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《地学前缘》2017,(1):276-296
富钴结壳是发育在深海海山之上的一种重要沉积矿产资源,建立准确可靠的年代学格架,无论对富钴结壳成矿作用研究还是对古海洋环境研究,都具有重要意义。但迄今为止,由于定年技术的限制,可靠的富钴结壳年代学框架资料并不多。文中以钙质超微化石生物地层学方法为主要手段,并结合Co经验公式法、样品的结构特征和磷酸盐化作用时代等资料,对麦哲伦海山群MK海山MKD13-3号富钴结壳样品的年代学框架进行了综合限定。研究结果如下。(1)该样品剖面从下到上可以分4层,分别为:磷块岩基岩,其中包括R层(残留层)结壳,时代为112.0~70.6Ma B.P.;I层,进一步划分为I-1和I-2层,其时代分别为55.0~48.0Ma B.P.和44.0~23.0Ma B.P.;Ⅱ层,时代为23.0~14.0Ma B.P.;Ⅲ层,时代为5.0~0Ma B.P.。(2)该富钴结壳样品在生长过程中发育了3个生长间断,分别为:基岩与I-1层之间的生长间断,时代为70.6~55.0Ma B.P.;I-1层与I-2层之间的生长间断,时代为48.0~44.0Ma B.P.;Ⅱ层与Ⅲ层之间的生长间断,时代为14.0~5.0Ma B.P.。 相似文献
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富钴铁锰结壳(简称富钴结壳或海山结壳)是生长在大洋洋底地势较高处(如海山)硬质基岩上的富含铁、锰、钴、铂、稀土等金属元素的"壳状"沉积矿产.与其它深海铁锰沉积相比较,海山结壳的的最主要特征是富Co,其Co含量是大洋铁锰沉积中最高的.但是,同一富钴结壳样品的不同层位Co含量的差异是比较大的,到目前为止,人们并没有充分认识富钴结壳为什么"富钴",即Co发生富集/亏损的原因.本文通过对莱恩海山链MP2海山的一块典型富钴结壳样品电子探针原位化学成分数据的系统分析,对富钴结壳形成过程中Co富集/亏损的原因进行了系统研究,以揭示富钴结壳中的Co富集机制以及富钴结壳成矿作用是否具有时代的特殊性. 相似文献
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富钴结壳中的磷酸盐岩及其古环境指示意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
磷酸盐岩是富钴结壳老壳层的主要组分之一。本文对来自中太平洋海山的三块富钴结壳样品中的磷酸盐岩进行了研究,以期对富钻结壳形成环境的变化有所了解。通过扫描电镜发现结壳中磷酸盐岩的形态有六种,磷酸盐岩主要分布在老壳层,新壳层中偶见。结壳中的磷酸盐岩为碳氟磷灰石(CFA),经成分分析及电镜中反射色的差异可以区分出两种成因的CFA：一种为交代碳酸盐岩型的,相对富Si、Al、Fe;另一种为从结壳孔隙水中直接沉淀而成的,基本不含Si、Al、Fe。对CB12样品中磷酸盐岩脉进行生物地层学鉴定,得出其老壳层下部火焰状磷酸盐岩的形成年代为晚渐新世一早中新世(23.2-29．9Ma),而其上部充填脉状磷酸盐岩的形成年代为中中新世(10.8-16Ma)。老壳层中富集磷酸盐岩说明在结壳形成早期,结壳形成环境条件尚不够稳定,底部存在富磷深层储库,当底流突然增强时,可携带磷在海山上交代结壳中的碳酸盐岩或在结壳内部合适条件下直接沉淀形成磷酸盐岩充填脉。新壳层形成时底流已相对髂定,富磷深层储库已消失,不再有广泛磷酸盐化形成。 相似文献
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太平洋海山富钴结壳铂族元素（PGE）和Os同位素地球化学及其成因意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文分析了中西太平洋海山富钴结壳及其各主要层圈(外层、疏松层、亮煤层)和玄武岩基岩的铂族元素(PGE)和Au 含量以及 Os 同位素组成,发现富钴结壳中 PGE 和 Au 含量均较高,且变化很大,∑PGE 为(70.09～629.26)×10~(-9),平均289.48×10~(-9),Au 为(0.60～26900)×10~(-9).具三层结构的富钴结壳中,疏松层(∑PGE=(339.37～545.82)×10~(-9))和亮煤层(∑PGE=(280.09～629.26)×10~(-9))的∑PGE 明显高于外层((70.09～133.27)×10~(-9).单层结壳的∑PGE 为(83.94～479.75)×10~(-9),Au 含量普遍高于具三层结构者.结壳的∑PGE 和 Au 含量远高于太平洋多金属结核(分别为(101.57～155.83)×10~(-9)和(1～4)×10~(-9)。沉积深度和海水氧逸度的不同是导致结壳和结核中 PGE 含量明显差异的主导因素。富钴结壳∑PGE 和 Pt 与 Mn(%)之间呈明显的正相关关系,而与 Fe(%)具负相关性,与多金属结核正好相反,显示结壳中的 PGE主要赋存在水羟锰矿(δ-MnO_2)等锰矿物相中,与针铁矿(FeOOH·nH_2O)等铁矿物相关系不大,而结核中的 PGE 主要赋存在铁矿物相中。PGE 球粒陨石标准化曲线和各项参数显示富钴结壳的 PGE 和 Au 主要来自海底玄武岩的蚀变释放,部分来自铁陨石微粒等地外物质,而与海底热水活动无关。计算显示西太平洋结壳距今42.5Ma 左右开始生长,生长过程中分别在8.0Ma 和21.8Ma 处出现间断,相应形成外层、疏松层和亮煤层,其各自沉积速率为2.64mm/Ma,1.45mm/Ma 和1.06mm/Ma,相应海水的~(187)Os/~(188)Os 分别为0.948～0.953,0.599～0.673和0.425～0.536,显示外层含有较多的大陆风化尘,而疏松层和亮煤层的沉积物主要来自海底洋壳蚀变和陨石碎屑或宇宙尘等地外物质。 相似文献
