共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
黄土高原影响LAS观测感热通量的物理因素分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2010年1月和6月黄土高原定西和庆阳两站大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)的观测数据,结合涡动相关系统(EC)、辐射观测、梯度塔等观测系统的同步观测资料,分析了不同下垫面LAS和EC观测感热通量的时空差异及其与下垫面净辐射、风向、风速和稳定度等物理量的关系。结果表明,LAS和EC观测感热通量值之间的差异(HLAS-HEC)大小与下垫面的不均匀性有关,相对复杂的下垫面HLAS-HEC较大。净辐射Rn是感热通量的主要驱动因子,HLAS-HEC在生长季大于非生长季,并与Rn成正相关。风向对LAS和EC观测感热通量值有显著影响。对流边界层低频涡旋的存在导致EC通量统计值偏低,HLAS/HEC随着风速的增大而减小,随着稳定度z/L的增大而增大。 相似文献
2.
下垫面的非均匀性影响地气通量观测的准确性和代表性,青藏高原复杂下垫面通量印痕分布的研究对地气相互作用的观测、模拟及其天气气候影响均具有重要意义。印痕分析是研究通量观测信息空间代表性的重要方法,通量印痕模型FFP(Flux Footprint Prediction)为计算通量印痕提供了一种行之有效的方法。基于西藏珠穆朗玛大气过程与环境变化国家野外科学观测研究站、阿里荒漠环境综合观测研究站、西藏纳木错高寒湖泊与环境国家野外科学观测研究站、慕士塔格西风带环境综合观测研究站和藏东南高山环境综合观测研究站5个台站2013年观测数据,利用FFP模型对通量印痕进行了模型参数敏感性分析,探讨了不同站点通量印痕分布的时空特点、具体影响因素,进而对观测台站架设提供指导。研究结果表明,通量印痕的主要影响因素为观测高度、风速、风向,下垫面类型为常绿针叶林的林芝站对观测高度、行星边界层高度较其他台站敏感。在青藏高原,使用三维超声风速仪观测数据得到的通量印痕的空间尺度为250～500 m。5个台站中珠峰站白天稳定层结时次最少,占白天数据点的15.69%,阿里站夜间不稳定层结时次最少,占夜间数据点的13.32%。在... 相似文献
3.
北京城市通量足迹及源区分布特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
城市下垫面具有不同于其他下垫面的特殊复杂性,通量的源汇分布十分不均,导致直接测量以及定量的描述城市中水汽、二氧化碳等通量变得非常困难。涡动观测系统在城市通量观测中得到广泛应用,但由于涡动协方差观测系统传感器都架设在一定的高度上,其测量结果只反映特定点下垫面或某部分下垫面的物理过程,不能说明观测结果是否具有下垫面属性的代表性,无法反映观测通量的空间变异性。足迹函数(Footprint)的产生就是为了解决这一问题,其又称源权重函数,是描述近地面层表面源或汇的空间分布和仪器观测通量值之间关系的函数。本文采用北京325 m气象塔近1年7层涡动协方差观测数据、超声数据,分析了不同风向、不同稳定度、不同高度下足迹函数所表达的通量贡献区域范围的变化规律。结果表明,在大气稳定条件下时,通量贡献区范围的大小与主风向无显著差异,而不稳定条件下计算结果与主风向无关。在不同高度下所有稳定条件下通量贡献区范围要大于不稳定条件,中性条件则介于两者之间。8 m、16 m高度上的观测结果不能完全代表城市下垫面通量贡献区,47 m以上能够代表城市下垫面通量贡献区,280 m则已经包含了郊区和城区的权重平均。同一大气稳定度条件下,高度越高通量贡献区范围越大,90%通量贡献区范围与观测高度成线性关系,这种线性关系可以预测没有观测高度或者更高处的通量贡献区范围。 相似文献
4.
纳木错(湖)地区湍流数据质量控制和湍流通量变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用中国科学院纳木错多圈层综合观测研究站2009年全年的大气湍流观测资料,应用Foot-print模型分析了青藏高原非均匀下垫面湍流观测数据的数据质量、质量评价及不同下垫面对湍流通量的贡献。结果表明:纳木错(湖)地区因不同土地利用类型的差别,导致地表通量分布不均匀,草地对地表通量的贡献最大;对不同大气层结状态,观测站周围200m范围内的地表通量贡献各不相同,上风向通量贡献源区较大,湍流发展较充分。在不稳定状态和中性状态下,纳木错地区地表通量数据质量较高,即白天观测的通量数据质量较高;在稳定状态下数据质量较低,即夜间的通量数据质量较差;纳木错地区的湍流通量受湖陆风和大气稳定性影响较大。 相似文献
5.
