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1.
Monthly sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) at near-global scale (60 °N–40 °S) and May to October rainfall amounts in
West Africa (16 °N–5 °N; 16 °W–16 °E) are first used to investigate the seasonal and interannual evolutions of their relationship.
It is shown that West African rainfall variability is associated with two types of oceanic changes: (1) a large-scale evolution
involving the two largest SSTA leading eigenmodes (16% of the total variance with stronger loadings in the equatorial and
southern oceans) related to the long-term (multiannual) component of rainfall variability mainly expressed in the Sudan–Sahel
region; and (2) a regional and seasonally coupled evolution of the meridional thermal gradient in the tropical Atlantic due
to the linear combination of the two largest SSTA modes in the Atlantic (11% with strong inverse loadings over the northern
and southern tropics) which is associated with the interannual and quasi-decadal components of regional rainfall in West Africa.
Linear regression and discriminant analyses provide evidence that the main July–September rainfall anomalies in Sudan–Sahel
can be detected with rather good skills using the leading (April–June) or synchronous (July–September) values of the four
main oceanic modes. In particular, the driest conditions over Sahel, more marked since the beginning of the 1970s, are specifically
linked to the warm phases of the two global modes and to cold/warm anomalies in the northern/southern tropical Atlantic. Idealized
but realistic SSTA patterns, obtained from some basic linear combinations of the four main oceanic modes appear sufficient
to generate quickly (from mid-July to the end of August) significant West African rainfall anomalies in model experiments,
consistent with the statistical results. The recent negative impact on West African rainfall exerted by the global oceanic
forcing is primarily due to the generation of subsidence anomalies in the mid-troposphere over West Africa. When an idealized
north to south SSTA gradient is added in the tropical Atlantic, strong north to south height gradients in the middle levels
appear. These limit the northward excursion of the rainbelt in West Africa: the Sahelian area experiences drier conditions
due to the additive effect (subsidence anomalies+latitudinal blocking) while over the Guinea regions wet conditions do not
significantly increase, since the subsidence anomalies and the blocking effect act here in opposite ways.
Received: 26 June 1997 / Accepted: 3 October 1997 相似文献
2.
The correlation between Sahel rainfall and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the northern summer has been varying for the last fifty years. We propose that the existence of periods of weak or strong relationship could result from an interaction with the global decadal scale sea surface temperature (SST) background. The main modes of SST variability have been extracted through a principal component analysis with Varimax rotation. The correlations between a July-September Sahel rainfall index and these SST modes have been computed on a 20-year running window between 1945 and 1993. The correlations with the interannual ENSO-SST mode are negative, not significant in the 1960s during the transition period from the wet climate phasis to the long-running drought in the Sahel, but then were significant since 1976. During the former period, the correlations between the Sahel rainfall index and the other SST modes (expressing mostly on quasi and multi-decadal scales) are the highest, in particular correlations with the tropical Atlantic “dipole”. Correlations between Sahel and Guinea Coast rainfall are also significantly negative. After 1970, the Sahel-Guinea Coast rainfall correlations are no longer significant, and the ENSO-SST mode becomes the only one significantly correlated with Sahel rainfall, especially due to the impact of warm events. The partial correlations between the ENSO-SST mode and the Sahel rainfall index, when the influence of the other SST modes are eliminated, are significant over all the 20-year running periods between 1945 and 1993, suggesting that this summer teleconnection could be modulated by the decadal scale SST background. The NCEP/NCAR reanalyses reproduce accurately the interannual variability of the atmospheric circulation after 1968. In particular a regional West African Monsoon Index (WAMI), combining wind speed anomalies at 925 and 200?hPa, is highly correlated with the July-September Sahel rainfall index. A warm ENSO event is associated both with an eastward mean sea level pressure gradient between the eastern tropical Pacific and the tropical Atlantic and with a northward pressure gradient along the western coast of West Africa. This pattern leads to enhanced trade winds over the tropical Atlantic and to weaker moisture advection over West Africa, consistent with a weaker monsoon system strength and a weaker Southern Hemisphere Hadley circulation. The NCEP/NCAR reanalyses do not reproduce accurately the decadal variability of the atmospheric circulation over West Africa because of artifical biases. Therefore the impact of the decadal scale pattern of the atmospheric circulation has been investigated with atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) sensitivity experiments, by forcing the ARPEGE-Climat model with different combinations of an El Niño-like SST pattern with the pattern of the main mode of decadal scale SST variability where the hightest weights are located in the Pacific and Indian basins. AGCM outputs show that the decadal scale SST variations weakly affect Sahel rainfall variability but that they do induce an indirect effect on Sahel rainfall by enhancing the impact of the warm ENSO phases after 1980, through an increase in the fill-in of the monsoon trough and a moisture advection deficit over West Africa. 相似文献
3.