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大洋磷酸盐化作用对富钴结壳元素富集的影响 总被引：26，自引：2，他引：26
中国首次对与大洋富钴结壳密切相关的磷酸盐化作用进行了研究。对取自西太平洋麦哲伦海山区一厚度为 10cm的富钴结壳样品 ,自顶至底以 5mm间距采取了 2 0个分层样品进行了成矿元素和稀土元素分析。结果表明 ,未被磷酸盐化的新结壳和磷酸盐化的老结壳间主要成矿元素的含量相差显著。老结壳中Fe、Mn、Si、Al、Zn、Mg、Co、Ni、Cu元素亏损 ,亏损次序为Co >Ni>Mg >Al>Mn >Si>Cu >Zn >Fe;而Ca、P、Sr、Ba、Pb元素含量增加 ,富集次序为P >Ca >Ba >Pb >Sr。研究认为 ,结壳中磷酸盐化作用的强弱制约着富钴结壳成矿元素含量的变化 ,磷酸盐化作用是造成老结壳中主要成矿元素Co、Ni等贫化流失的根本原因。研究还表明 ,磷酸盐化作用对富钴结壳的稀土元素丰度也产生一定影响 ,使老结壳的稀土总量和Ce含量高于新结壳 ,但未显著改变其稀土配分模式和分馏特征。研究证实 ,老结壳的Y正异常与磷酸盐化作用无关。磷酸盐化作用的研究为富钴结壳矿产资源的评价和综合利用提供了有用信息。 相似文献
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中太平洋WX海山富钴结壳磷酸盐矿物学研究及成因类型分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
大洋富钴结壳普遍发生磷酸盐化,磷酸盐化对富钴结壳的各种属性存在显著影响,而磷酸盐的成因问题一直没有得到很好解决。中太平洋WX海山富钴结壳老壳层中发育着两期磷酸盐化事件所产生的上下两层磷酸盐,本文运用反光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、电子探针、微量粉晶X衍射等手段分别对其进行了矿物学特征观察和测试,研究了老壳层上下两层磷酸盐特征并探讨其可能成因。上层磷酸盐由大量形态结构清楚的磷酸质有孔虫和超微化石以及非生物碳氟磷灰石(CFA)组成,成分均一,杂质少,表现出生物成因和原生自沉积特点;下层磷酸盐变化复杂,具有特征的交代结构,混杂较高的Si、Al、K、Fe成分,显示以磷酸盐交代碳酸盐成因为主。这表明不同磷酸盐化期形成的磷酸盐有不同的成因类型。 相似文献
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中太平洋WM1和WX海山富钴结壳元素相关性及其层间变化研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在结壳矿物学等基本特征分析的基础上,对中太平洋WM1和WX海山富钴结壳中的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和铂族元素含量、层间变化及其相关性进行了研究,结果表明:本区结壳从下层到上层,粘土矿物和石英等碎屑矿物逐渐增多,很可能与青藏高原的隆升和剥蚀以及亚洲季风演化有关;TFe/Fe2 从结壳下层到上层逐渐增高,反映了结壳的氧化性由下层到上层增强,海山的沉降可能是造成结壳生长后期环境氧化性增强的重要原因;Ti、Co、Pb、As、Mn、TFe等元素与TFe/Fe2 呈正相关,反映结壳中这些元素的富集与氧化环境有关,而Ca、P、Pt和∑REE等元素与TFe/Fe2 呈负相关,反映结壳中这些元素的富集与还原环境有关;Fe与Co显著正相关是本区结壳的重要特点;结壳的Co与(Fe Mn)的相关性大于Co与Fe的相关性及Co与Mn的相关性;P含量小于1%时,Co与P相关性不明显,当P含量大于1%时,Co与P呈明显负相关,磷酸盐化的过程对铁锰结壳吸附Co的能力起到抑制作用。聚类分析将Pt、∑REE与P和Ca分为一组,说明在结壳中Pt和∑REE主要赋存在碳氟磷灰石中,结壳的磷酸盐化的过程对Pt和∑REE的富集起到了重要的作用。 相似文献
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富钴结壳显微构造与元素含量:基于中太平洋MHD79样品的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
富钴结壳的壳层在形成过程中因环境不同而产生结构构造与物质成分的差异。选取采自中太平洋海山、具有多层构造的富钴结壳(样品号MHD79)进行分析。观察到其下部磷酸盐化壳层和上部未磷酸盐化壳层各有3层,即致密层、较致密层和疏松层,且其发育顺序呈镜像关系。元素化学分析显示:Sr、Pb含量由下到上表现为由高到低再到高,同样呈镜像分布,指示结壳生长过程中,古海洋生产力由高逐渐降低,又逐渐升高。在受强烈磷酸盐化作用影响的壳层中,由致密到疏松,其渗透性由弱到强,导致磷酸盐化由弱到强。在未受强烈磷酸盐化影响的壳层中,S i、A l、Ti、V元素含量与结壳显微构造的疏松或致密相关性不强,而是主要受控于结壳中包含的碎屑成分含量。由老到新S i、A l、Ti、V含量逐渐增加,可能是由于随着MH海山逐渐靠近亚洲大陆及青藏高原逐渐隆起,陆源物质供应逐渐增加的结果。 相似文献
