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1.
CO2浓度升高对稻田生态系统碳(C)氮(N)循环具有重要作用,阐明CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响是农业生产应对全球气候变化的重要组成部分.文章采用Meta分析的方法,讨论了不同CO2浓度升高状况和田间管理措施条件下CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响,结果可为未来气候条件下稻田温室气体减排提供参考.结果表明:整体平均而言,CO2浓度升高显著增加稻田CH4排放(增幅为23%,P<0.05),同时显著降低稻田N2O排放(降幅为22%,P<0.05).CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响程度与CO2熏气年限和CO2浓度梯度有关.CO2熏气年限≥10a时,CO2浓度升高同时显著降低稻田CH4和N2O排放,降幅分别为27%和53%(P<0.05);随CO2浓度梯度上升,CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4排放的促进作用呈现先减弱后增强的趋势,而对稻田N2O排放的影响则由促进作用变为抑制作用.不同N肥施用量、秸秆还田、水分管理和水稻品种等田间管理措施不同程度地影响稻田CH4和N2O排放对CO2浓度升高的响应.无秸秆和半量秸秆还田时,CO2浓度升高显著促进稻田CH4排放(增幅分别为27%和49%,P<0.05),而全量秸秆还田时,CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4排放无显著影响(P>0.05);随秸秆还田量的增加,CO2浓度升高对稻田N2O排放的抑制作用不断增强.对比持续淹水,间歇灌溉条件下CO2浓度升高减弱了对稻田CH4排放的促进作用,却增强了对稻田N2O排放的抑制作用.未来CO2浓度升高条件下,建议推广全量秸秆还田和间歇灌溉相结合的稻田管理措施,并辅以优化N肥管理和选育"高产低排"水稻品种等方法,达到最优的"增产减排"效果.此外,有必要进行多尺度、多要素和多方法的综合研究,以期有效降低稻田CH4和N2O排放对CO2浓度升高响应的不确定性. 相似文献
2.
河流CO2排放是全球碳循环的重要组成部分。 以汉江上游流域低等级(Strahler 等级 1 ～ 3) 河流月河为研究对象,采样测定 2016 年 12 月和 2017 年 6 月的关键环境因子并计算河流 CO2分压(pCO2)。 利用统计学模型,探讨不同等级河流水环境因子的时空变化及关键控制因素。 结果表明,月河流域低等级河流 CO2约有 87% 的采样点过饱和,pCO2变化范围是 135～5960 μatm,不同等级河流环境因子和pCO2具有明显的时空差异,且河流pCO2随着河流等级的增加而增加。利用 R 语言“ggpair”函数分析显示,河流pCO2与建设用地占比、耕地占比和总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度呈正相关,与森林用地占比、溶解氧(DO)浓度及坡度呈负相关。 对比分析不同等级河流的关键控制因素发现,低等级河流 pCO2受土地利用和环境因子共同控制,且土地利... 相似文献
3.
利用现有大气本底站的大气CO2浓度观测信息,综合考虑不同经济区划与土地覆盖类型对应的CO2浓度差异及其季节变化规律,构建模式区域内以月为单位的网格化大气CO2浓度非均匀动态分布数据模型.由此数据模型驱动RegCM4-CLM3.5区域气候模式运行,对东亚区2000年3月—2009年2月之间的气候变化特征进行了模拟,进而对大气CO2浓度非均匀动态分布可能引起的区域气候效应进行了初步研究.结果表明:目前气候模式中CO2浓度的常态均匀分布假设可能将温室效应夸大了10%左右.对大气CO2浓度非均匀动态分布影响气温变化的可能机制进行研究表明:CO2的自身效应(改变大气透射率)并不是导致Exp2试验温度降低的主要原因.大气CO2浓度的变化影响了大气与植物胞间CO2分压差,陆地植被通过改变气孔阻力适应这种变化,气孔阻力的变化直接影响到植物与大气间水分的交换,这种作用一方面通过蒸发冷却改变环境温度,另一方面,蒸发水分改变了近地面层湿度,进而水汽扩散到空中影响低云的分布.冬季,植物处于非生长季,对大气CO2浓度变化响应微弱,湿度和低云变化不明显;夏季,植物生长旺盛,由CO2生理学强迫激发的云反馈效应强烈,其效果是使中低云趋于增加,进而减弱了到达对流层低层的太阳短波辐射,造成温室效应减弱. 相似文献
4.