Interannual variability of the Guinea Dome and its possible link with the Atlantic Meridional Mode 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Using a high-resolution ocean general circulation model forced by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the interannual variability of the Guinea Dome is studied from a new viewpoint of its possible link with the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM), which is related to the meridional migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The dome develops off Dakar seasonally from late spring to late fall owing to the wind-induced Ekman upwelling; its seasonal evolution is associated with the northward migration of the ITCZ. When the ITCZ is located anomalously northward (southward) from late spring to early summer, as a result of the wind-evaporation-sea surface temperature (SST) positive feedback with positive (negative) SST anomaly over the Northern Hemisphere, the dome becomes unusually strong (weak) in fall as a result of stronger (weaker) Ekman upwelling. This may contribute to the decay of the AMM. Thus, the coupled nature between the AMM and the Guinea Dome could be important in understanding, modeling, and predicting the tropical Atlantic variability. 相似文献
4.
Besides sea surface temperature (SST), soil moisture (SM) exhibits a significant memory and is likely to contribute to atmospheric
predictability at the seasonal timescale. In this respect, West Africa was recently highlighted as a “hot spot” where the
land–atmosphere coupling could play an important role, through the recycling of precipitation and the modulation of the meridional
gradient of moist static energy. Particularly intriguing is the observed relationship between summer monsoon rainfall over
Sahel and the previous second rainy season over the Guinean Coast, suggesting the possibility of a soil moisture memory beyond
the seasonal timescale. The present study is aimed at revisiting this question through a detailed analysis of the instrumental
record and a set of numerical sensitivity experiments. Three ensembles of global atmospheric simulations have been designed
to assess the relative influence of SST and SM boundary conditions on the West African monsoon predictability over the 1986–1995
period. On the one hand, the results indicate that SM contributes to rainfall predictability at the end and just after the
rainy season over the Sahel, through a positive soil-precipitation feedback that is consistent with the “hot spot” hypothesis.
On the other hand, SM memory decreases very rapidly during the dry season and does not contribute to the predictability of
the all-summer monsoon rainfall. Though possibly model dependent, this conclusion is reinforced by the statistical analysis
of the summer monsoon rainfall variability over the Sahel and its link with tropical SSTs. Our results indeed suggest that
the apparent relationship with the previous second rainy season over the Guinean Coast is mainly an artefact of rainfall teleconnections
with tropical modes of SST variability both at interannual and multi-decadal timescales. 相似文献
5.
Summary Tropical North African climate variability is investigated using a Sahel rainfall index and streamflow of the Nile River in
the 20th century. The mechanisms that govern tropical North Africa climate are diagnosed from NCEP reanalysis data in the period 1958–1998:
spatially – using composite and correlation analysis, and temporally – using wavelet co-spectral analysis. The Sahelian climate
is characterised by a decadal rhythm, whilst the mountainous eastern and equatorial regions exhibit interannual cycles. ENSO-modulated
zonal circulations over the Atlantic/Pacific sector are important for decadal variations, and create a climatic polarity between
South America and tropical North Africa as revealed through upper-level velocity potential and convection patterns. A more
localised N–S shift in convection between the Sahel and Guinea coast is associated with the African Easterly Jet. 相似文献
6.
7.