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Ferromanganese crusts cover all outcrops on Takuyo-Daigo seamount traversed during remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) dives, except in places covered by foraminifera sand. Takuyo-Daigo is a Cretaceous seamount located in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Geological and bathymetric mapping provide the framework for this study. Chemical and mineralogical analyses of the hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts show temporal and spatial variations typical of those found in previous studies. Outcrops from 800 to 5500 m water depths are covered with ferromanganese crusts up to 105 mm thick. Beryllium isotope dating shows that the crusts have apparently been growing continuously at all water depths, even through the modern oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), contrary to some earlier models for deposition. Growth rates vary from 2.3 to 3.5 mm/Myr, with Fe or Mn fluxes of 0.07–0.11 g/cm2/Myr since the early-middle Miocene. Co/Mn ratios decrease with water depth while Fe/Mn and other metallic elements increase or show no change, based on the analysis of the uppermost crust surface. This is probably because Co is the most abundant redox-sensitive element derived from seawater that occurs in crusts. 相似文献
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富钴结壳是继多金属结核资源之后被发现的又一深海沉积固体矿产资源,在太平洋、大西洋和印度洋的海底均有分布。据估算,全球三大洋海山富钴结壳干结壳资源量为(1081.1661~2162.3322)×108t。世界各国对富钴结壳的调查始于20世纪80年代初,截至目前,已有日本、中国、俄罗斯和巴西等4个国家与国际海底管理局签订了富钴结壳勘探合同,而韩国的矿区申请也于2016年获得核准。富钴结壳按形态可分为板状结壳,砾状结壳和钴结核3种类型。富钴结壳内部结构构造在宏观上通常表现为三层构造,即底部亮煤层、中部疏松层和顶部较致密层;在微观下主要表现为柱状构造、叠层构造、斑块状构造、纹层状构造等多种类型。富钴结壳的矿物成分主要为自生的铁锰矿物,包括水羟锰矿、钡镁锰矿、羟铁矿、四方纤铁矿、六方纤铁矿、针铁矿等。富钴结壳富含Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn等金属元素以及稀土元素和铂族元素,其中Co含量尤为显著。三大洋中,以太平洋富钴结壳的Co平均含量最高。富钴结壳的生长过程极其缓慢,平均仅几毫米每百万年。研究表明,西太平洋富钴结壳最早于始新世-早中新世开始生长。目前通常认为富钴结壳为水成成因,即Co、Fe、Mn等金属元素来源于海水。此外,有研究表明微生物在富钴结壳的形成过程中也起着非常重要的作用。富钴结壳的分布及特征受地形、水深、基岩类型、海水水文化学特征、经纬度等多种因素的影响,其主要分布于碳酸盐补偿深度以上、最低含氧带以下、水深800~2500 m的海山、岛屿斜坡和海底高地上,西、中太平洋海山区被认为是全球富钴结壳的最主要产出区。 相似文献