《高原气象》2016,(2)
利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境研究观测站那曲/BJ观测点2010年涡动相关仪(EC)和大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)数据,MODIS的地表温度(LST)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)产品,结合印痕方法分析了由EC和LAS数据计算得到的感热通量的差异及造成这种差异的可能原因,研究了两种空间尺度下地表温度和土壤含水量对感热通量的影响。结果表明:干季和雨季时,EC与LAS的感热通量(H_EC和H_LAS)总体而言具有较好的一致性,其差异的主要原因是风向造成印痕差异;7月的感热通量与净辐射、风向的时间序列分析表明,云遮蔽导致的净辐射空间分布不均匀是造成H_EC和H_LAS差异的另一个重要原因;EC和LAS的印痕加权LST平均值与两者感热通量的统计分析表明,印痕内加权LST越高,感热通量越大;对雨季时的EC和LAS印痕内加权NDVI平均值表明,印痕加权NDVI越大,感热通量与净辐射之比越小;EC和LAS两种通量结果分析表明,空间尺度对藏北地区半小时尺度和月尺度感热通量结果都有较大影响。 相似文献
6.
LAS在西北干旱区荒漠均匀下垫面的观测研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用“古浪非均匀近地层观测试验”的仪器平行对比观测部分试验数据,首先分析荒漠均匀下垫面大孔径闪烁仪(Large Aperture Scintillometer,LAS)光径线上等间距架设的4台涡动相关仪(Eddy Covariance System,EC)观测的摩擦速度和感热通量的一致性.然后,基于4种不同下垫面建立稳定度普适函数分析,利用4台EC观测摩擦速度平均值,计算了LAS观测区域的感热通量,进而比较了LAS和EC两者观测值的差异.结果表明,4台EC观测的摩擦速度与感热通量一致性好,摩擦速度的差别＜10％,感热通量的差别在10％左右.4种稳定度普适函数计算的LAS区域感热通量在白天、夜晚与EC观测平均值变化趋势一致,但计算值偏大;TAG (Thiermann and Grassl)稳定度普适函数计算值与EC观测平均值较接近.其主要原因除不同下垫面试验所得稳定度普适函数的差异外,Kipp&Zonen LAS所测感热通量的系统性偏高不可忽视. 相似文献
7.
城市地表湍流观测数据的后处理及质量控制 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
涡动相关仪基于其观测原理,要求观测仪器所在地表平坦均匀,并要求湍流平稳及充分发展等.为了准确合理的运用观测数据,必须对原始数据进行严格的后处理及质量控制,城市复杂非均匀下垫面上的湍流观测数据进行后处理及质量控制更为重要.本文对2010年7月25日-8月5日架设在南京市委党校33 m高度上的涡动相关观测数据进行了包括野点的剔除、坐标旋转修正、WPL修正以及夜里静稳条件下的修正等后处理及质量控制.结果表明:由于观测期间天气状况较好,本次观测的数据质量相对较好,从而野点值剔除,对地表感热和潜热通量测量结果影响甚微.使用二次坐标旋转及平面拟合方法的结果对通量影响较为一致.而且,为了潜热和CO2通量数据的准确性,空气密度效应订正是必须的.本文观测数据基于夏季城市下垫面,所有时次湍流呈现不稳定层结,经过WPL订正,CO2通量增幅为6.5％,潜热通量增幅为12％;观测期间风速不大,主要风频方向上观测点附近无明显高大建筑,且观测点位置较高,σu,v,w/u*与-z/L基本上满足1/3次方律.经湍流平稳性IST检验,感热及动量通量质量较好. 相似文献
8.
非参数化蒸散发估算方法在黑河流域的适用性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《高原气象》2016,(1)
陆面蒸散发是水循环过程中的重要组成部分,直接关系到地表的能量和水量平衡。基于哈密顿原理的非参数化蒸散发估算方法能够避免复杂的参数化过程,降低计算过程的不确定性。首先,利用非参数化方法估算了黑河流域不同下垫面的蒸散发,并利用地面观测数据进行了验证,分析了非参数化方法在不同下垫面和不同季节的适用性。对不同下垫面的验证结果表明,在湿润下垫面该方法会低估实际蒸散发,在干旱下垫面会高估实际蒸散发;对不同季节的验证结果表明,夏季蒸散发估算精度明显优于冬季。其次,进一步对非参数化方法进行了敏感性分析:在湿润下垫面,地表净辐射通量对估算结果影响较大;在干旱下垫面,地表净辐射通量和地表温度对非参数化估算方法结果影响较大。最后,利用非参数化方法结合遥感数据和大气驱动数据估算了黑河流域中上游的区域蒸散发,并利用地面观测数据结合足迹模型进行了验证,分析了非参数化方法估算区域蒸散发的适用性,估算结果能够反映该区域地表通量的分布特征,但是与地面观测数据相比存在一定的误差,不同下垫面的均方根误差在50~100W·m~(-2)之间。 相似文献
9.