In this study,monthly NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and NOAA ERSST as well as observed precipitation data from 160 stations in China were used to investigate coupled modes affecting the rainfall over China and sea surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific during boreal summertime based on singular value decomposition (SVD) method.The SVD analysis revealed three remarkable coupled modes:rainfall over North China associated with an ENSO-like SST pattern (ENSO-NC),rainfall over the Yangtze River valley associated with SST anomalies in the western tropical Pacific (WTP-YRV),and rainfall over the Yellow River loop valley associated with tropical Pacific meridional mode-like SST pattern (TPMM-YRLV).These coupled SVD modes appear robust and closely correlated with the single field.Furthermore,the covariabilities among of the three coupled modes have different characteristics at the decadal time scale.In addition,the possible atmospheric teleconnections of the coupled rainfall and SST modes were discussed.For the ENSO-NC mode,anomalous low-pressure and high-pressure over the Asian continent induces moisture divergence over North China and reduces summer rainfall there.For the WTP-YRV mode,East Asia-Pacific teleconnection induces moisture convergence over the Yangtze River valley and enhances the summer rainfall there.The TPMM SST and the summer rainfall anomalies over the YRVL are linked by a circumglobal,wave-train-like,atmospheric teleconnection. 相似文献
8.
Summary ?Thirty years (1958–1987) of daily rainfall data for Kenya and north eastern Tanzania are analysed with the aim to characterize
the interannual variability of the onset and cessation of the East African “long rains” (boreal spring). The leading principal
component (PC1) depicts consistent rainfall variations over much of the region. Cumulative PC1 scores for each year serve
to identify onset and cessation dates. The robustness of the dates derived from this method is demonstrated through the use
of an independent sample of stations. Their spatial representativity is assessed by daily rainfall composites. Average onset
occurs on March 25th, and cessation on May 21st. The interannual variability of the onset (standard deviation of 14.5 days) is larger than that of the withdrawal (10.3 days),
but the onset is also spatially much more consistent. Mean dates and dates in selected anomalous years agree well with previous
studies.
The relationship between onset time-series and large-scale atmospheric and oceanic fields is analysed. On a monthly time-scale,
interannual variations in “long rains” onset are associated with sea-surface temperature (SST) and sea-level pressure (SLP)
patterns that have a different sign for the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. A warm South Atlantic and a cool Indian Ocean are
associated with low and high SLP anomalies, respectively. These patterns are conducive to enhanced equatorial easterlies and
surface divergence over East Africa. This maintains the meridional branch (north–south orientated) of the Intertropical Convergence
Zone (ITCZ) further west, and the net result is a delayed onset of the “long rains”. Some of the South Atlantic features are
already present during January–February, suggesting some potential for monitoring interannual variations in the wet season
onset, based on SST and SLP patterns. Additional signals are found over Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in terms of the interaction
between the Northern Hemisphere extratropics and equatorial eastern Africa. A surge in the mid-tropospheric northerlies at
this time induces instability that may lead to an early onset event.
Received July 3, 2002; revised November 28, 2002; accepted December 7, 2002
Published online March 17, 2003 相似文献
9.
The interannual variability of climate in the Amazon basin is studied using precipitation and river level anomalies observed near the March/April rainy season peak for the period 1980–86, supported by satellite imagery of tropical convection. Evaluation of this data in conjunction with the corresponding circulation and sea-surface temperature (SST) anomaly patterns indicates that abundant rainy seasons in Northern Amazonia are characterized by anomalously cold surface waters in the tropical eastern Pacific, and negative/positive SST anomalies in the tropical North/South Atlantic, accelerated Northeast trades and a southward displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) over the Atlantic sector. Years with deficient rainfall show broadly opposite patterns.General circulation model (GCM) experiments using observed SST in three case studies were aimed at testing the teleconnections between SST and Amazon climate implied by the empirical analysis. The GCM-generated surface fields resemble the corresponding observers fields most closely over the tropical Pacific and, with one exception, over the tropical Atlantic as well. The modeled precipitation features, along the Northwest coast of South America, anomalies of opposite sign to the North and South of the equator, in agreement with observations and results from a different GCM. Similarities in simulations run from different initial conditions, but using the same global SST, indicate broad consistency in response to common boundary forcing. 相似文献
10.