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Compositional variation and genesis of ferromanganese crusts of the Afanasiy—Nikitin Seamount, Equatorial Indian Ocean 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R. P. Rajani V. K. Banakar G. Parthiban A. V. Mudholkar A. R. Chodankar 《Journal of Earth System Science》2005,114(1):51-61
Eight ferromanganese crusts (Fe-Mn crusts) with igneous and sedimentary substrates collected at different water depths from
the Afanasiy-Nikitin Seamount are studied for their bulk major, minor and rare earth element composition. The Mn/Fe ratios
< 1.5 indicate the hydrogenetic accretion of the Fe-Mn hydroxides. These Fe-Mn crusts are enriched in Co (up to 0.9%, average
∼ 0.5%) and Ce. The Ce-content is the highest reported so far (up to 3763 ppm, average ∼ 2250 ppm) for global ocean seamount
Fe-Mn crusts. In spite of general similarity in the range of major, minor, and strictly trivalent rare earth element composition,
the dissimilarity between the present Fe-Mn crusts and the Pacific seamount Fe-Mn crusts in Co and Ce associations with major
mineral phases indicates inter-oceanic heterogeneity and region-specific conditions responsible for their enrichment. The
decrease in Ce-anomaly (from ∼ 8 to ∼ 1.5) with increasing water depth (from ∼ 1.7 km to ∼ 3.2 km) might suggest that the
modern intermediate depth low oxygen layer was shifted and sustained at a deeper depth for a long period in the past. 相似文献
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P. E. Mikhailik E. V. Mikhailik N. V. Zarubina N. N. Barinov V. T. S’edin E. P. Lelikov 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2014,8(5):315-329
This paper presents the results of the integrated study of ferromanganese crusts from the Belyaevsky (Central Basin) and Medvedev (Honshu Basin) seamounts from the Sea of Japan. The study of the mineral composition using powder diffraction and optical and electron microscopy showed that the crusts are made up of todorokite, birnessite, and pyrolusite minerals typical of hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits of the World Ocean. The composition of the ferromanganese crusts from the Sea of Japan was determined by ICP-MS and ICP-OES. The contents of Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, and other major and trace elements indicate the hydrothermal genesis of the crusts. The obtained data on the composition of ferromanganese crusts of the Sea of Japan, as well as their comparison with different types of deposits of the World Ocean, suggest the endogenic genesis of the studied crusts. However, the REE and Y distribution patterns testify to a significant admixture of hydrogenic matter, which participated in the growth of ferromanganese crusts from the Belyaevsky and Medvedev seamounts. 相似文献
