dorn Eric A. Rosenberg Claudio O. Stöckle Julie A. Vano 《Climatic change》2010,102(1-2):351-376
Climate change is expected to bring potentially significant changes to Washington State’s natural, institutional, cultural, and economic landscape. Addressing climate change impacts will require a sustained commitment to integrating climate information into the day-to-day governance and management of infrastructure, programs, and services that may be affected by climate change. This paper discusses fundamental concepts for planning for climate change and identifies options for adapting to the climate impacts evaluated in the Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment. Additionally, the paper highlights potential avenues for increasing flexibility in the policies and regulations used to govern human and natural systems in Washington. 相似文献
19.
Pedram Rowhani Olivier Degomme Debarati Guha-Sapir Eric F. Lambin 《Climatic change》2011,105(1-2):207-222
Changes in climate, along with anthropogenic pressures, impact vegetation productivity and related ecosystem services on which human security relies. The impacts of these climate changes on society will be experienced both through changes in mean conditions over long time periods and through increases in extreme events. Uncertainties remain on how short-term changes in ecosystems influence human security. Most studies analyzing the relationship between human security and climate are at the country level, ignoring fine-grained spatial heterogeneity in local climatic and socio-economic conditions. Here, we used detailed spatio-temporal information extracted from wide-swath satellite data (MODIS) to examine the impact of interannual variability in ecosystems on malnutrition and armed conflict in East Africa while controlling for other natural and socio-economic factors. The analysis was performed at a subnational and village scales. At the regional level, ecosystem variability was associated with malnutrition. This relationship was not statistically significant at the village level. At both levels of analysis, our results indicated that armed conflicts were more likely in regions with more vegetation. Results suggested that, in East Africa, increased levels of malnutrition were related to armed conflicts. They also showed the importance, in low-income countries, of local economic activity and accessibility to reduce the likelihood of malnutrition and insecurity. 相似文献
20.