水华蓝藻的生物学特性及其竞争优势、蓝藻水华的形成与维持机制等科学问题,一直是国内外研究的热点。氮素是诱发蓝藻水华暴发的重要营养盐,蓝藻对氮素的同化与其光合作用密切偶联。然而,水体中氮素存在多种形态,不同形态氮素对蓝藻生长和水华发生的影响具有显著差异。因此,了解蓝藻光合作用特征及其同化不同形态氮素的机制和策略,对深入理解蓝藻水华的发生机理具有重要意义。本文在蓝藻的光能捕获与激发能转移、光合电子传递、碳浓缩机制及CO2同化等光合作用过程及其特征综述的基础上,对蓝藻摄取、同化5种主要氮素形态(NO3-、NO2-、NH4+、尿素和N2)的分子机制及其特征进行了解读,总结了蓝藻细胞光合碳、氮同化的耦合关系及调控机制;并指出了该领域的未来发展方向,以推动该方向的深入研究。 相似文献
5.
自成库以来,三峡水库CO2、CH4等温室气体通量较蓄水前发生明显改变。如何科学认识和客观评估三峡水库修建及运行对其CO2、CH4等温室气体通量的影响备受关注。本文简要回顾了自2009年以来在三峡水库开展CO2、CH4等温室气体通量监测与分析工作,综述认为,现阶段三峡水库温室气体排放以水-气界面扩散释放为主要途径。陆源输入的有机碳是主导三峡水库CO2、CH4产生的主要碳源,但在局部区段或时段自源性有机碳的贡献亦十分显著。同蓄水前相比,三峡水库碳排放量呈现为净增加,淹没效应约占水库C净增量的20%,库区内点面源污染负荷并未对CO2排放的净增量产生显著贡献,阻隔效应和生态系统重建效应对三峡水库碳排放的净增量产生显著贡献。近10年来,监测方法比对、监测点位优化等工作在一定程度上完善了三峡水库温室气体通量监测体系。新方法、新技术的引入也为三峡水库温室气体通量监测分析提供了有利支撑和保障,但复杂水文环境... 相似文献
6.
陇县—宝鸡断裂带位于青藏块体东北缘,属于鄂尔多斯块体西南缘弧形断裂束的最南段。为对比分析该断裂带的分段活动性强弱特征,利用断裂带逸出气CO2的地球化学特征进行反演。布设6条跨断层土壤气CO2测线,进行2期测量,共计获取150个土壤气CO2组分浓度,计算了气体的相对活动强度;收集了60件CO2气体样品,测试了其碳同位素组成。结果表明：岐山—马召断裂的气体活动强度（1.56～2.70）比固关—虢镇断裂的气体活动强度（1.73～1.75）大,且岐山—马召断裂上的CO2碳同位素组成比固关—虢镇断裂上的CO2更靠近深部物质端元。位于南段的岐山—马召断裂的地下构造连通性较好,断裂闭锁程度较低,而位于北段的固关—虢镇断裂气体活动性较弱,闭锁程度较高,未来发生地震的危险性较高。 相似文献
7.
为揭示岩溶湿地表层水体二氧化碳分压(pCO2)的时空分布规律及其扩散通量,以我国最大的岩溶湿地贵州威宁草海为研究对象,分别于2019年7月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)通过网格布点法,系统采集草海表层湿地水体,测定水样理化指标和离子组成,利用PHREEQCI软件计算水体pCO2,并基于Cole提出的气体扩散模型估算水-气界面二氧化碳(CO2)的扩散通量.结果表明:草海湿地表层水体丰水期pCO2的变化范围为0.44~645.65μatm,平均值为(55.94±124.73)μatm;枯水期变化范围为35.48~707.95μatm,平均值为(310.46±173.54)μatm;丰水期水体整体pCO2低于枯水期,空间上两期水体均呈现东部区域及河流入湖口处pCO2较高,而中西部区域pCO2欠饱和的特征.水-气界面CO2的扩散通量在丰水期变化范围为-43.27~27.16 mmol/(m2·d),平均值(-34.49±12.93)mmol/(m2·d),枯水期变化范围为-33.36~28.15 mmol/(m2·d),平均值(-8.02±15.85)mmol/(m2·d),与其他岩溶湖库相比,水生植物丰富的草海在两个极端水文期CO2扩散通量相对较低,总体表现为大气CO2的汇. 相似文献
8.