下垫面非均匀性的模拟 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
用美国大气科学中心ＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ模式中的陆面过程方案,我们在一个全球大气模式网格尺度范围内,研究了来自非均匀下垫面的水汽,能量等通量。基于３种不同的模拟下垫面非均匀性的方法,即马赛克法、混合法以及显式次网格法,我们设计了４种不同的试验。模拟结果表明,３种方法计算出的结果有很大的不同：地面吸收的太阳辐射差异达４％;感热通量达１２％;潜热通量达６６％;土壤水分可达３０％。这一结果说明有必要用实测数据来检验不同的模拟下垫面非均匀性的方法以及用区域气候模式来模拟下垫面的非均匀性。 相似文献
10.
选取2005年5月24日～6月18日在金塔开展的"绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程的观测实验"中的3层CSAT3的实验数据,应用Schmid的FsAM(The Flux-Source Area Model)模型,分析了不同观测高度的通量贡献源区分布以及观测高度对通量贡献源区分布的影响,同时分析了不同大气层结条件下源区的分布以及稳定度对通量贡献源区分布的影响.结果表明,稳定条件下的通量贡献源区大于不稳定条件下的通量贡献源区,并且随着观测高度的增加通量贡献源区会显著增大. 相似文献
11.
在对涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪足迹模型进行敏感性分析的基础上,利用北京密云站2006年8月至2007年12月期间的观测资料,应用足迹模型对观测通量的空间代表性做了初步的分析.结果表明:涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪的源区对风向、Monin-Obukhov长度,空气动力学粗糙度和观测高度/有效高度等因子比较敏感.密云站涡动相关仪的源区白天主要分布在仪器的西南与南面,而夜间则在东北与北面.大孔径闪烁仪的源区为西南一东北向分布.涡动相关仪各月源区形状不同,但大致分布在南北长1000 m、东两宽850 m的范嗣内,而LAS各月源区为西南一东北向分布,长约2060 m,最宽处约为620 m.对涡动相关仪通量有贡献的下垫面主要为园地(67%)和耕地(19%).其中园地的通量贡献比例在夏、秋季比较大,冬、春季稍小,而耕地则相反.大孔径闪烁仪的主要通量贡献源区为园地、耕地和居民地,通量贡献比例分别为49%,28%和11%.其中园地和耕地通量贡献率的变化趋势与涡动相关仪的观测结果一致,但没有涡动相关仪的变化明显. 相似文献
12.
W. M. L. Meijninger O. K. Hartogensis W. Kohsiek J. C. B. Hoedjes R. M. Zuurbier H. A. R. De Bruin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,105(1):37-62
To test the applicability of the scintillation method over a heterogeneous area an experiment was carried out in the summer of 1998 in Flevoland (The Netherlands). In the patchy area only four crops were grown namely sugar beet, potatoes, wheat and onions. From eddy covariance measurements it was found that the heterogeneity was mainly caused by differences in thermal properties. No variations in the aerodynamics roughness length were observed. Two large aperture scintillometers were installed at a height of 11.6 and 20.4 m. A good resemblance was found between the sensible heat fluxes derived from both LAS instruments and the area-averaged fluxes obtained from the in-situ eddy covariance measurements. The slight underestimation of the lower LAS could be assessed using a blending height model and an analytical footprint model. The results also indicated that when scintillometer measurements are made below the blending height the violation to Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory is small and that reasonable fluxes can be obtained from path-averaged structure parameters. 相似文献
13.
大孔径闪烁仪是近年兴起的测量大尺度（500 m~10 km）地表通量的仪器。北京师范大学等单位分别于2002年、2004年在北京昌平小汤山开展了大孔径闪烁仪短期观测实验, 2006年6月又在北京密云建立了长期观测站。利用这些数据, 对大孔径闪烁仪观测数据进行处理与分析, 结果表明:闪烁仪光径高度和风速是影响观测显热通量的关键因子。当地表粗糙元的高度变化相对于光径高度不可忽略时, 零平面位移需要精确确定。波文比在湿润地表需要准确确定, 而气温、气压和动力学粗糙度则为不敏感因子。计算中所需的大气稳定度可用理查孙数判断, 也可借助日出日落时间或净辐射观测值确定。稳定条件下的普适函数目前无统一表达式, 可采用仪器说明书推荐的函数。通过几个站点闪烁仪观测显热通量与涡动相关仪测量值的比较表明:大孔径闪烁仪在均匀和非均匀地表都能得到合理的显热通量观测值。 相似文献
14.