基于全球降水气候中心（GPCC）和全球降水气候计划（GPCP）的降水数据及ERA-interim再分析资料,分析了1979~2012年冬季青藏高原（简称高原）西侧地区降水的基本特征及影响其年际变率的潜在因子。结果表明高原冬季降水主要发生在其西侧地区且为全区变化一致型,降水所需的水汽主要来自上游地区,从该区域的西边界输入。然而,高原西侧地区冬季降水的年际变率主要由水汽输送的动力过程所决定,表现为高原西侧的西南风异常。此外,高原西侧冬季降水的年际变率与其上游典型的大气内部变率北大西洋涛动和北极涛动相关性不强,而与赤道西印度洋和热带中东太平洋的海温显著相关。热带中东太平洋海温异常通过影响大气环流变化,在印度洋北部激发一个反气旋式的环流异常,使得高原西侧地区出现异常西南风,从而加强了水汽通量输送的动力作用。同时在赤道异常东风的作用下,暖水也向印度洋西部输送堆积。赤道中东太平洋海温的异常可进一步导致西风急流发生南北移动,从而也在一定程度上影响了高原西侧冬季水汽输送以及降水的年际变率。 相似文献
11.
Exploring the climate problems of Brazil’s Nordeste: a review 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Stefan Hastenrath 《Climatic change》2012,112(2):243-251
This article reviews the exploration of the climate dynamics of Brazil’s Nordeste in the course of a century. The drought-prone and semi-arid northern Nordeste of Brazil experiences a short rainy season around March–April, when the interhemispheric gradient of sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Atlantic is weakest and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) reaches its southernmost position in the course of the annual cycle. The recurrent Secas (droughts) have a severe socio-economic impact. During drought years, the interhemispheric SST gradient in the tropical Atlantic is steep and the ITCZ stays far North, while the waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific tend to be anomalously warm. Based on the extensive diagnostic exploration of the circulation mechanisms of interannual climate variability, empirical methods have been developed for the forecasting of the Nordeste rainy season. These have been applied in the real-time prediction of seasonal rainfall anomalies throughout the last decade of the 20th century. 相似文献
12.
Summary Groundnut production strongly contributes to Senegal’s economy. Interannual variations of groundnut yield for the country
as a whole, and their relationship with rainfall amounts, are examined for the 31-yr period 1960–1990. It is shown that on
that scale, and after removing decadal trends, almost half of the variance is explained by rainfall variability, especially
that of the early part of the rainy season (July–August). Given the high spatial coherence of seasonal rainfall in the region,
teleconnections with global- and regional-scale climate dynamics, including sea-surface temperatures, are assessed. Though
some features are similar to the rest of the Sahel, others are more specific, such as the higher sensitivity to ENSO (El-Ni?o
Southern Oscillation) and to coupled ocean-atmosphere climate anomalies over the nearby Tropical North Atlantic Ocean, which
are associated to the latitudinal location of the ITCZ over the ocean. Lag-correlations with pre-season SST are also discussed.
Some of these teleconnections are used to define preliminary empirical models for rainfall and groundnut yield prediction
for Senegal.
Received March 23, 1998 Revised January 11, 1999 相似文献
13.