随着我国湖泊治理力度的加大,太湖和巢湖的营养盐水平,特别是氮水平近年来明显下降,如2007年以后太湖总氮和近年来巢湖的氨氮水平都呈现下降趋势,但是2个湖泊水华蓝藻的优势种却向相反的方向演化,太湖的长孢藻(Dolichospermum)比例在增加,而巢湖的长孢藻比例却在降低,为阐明这种变化过程和驱动因素,本研究利用太湖(19932015年)和巢湖(2012 2018年)的历史数据分析了2个湖泊中的水华蓝藻——微囊藻(Microcystis)和长孢藻生物量的历史变化过程,并结合营养盐数据分析了影响2种水华蓝藻变动的驱动因素.结果显示:太湖和巢湖的微囊藻生物量多年来始终保持高位波动,近年来均有升高的趋势,这与2个湖泊磷的高位波动具有明显的相关性,磷是决定微囊藻生物量长尺度变化的主要驱动因素;太湖的长孢藻生物量呈现较大波动变化,2007年以后明显升高,巢湖的长孢藻生物量则明显下降,氮与长孢藻生物量呈现负相关关系,而且这种负相关仅在低磷浓度时具有显著性.微囊藻生物量对磷浓度变化敏感的正反馈响应是其水华形成的重要机制之一,在高温高磷条件下,微囊藻可以快速繁殖,并竞争性排除长孢藻,从而形成优势;而长孢藻可以通过温度生态位和固氮两种方式占据优势,在氮浓度相对较低,且温度低于微囊藻形成水华的温度范围时,长孢藻可以依靠温度生态位的优势形成水华,而在氮限制的条件下,即使在夏季高温时,长孢藻依然可以利用固氮作用形成水华,但是关键的温度阈值和开始固氮的氮浓度阈值仍不清楚.基于2种水华蓝藻对营养盐变化响应的差异,建议在进行蓝藻水华治理、污染削减过程中,应针对不同水华蓝藻的特性进行分时段分类别的营养盐控制策略. 相似文献
9.
选用江苏宿迁台2021年4月1日至11月26日观测数据,分析断层气CO2浓度与地质构造、土壤覆盖层及气象等因素的关系。研究结果显示：宿迁台断层气CO2测点位置优良,高值出现在每年的10、11月,低值出现在每年的1、2月,7月的观测值有轻微下降趋势,8—11月的观测值有上升趋势;断层气CO2浓度变化主要受气压和降雨量影响,与气压呈正相关性,具有较好的同步性,与降水关系密切,由于降水会阻碍地下气体的运移和释放,从而影响观测数据的稳定性,出现突跳或台阶,导致测值不能真正反映测点CO2的释放情况。通过对干扰因素及特征的研究,丰富了断层气观测手段,为研究宿迁市及郯庐断裂带中段的断裂活动与断层气关系积累资料。 相似文献
10.
为研究南昌新建—樵舍断裂土壤气体地球化学特征及构造地球化学背景,采用野外断层土壤气测量方法,于2021年4月和9月开展2期土壤气Rn、CO2的重复观测,结果发现：(1)土壤气浓度范围：第1期Rn、CO2的浓度范围分别为2 280—81 408 Bq/m3和0.09%—1.49%,背景值分别为21984Bq/m3和0.53%;第2期Rn、CO2的浓度范围分别为5 560—97 000 Bq/m3和0.33%—7.05%,背景值分别为30 500 Bq/m3和1.44%。(2)断裂带位置判定：测线上测点2附近土壤气浓度出现高值异常,由于气体在断裂带附近较为富集,判断此处可能为新建—樵舍断裂浅层位置所在。基于2期实测土壤气Rn浓度的断裂活动性评价结果,认为新建—樵舍断裂带现今活动较弱或活动不明显。本研究结果可为研究区土壤气的进一步研究和地质构造活动分析提供地球化学基础资料。 相似文献
11.
Taking Huanglong Ravine and Kangding, Sichuan, and Xiage, Zhongdian, Yunnan, as examples, the authors summarize the hydrogeochemical
and carbon stable isotopic features of the geothermal CO2-water-carbonate rock system and analyze the CO2 sources of the system. It was found that the hydrogeochemical and carbon stable isotopic features of such a system are different
from those of shallow CO2-water-carbonate rock system, which is strongly influenced by biosphere. The former has higher CO2 partial pressure, and is rich in heavy carbon stable isotope. In addition, such a geothermal system is also different from
that developed in igneous rock. The water in the latter system lacks Ca2+, and thus, there are few tufa deposits on ground surface, but it is rich in light carbon stable isotope. Further analysis
shows that CO2 of the geothermal CO2-water-carbonate rock system is a mixture of metamorphic CO2 and magmatic CO2. 相似文献
12.