Using a One-and-a-Half Order Closure Model of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer for Surface Flux Footprint Estimation 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
A knowledge of the distribution of the contribution of upwind sources to measurements of vertical scalar flux densities is
important for the correct interpretation of eddy covariance data. Several approaches have been developed to estimate this
so-called footprint function. Here a new approach based on the ensemble-averaged Navier—Stokes equations is presented. Comparisons
of numerical results using this approach with results from other studies under a range of environmental conditions show that
the model predictions are robust. Moreover, the approach outlined here has the advantage of a potential wide applicability,
due to an ability to take into account the heterogeneous nature of underlying surfaces. For example, the model showed that
any variations in surface drag, such as must occur in real life heterogeneous canopies, can exert a marked influence of the
shape and extent of flux footprints. Indeed, it seems likely that under such circumstances, estimates of surface fluxes will
be weighted towards areas of highest foliage density (and therefore quite likely higher photosynthetic rates) close to the
measurement sensor.
Three-dimensional footprints during the day and night were also determined for a mixed coniferous forest in european Russia.
A marked asymmetry of the footprint in the crosswind direction was observed, this being especially pronounced for non-uniform
plant distributions involving vegetation types with different morphological and physiological properties. The model also found
that, other things being equal, the footprint peak for forest soil respiration is typically over twice the distance from the
above canopy measurement sensor compared to that for canopy photosynthesis. This result has important consequences for the
interpretation of annual ecosystem carbon balances by the eddy covariance method. 相似文献
15.
Experimental determination of turbulent fluxes over the heterogeneous LITFASS area: Selected results from the LITFASS-98 experiment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
F. Beyrich S. H. Richter U. Weisensee W. Kohsiek H. Lohse H. A. R. de Bruin Th. Foken M. Göckede F. Berger R. Vogt E. Batchvarova 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2002,73(1-2):19-34
Summary ?During the LITFASS-98 experiment, local flux measurements were performed over five different types of underlying surface
(grass, barley, triticale, pine forest, water) in a heterogeneous landscape using eddy covariance and profile techniques over
a three week time period in June, 1998. Estimates of the area-integrated sensible heat flux during daytime were obtained from
continuous measurements with a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) along a 4.7 km path. The calculation of a mean diurnal
cycle of the fluxes during the experiment revealed significant differences between the main land use classes. A land-use weighted
average of the sensible heat flux was found to be in good agreement with the LAS based estimate, which in turn was supported
by other regionally integrated flux estimates from budget considerations and aircraft measurements for a few case studies.
The profiles of turbulent quantities measured along a 99 m-tower significantly deviate from “idealised” profiles measured
over homogeneous terrain. Peculiarities in the profile structure could be attributed to the heterogeneity of the terrain,
namely to the differences in the surface characteristics of the footprint areas for the different tower levels.
Received June 6, 2001; revised January 15, 2002; accepted April 4, 2002 相似文献
16.
Radiometric measurements of hemispherical surface reflectance and long-wave irradiance are required to quantify the broadband albedo and the outgoing thermal radiation. These observations are typically integrated with eddy covariance measurements of sensible and latent heat fluxes to characterize the surface energy budget. While the aerodynamic footprint has been widely investigated, the geometry of the hemispherical radiometric footprint over plant canopies has been rarely tackled. In the present work, the size and shape of the hemispherical radiometric footprint are formalized for a bare surface and in presence of a vegetation cover. For this purpose, four idealized canopies are analyzed and the dependency of the radiometric footprint on leaf area index and canopy height is explored. Besides, the radiometric footprint is compared with the aerodynamic footprint in conditions of neutral stability. It was observed that almost 100% of the hemispherical radiometric signal originates within a distance of a few radiometer heights, while only about 50–80% of the cumulative aerodynamic signal is generated within a distance of about 20 sensor heights. In order to achieve comparable extensions of the footprint areas, hemispherical radiometric measurements should therefore be taken about 6–15 times higher than turbulent flux ones, depending on the vegetation type. The analysis also highlights that the size of the radiative footprint decreases at increasing leaf area index, whereas the aerodynamic footprint shows an opposite behavior. For the abovementioned reasons, this work may support the interpretation of energy flux measurements and the optimal design of eddy covariance stations located in heterogeneous sites. 相似文献
17.