Sharon E. Nicholson 《Climate Dynamics》2009,32(7-8):1155-1171
This article presents an overview of the land ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) over West Africa, based on analysis of NCAR–NCEP Reanalysis data. The picture that emerges is much different than the classic one. The most important feature is that the ITCZ is effectively independent of the system that produces most of the rainfall. Rainfall linked directly to this zone of surface convergence generally affects only the southern Sahara and the northern-most Sahel, and only in abnormally wet years in the region. A second feature is that the rainbelt normally assumed to represent the ITCZ is instead produced by a large core of ascent lying between the African Easterly Jet and the Tropical Easterly Jet. This region corresponds to the southern track of African Easterly Waves, which distribute the rainfall. This finding underscores the need to distinguish between the ITCZ and the feature better termed the “tropical rainbelt”. The latter is conventionally but improperly used in remote sensing studies to denote the surface ITCZ over West Africa. The new picture also suggests that the moisture available for convection is strongly coupled to the strength of the uplift, which in turn is controlled by the characteristics of the African Easterly Jet and Tropical Easterly Jet, rather than by moisture convergence. This new picture also includes a circulation feature not generally considered in most analyses of the region. This feature, a low-level westerly jet termed the African Westerly Jet, plays a significant role in interannual and multidecadal variability in the Sahel region of West Africa. Included are discussions of the how this new view relates to other aspects of West Africa meteorology, such as moisture sources, rainfall production and forecasting, desertification, climate monitoring, hurricanes and interannual variability. The West African monsoon is also related to a new paradigm for examining the interannual variability of rainfall over West Africa, one that relates changes in annual rainfall to changes in either the intensity of the rainbelt or north–south displacements of this feature. The new view presented here is consistent with a plethora of research on the synoptic and dynamic aspects of the African Easterly Waves, the disturbances that are linked to rainfall over West Africa and spawn hurricanes over the Atlantic, and with our knowledge of the prevailing synoptic and dynamic features. This article demonstrate a new aspect of the West Africa monsoon, a bimodal state, with one mode linked to dry conditions in the Sahel and the other linked to wet conditions. The switch between modes appears to be linked to an inertial instability mechanism, with the cross-equatorial pressure gradient being a critical factor. The biomodal state has been shown for the month of August only, but this month contributes most of the interannual variability. This new picture of the monsoon and interannual variability shown here appears to be relevant not only to interannual variability, but also to the multidecadal variability evidenced in the region between the 1950s and 1980s. 相似文献
14.
Summary The climatology and variability of summer convection and circulation over the tropical southwest Indian Ocean is investigated using satellite imagery, routine synoptic observations, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data, sea surface temperatures (SST) and areal averaged rainfall departures. OLR has a –0.90 correlation with rainfall departures and the OLR minimum (ITCZ) in January and February lies across the 10°S latitude, extending further south near Madagascar. The intensity of ITCZ convection is greatest in the longitudes 20–35°E over northern Zambia and is considerably reduced over the SW Indian Ocean. Spatial correlations are analyzed for standardized departures of OLR, rainfall and SST. The correlations change sign in a coherent fashion, creating a climatic dipole between southern Africa and the SW Indian Ocean. Interannual trends are examined through analysis of January–February zonal and meridional wind indices constructed from significantly correlated variables at Zimbabwe, Madagascar and Mauritius. Circulation variability is dominated by quasi-decadal cycles and a trend of inereasing westerly winds. Zonal wind shear alternates from easterly (barotropic) to westerly and together with SST appears to regulate the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclogenesis. Areally averaged rainfall departures exhibit 6.25 year cycles in NE Madagascar and 12.5 and 18.75 year cycles in SW Madagascar and Zimbabwe, respectively. Summer rainfall and meridional winds in NE Madagascar and Zimbabwe are out of phase and negatively correlated in most summers. The presence of synoptic weather systems is assessed using daily Hovmoller-type satellite imagery composites. Convective structure is dominated by transient waves in the 10°–20°S latitude band, with periods of 15–20 days common. The waves are more prominent in summers with increased easterly shear and contribute to fluctuations in rainfall over SE Africa.With 8 Figures 相似文献
15.
Summary Previous studies have highlighted the crucial role of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Atlantic region
in forcing the summer monsoon rainfall over subsaharan West Africa. Understanding the physical processes, relating SST variations
to changes in the amount and distribution of African rainfall, is a key factor in improving weather and climate forecasts
in this highly vulnerable region.
Here, we present sensitivity experiments from a regional climate model with prescribed warmer tropical SSTs, according to
enhanced greenhouse conditions at the end of the 21st century. This dynamical downscaling approach provides information about
the nonlinear response of the atmosphere to oceanic heating. It has been suggested that the response is at least partly accounted
for by the linear theory of tropical dynamics, involving a Kelvin and Rossby wave response to a tropical heat source. We compute
the major modes of the linear Matsuno-Gill model for geopotential height and horizontal wind components and project the simulated
response patterns onto these linear modes, in order to evaluate to which extent the simple linear theory may explain the SST-induced
climate anomalies over Africa. A multivariate Hotelling T2 test is used to evaluate whether these anomalies are statistically significant.