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当前对于大洋厚结壳的研究较少,而厚结壳是未来开发利用的重点,同时它记录的地质历史长,控制和影响结壳生长发育的各种因素必然能在厚结壳上充分体现出来。因此,开展厚结壳的形成条件及控制因素的研究,具有重要的理论与现实意义。文章利用GIS空间分析技术与地质统计方法,对厚结壳的定义、结壳厚度与水深、结壳厚度与基岩、结壳生长与构造活动、结壳厚度与沉积速率、结壳厚度与经纬度、结壳厚度与主成矿元素之间的关系进行了分析,结果表明,结壳的厚度变化受控于水深、基岩、构造活动、沉积速率、经纬度等因素,同时结壳厚度与主成矿元素之间存在明显的相关性。 相似文献
16.
A. M. Asavin I. V. Kubrakova M. E. Mel’nikov O. A. Tyutyunnik E. I. Chesalova 《Geochemistry International》2010,48(5):423-445
Samples of ferromanganese crusts dredged from Ita-MaiTai guyot (Magellan seamounts, Pacific Ocean) were studied. They are
made up of a complete stratigraphic section of different-age layers, including unique oldest relict layers in some samples.
The study of trace, rare-earth, and noble element (including Pt and Pd) distribution showed that old layers differ from young
ones in terms of Co, TR, S, As, and P. In addition, composition of the crusts significantly varies depending on the spatial
position of sample in the guyot. In some zones, crusts enriched in trace elements were generated both in the Pleistocene and
Paleogene. Significant variations established in trace element composition of different-age layers indicate that trace element
composition of the crusts notably evolved with time, which could be caused by productivity of biocenosis or change in the
formation depth of crusts on the guyot due to vertical tectonic movements. 相似文献
17.
Effect of Phosphatization on Element Concentration of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
E. H. De CARLO 《《地质学报》英文版》2005,79(3):349-355
1 Introduction Co-rich ferromanganese crusts occurring on submarine guyots have received much attention from scientists since the beginning of the 1980’s because they are enriched in Co, Mn, Pt, and rare earth elements (REEs), and have large potential mineral resources, occurring as they do on topographic highs relative to polymetallic nodules in the C-C (Clarion-Clipperton) zone (Halbach et al., 1982, 1989; Hein et al., 1992, 1999; Usui and Someya, 1997; Yamazaki and Sharma, 1998, 2000… 相似文献
18.