高山草甸下垫面夏季近地层能量输送及微气象特征 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
利用青藏高原东坡理塘站2007年6～8月的观测资料, 分析了高原东坡草甸下垫面夏季近地层气象要素和湍流通量日变化特征, 并用涡动相关法估算地面的曳力系数。结果表明: 水平风速、 动量通量、 摩擦速度等均在下午最大, 早晨最小。二氧化碳浓度表现为早晚高、 中午低的日变化特征, 比湿的最大值出现在早晨。地表辐射、 热量平衡各分量最高值出现在中午, 最低值出现在早晨。地表反照率表现出早晚高中午低的 “U” 型分布, 日平均值为0.164。夏季地面热源强度在白天午后表现为强的热源, 在夜里表现为弱的冷、 热源交替出现。夏季近地层地气热量交换中, 感热输送作用小, 潜热输送占主要地位。 相似文献
18.
LI Jie LIU Shuhu LIU Heping Johnny CHAN Andrew Y. S CHENG HU Fei LIU Huizhi 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2003,17(4):448-464
Mainly.three methods have been developed to calculate turbulence heat flux.They are eddy covariance method,Bowen ratio/energy balance method and aerodynamic method.In this paper, all the three methods have been used to calculate sensible heat flux,latent heat flux and imbalance energy near the surface with the experiment data of EBEX-2000.Then comparisons of the three methods and some possible explanations of the surface imbalance energy are given. 相似文献
19.
Quality analysis applied on eddy covariance measurements at complex forest sites using footprint modelling 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
C. Rebmann M. Göckede T. Foken M. Aubinet M. Aurela P. Berbigier C. Bernhofer N. Buchmann A. Carrara A. Cescatti R. Ceulemans R. Clement J. A. Elbers A. Granier T. Grünwald D. Guyon K. Havránková B. Heinesch A. Knohl T. Laurila B. Longdoz B. Marcolla T. Markkanen F. Miglietta J. Moncrieff L. Montagnani E. Moors M. Nardino J.-M. Ourcival S. Rambal Ü. Rannik E. Rotenberg P. Sedlak G. Unterhuber T. Vesala D. Yakir 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2005,80(2-4):121-141
Summary Measuring turbulent fluxes with the eddy covariance method has become a widely accepted and powerful tool for the determination of long term data sets for the exchange of momentum, sensible and latent heat, and trace gases such as CO2 between the atmosphere and the underlying surface. Several flux networks developed continuous measurements above complex terrain, e.g. AmeriFlux and EUROFLUX, with a strong focus on the net exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the underlying surface. Under many conditions basic assumptions for the eddy covariance method in its simplified form, such as stationarity of the flow, homogeneity of the surface and fully developed turbulence of the flow field, are not fulfilled. To deal with non-ideal conditions which are common at many FLUXNET sites, quality tests have been developed to check if these basic theoretical assumptions are valid.In the framework of the CARBOEUROFLUX project, we combined quality tests described by Foken and Wichura (1996) with the analytical footprint model of Schmid (1997). The aim was to identify suitable wind sectors and meteorological conditions for flux measurements. These tools were used on data of 18 participating sites. Quality tests were applied on the fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat, and on the CO2-flux, respectively. The influence of the topography on the vertical wind component was also checked. At many sites the land use around the flux towers is not homogeneous or the fetch may not be large enough. So the relative contribution of the land use type intended to be measured was also investigated. Thus the developed tool allows comparative investigations of the measured turbulent fluxes at different sites if using the same technique and algorithms for the determination of the fluxes as well as analyses of potential problems caused by influences of the surrounding land use patterns. 相似文献
20.
J. -P. Lagouarde M. Irvine J. -M. Bonnefond C. S. B. Grimmond N. Long T. R. Oke J. A. Salmond B. Offerle 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,118(3):449-476
Abtract Sensible heat flux estimated by Large Aperture Scintillometry (LAS) has been tested against the more traditional eddy covariance technique over Marseille city centre, a reasonably homogeneous surface. Over the 3 week test period fluxes were found to be similar, yet less noisy for the LAS due to the spatial integration. No systematic bias between the estimates was found as a function of wind direction, indicating the homogeneity of the site. Sensitivity analysis of the required aerodynamic parameters shows that careful attention must be paid to the displacement height along the measurement path. Spatial variability of surface sensible heat flux is studied via a second LAS measurement path over the city. 相似文献