Expeditions during the summers of 2002 and 2003 implemented continuous monitoring of near-surface (2 m height) atmospheric
CO2 and H2O concentrations at the 4500 m elevation on Muztagata. The resultant data sets reveal a slight decrease of CO2 concentrations (of about 5 μmol·mol-1) and changes in the diurnal variations from the end of June to the middle August. The daily maximum CO2 concentrations occur between 02:30-05:30 AM (local time) and the minimum levels occur between 12:00-15:30 PM. The atmospheric
CO2 concentrations in the summer of 2002 were around 5 μmol·mol-1 lower than those during the same period of 2003, whereas the diurnal amplitude was higher. In contrast, we found that the
daily mean atmospheric H2O content in 2003 was much lower than that in 2002 and there exists a striking negative correlation between CO2 and H2O concentrations. We therefore suggest that the near-surface atmospheric CO2 concentration is affected not only by photosynthesis and respiration, but also by the air H2O content in the glaciated region around Muztagata. 相似文献
13.
The effectiveness of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs is governed, among other factors, by the interfacial tension between the injected CO2 and formation water (brine). Experimental data on CO2/water and CO2/NaCl solution have revealed that the interfacial tension depends on the pressure, temperature and water salinity. However, there is still a lack of data for other salts (such as MgCl2 and CaCl2) which are also present in aquifers and carbonate reservoirs. 相似文献
14.
A numerical simulation was conducted to predict the change of pCO2 in the ocean caused by CO2 leaked from an underground aquifer, in which CO2 is purposefully stored. The target space of the present model was the ocean above the seafloor. The behavior of CO2 bubbles, their dissolution, and the advection-diffusion of dissolved CO2 were numerically simulated. Here, two cases for the leakage rate were studied: an extreme case, 94,600 t/y, which assumed that a large fault accidentally connects the CO2 reservoir and the seafloor; and a reasonable case, 3800 t/y, based on the seepage rate of an existing EOR site. In the extreme case, the calculated increase in ΔpCO2 experienced by floating organisms was less than 300 ppm, while that for immobile organisms directly over the fault surface periodically exceeded 1000 ppm, if momentarily. In the reasonable case, the calculated ΔpCO2 and pH were within the range of natural fluctuation. 相似文献
15.
Edoardo Daly A. Christopher Oishi Amilcare Porporato Gabriel G. Katul 《Advances in water resources》2008
Near-surface soil CO2 gas-phase concentration (C) and concomitant incident rainfall (Pi) and through-fall (Pt) depths were collected at different locations in a temperate pine forest every 30 min during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons (and then averaged to the daily timescale). At the daily scale, C temporal variations were well described by a sequence of monotonically decreasing functions interrupted by large positive jumps induced by rainfall events. A stochastic model was developed to link rainfall statistics responsible for these jumps to near-surface C dynamics. The model accounted for the effect of daily rainfall variability, both in terms of timing and amount of water, and permitted an analytical derivation of the C probability density function (pdf) using the parameters of the rainfall pdf. Given the observed positive correlation between daily C and soil CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere (Fs), the effects of various rainfall regimes on the statistics of Fs can be deduced from the behavior of C under different climatic conditions. The predictions from this analytical model are consistent with flux measurements reported in manipulative experiments that varied rainfall amount and frequency. 相似文献
16.
The oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are recognized as intense sources of N2O greenhouse gas (GHG) and could also be potential sources of CO2, the most important GHG for the present climate change. This study evaluates, for one of the most intense and shallow OMZ, the Chilean East South Pacific OMZ, the simultaneous N2O and CO2 fluxes at the air–sea interface. Four cruises (2000–2002) and 1 year of monitoring (21°–30°–36°S) off Chile allowed the determination of the CO2 and N2O concentrations at the sea surface and the analysis of fluxes variations associated with different OMZ configurations. The Chilean OMZ area can be an intense GHG oceanic local source of both N2O and CO2. The mean N2O fluxes are 5–10 times higher than the maximal previous historical source in an OMZ open area as in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. For CO2, the mean fluxes are also positive and correspond to very high oceanic sources. Even if different coupling and decoupling between N2O and CO2 are observed along the Chilean OMZ, 65% of the situations represent high CO2 and/or N2O sources. The high GHG sources are associated with coastal upwelling transport of OMZ waters rich in N2O and probably also in CO2, located at a shallow depth. The integrated OMZ role on GHG should be better considered to improve our understanding of the past and future atmospheric CO2 and N2O evolutions. 相似文献
17.