《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1999,63(11-12):1689-1708
We compare the time series of major element geochemical and Pb- and Nd-isotopic composition obtained for seven hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans which cover the last 60 Myr.Average crust growth rates and age–depth relationships were determined directly for the last about 10 Myr using 10Be/9Be profiles. In the absence of other information these were extrapolated to the base of the crusts assuming constant growth rates and constant initial 10Be/9Be ratios due to the lack of additional information. Co contents have also been used previously to estimate growth rates in Co-rich Pacific and Atlantic seamount crusts (Puteanus and Halbach, 1988). A comparison of 10Be/9Be- and Co-based dating of three Co-rich crusts supports the validity of this approach and confirms the earlier chronologies derived from extrapolated 10Be/9Be-based growth rates back to 60 Ma. Our data show that the flux of Co into Co-poor crusts has been considerably lower. The relationship between growth rate and Co content for the Co-poor crusts developed from these data is in good agreement with a previous study of a wider range of marine deposits (Manheim, 1986). The results suggest that the Co content provides detailed information on the growth history of ferromanganese crusts, particularly prior to 10–12 Ma where the 10Be-based method is not applicable.The distributions of Pb and Nd isotopes in the deep oceans over the last 60 Myr are expected to be controlled by two main factors: (a) variations of oceanic mixing patterns and flow paths of water masses with distinct isotopic signatures related to major paleogeographic changes and (b) variability of supply rates or provenance of detrital material delivered to the ocean, linked to climate change (glaciations) or major tectonic uplift. The major element profiles of crusts in this study show neither systematic features which are common to crusts with similar isotope records nor do they generally show coherent relationships to the isotope records within a single crust. Consequently, any interpretation of time series of major element concentrations of a single crust in terms of paleoceanographic variations must be considered with caution. This is because local processes appear to have dominated over more basin-wide paleoceanographic effects. In this study Co is the only element which shows a relationship to Pb and Nd isotopes in Pacific crusts. A possible link to changes of Pacific deep water properties associated with an enhanced northward advection of Antarctic bottom water from about 14 Ma is consistent with the Pb but not with the Nd isotopic results. The self-consistent profiles of the Pb and Nd isotopes suggest that postdepositional diagenetic processes in hydrogenous crusts, including phosphatization events, have been insignificant for particle reactive elements such as Pb, Be, and Nd. Isotope time series of Pb and Nd show no systematic relationships with major element contents of the crusts, which supports their use as tracers of paleo-seawater isotopic composition. 相似文献
19.
Rates of accumulation of Fe and Mn, as well as Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Hg, U and Th have been determined for five ferromanganese deposits from four localities in the South Pacific Ocean.Manganese is accumulating in nodules and crusts at a rate roughly equivalent to that found to be accumulating in sediments in the same area. Iron shows a deficiency in accumulation in nodules and crusts with respect to sediments, especially near the continents, but also in the central and south-central Pacific. Copper is accumulating in nodules and crusts at a rate one order of magnitude less than the surrounding sediments.This is interpreted as meaning that most of the Mn is supplied as an authigenic phase to both sediments and nodules while Fe is supplied mostly by ferromanganese micro-nodules and by detrital and adsorbed components of sediments; and Cu is enriched in sediments relative to nodules and crusts most probably through biological activity. 相似文献
20.
Marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts containing Mn, Cu, Ni and Co in the most promising resource-grade concentrations and quantities, together with Fe and Zn (all elements of biogeochemical importance) are found far from land on the deep seafloor of the Pacific Ocean. The biogeochemical, chemical and physical mechanisms contributing to their formation, distribution, abundance and – for these six elements – variability in their concentrations in these deposits, are the main focus of the present review. The mechanisms addressed include biological productivity, sedimentation types and rates, bottom water characteristics, the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth, the depth and intensity of the oxygen minimum zone, and biogeochemical characteristics of the six focal elements. Particular attention is given to comparisons between the deposits found in the north and the south Pacific, in order to present an overarching view of our current understanding of the mechanisms that apply to both nodules and crusts in both oceanic hemispheres, including examination of the possible existence of a marine ferromanganese oxide continuum. The renewed interest in the commercial exploitation of these deposits has stimulated a welcome increase in scientific research that is essential to informing the public discourse on seabed mining. We briefly reflect on the work addressed in this review in that context. 相似文献