Accurate modeling of storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in heterogeneous aquifers requires experiments of the capillary pressure as function of temperature and pressure. We present a method with which static drainage and imbibition capillary pressures can be measured continuously as a function of saturation at various temperature (T) and pressure (P) conditions. The measurements are carried out at (T, P) conditions of practical interest. Static conditions can be assumed as small injection rates are applied. The capillary pressure curves are obtained for the unconsolidated sand–distilled water–CO2 system. The experimental results show a decrease of drainage and imbibition capillary pressure for increasing CO2 pressures and pronounced dissolution rate effects for gaseous CO2. Significant capillary pressure fluctuations and negative values during imbibition are observed at near critical conditions. The measurement procedure is validated by a numerical model that simulates the experiments. 相似文献
18.
三峡水库澎溪河消落区土-气界面CO2和CH4通量初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水库近岸湿地(消落区)温室气体(CO2、CH4)产汇是水库温室气体效应问题的重要组成部分.本文以三峡水库支流澎溪河的白家溪、养鹿两处大面积消落区为研究对象,于2010年6 9月水库低水位运行期间,对近岸消落区土-气界面CO2、CH4通量进行监测.白家溪消落区土-气界面CO2通量均值为12.38±2.42 mmol/(m2·h);CH4通量均值为0.0112±0.0064 mmol/(m2·h).养鹿消落区CO2、CH4通量均值分别为10.54±5.17、0.14±0.16 mmol/(m2·h).总体上,6 9月土-气界面CO2通量呈增加趋势,而CH4通量水平呈现显著的递减趋势.消落区土地出露后植被恢复,在一定程度上促进了土壤有机质含量的增加,使得6 9月CO2释放通量的总体趋势有所增加.消落区退耕后,其甲烷氧化菌的活性得到恢复,加之在土地出露曝晒过程中土壤透气性增强,使得消落区土壤对大气中CH4吸收氧化潜势增强.尽管如此,仍需进一步的研究以明晰消落区土-气界面CO2、CH4产汇的主要影响因素. 相似文献
19.
河流是连接大陆和海洋两大碳库的桥梁,在全球碳循环中的作用举足轻重.金沙江作为长江的上游段,对区域碳循环及区域化学风化的影响非常重要.于2015年8月8-18日对金沙江下游水-气界面CO_2与CH_4通量特征进行监测与分析.采用顶空平衡法结合薄边界层模型估算法计算表层水体CO_2与CH_4的分压以及水-气界面的交换通量,并分析环境变量与其之间的相关性.研究发现,金沙江下游表层水体p(CO_2)平均值为2724.84±477.18μatm,表层水体p(CH_4)平均值为59.96±6.74μatm;水-气界面CO_2通量平均值为2.24±0.50 mmol/(m2·h),CH_4通量平均值为0.000163±0.00009 mmol/(m2·h),通量与分压趋势基本保持一致.表层水体p(CO_2)与溶解性无机碳浓度、碱度均呈显著正相关,而p(CH_4)与水温、叶绿素a浓度均呈显著正相关,CO_2通量与p(CO_2)、溶解性无机碳浓度、碱度均呈正相关,CH_4通量与p(CH_4)、风速均呈正相关,其他环境因素对通量的影响不明显,仍需进一步研究.金沙江下游水-气界面CH_4扩散通量较低,而CO_2扩散通量在世界主要河流中属于中等水平. 相似文献
20.
Hiroshi Ishida Lars G. Golmen Julia West Martin Krüger Patricia Coombs John Arthur Berge Tastuo Fukuhara Michimasa Magi Jun Kita 《Marine pollution bulletin》2013
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) methods, either sub-seabed or in ocean depths, introduces risk of CO2 leakage and subsequent interaction with the ecosystem. It is therefore important to obtain information on possible effects of CO2. In situ CO2 exposure experiments were carried out twice for 10 days during 2005 using a Benthic Chamber system at 400 m depth in Storfjorden, Norway. pCO2 in the water above the sediment in the chambers was controlled at approximately 500, 5000 and 20,000 μatm, respectively. This article describes the experiment and the results from measured the biological responses within the chamber sediments. The results show effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on biological processes such as increased nanobenthos density. Methane production and sulphate reduction was enhanced in the approximately 5000 μatm chamber. 相似文献