Forcing the regional climate model by warmer SSTs leads to substantial climate anomalies over tropical Africa: Rainfall is
increases over the Guinea Coast region (GCR) and tropical East Africa, but decreases over the Congo Basin and the Sahel Zone
(SHZ). At the 850 hPa level, a trough develops over southern West Africa and the Gulf of Guinea, and is associated with stronger
surface wind convergence over the GCR. These changes in the atmospheric dynamics strongly project onto the leading modes of
the linear Matsuno-Gill model at various zonal wave numbers. The corresponding atmospheric heating pattern is highly reminiscent
of the simulated nonlinear model reponse. The T2 test statistics reveal that the SST forcing induces a statistically significant climate anomaly over tropical Africa if the
climate state vector is reduced by projecting the simulated data onto the leading 10 linear modes. It is also shown that the
linear response prevails in a long-term simulation with more realistic lower and lateral boundary conditions. Thus, linear
tropical dynamics are assumed to be a major physical process on the ground of the prominent SST-African rainfall relationship. 相似文献
16.
Seasonality and time scales in the relationship between global SST and African rainfall 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The main goal of this study is to determine the oceanic regions corresponding to variability in African rainfall and seasonal differences in the atmospheric teleconnections. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) has been applied in order to extract the dominant patterns of linear covariability. An ensemble of six simulations with the global atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4, forced with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea ice boundary variability, is used in order to focus on the SST-related part of African rainfall variability. Our main finding is that the boreal summer rainfall (June–September mean) over Africa is more affected by SST changes than in boreal winter (December–March mean). In winter, there is a highly significant link between tropical African rainfall and Indian Ocean and eastern tropical Pacific SST anomalies, which is closely related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, long-term changes are found to be associated with SST changes in the Indian and tropical Atlantic Oceans, thus, showing that the tropical Atlantic plays a critical role in determining the position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Since ENSO is less in summer, the tropical Pacific and the Indian Oceans are less important for African rainfall. The African summer monsoon is strongly influenced by SST variations in the Gulf of Guinea, with a response of opposite sign over the Sahelian zone and the Guinean coast region. SST changes in the subtropical and extratropical oceans mostly take place on decadal time scales and are responsible for low-frequency rainfall fluctuations over West Africa. The modelled teleconnections are highly consistent with the observations. The agreement for most of the teleconnection patterns is remarkable and suggests that the modelled rainfall anomalies serve as suitable predictors for the observed changes. 相似文献
17.
It is well known that during an El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm event, drought occurs in regions of northeastern (NE) Australia, leading to anomalously low annual rainfall. The present study explores fluctuations of this ENSO-rainfall relationship. It is found that the relationship tends to weaken when the linearly detrended global mean temperature is rising or particularly high, as in the period of 1931–45 period and since the late 1970s. Prior to a weakening, a correlation pattern of increased rainfall during El Niño events is seen first in northwestern Australia, then in eastern and southeastern Australia, and eventually in NE Australia. The 1931–45 period was particularly intriguing, when in terms of rainfall variability over NE Australia, the interannual ENSO-rainfall relationship went through a process of weakening, reversal, and rapid recovery. Features associated with the reversal are therefore examined and these features are: (1) the global background anomaly pattern (upon which internnal ENSO events operate) is ENSO-like; (2) ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in tropical Pacific are weaker compared with those averaged over all ENSO events, whereas SST anomalies in the mid- to-high latitude Pacific (which have opposing polarity to those in tropical Pacific) are larger; (3) there is strong coherence between ENSO and variability in northern mid- to high-latitudes; and (4) the relationship that an El Niño event contributes to a warming anomaly of global mean SST weakens. Possible interrelationship among these features are discussed. 相似文献
18.
In order to test the sensitivity of the transitional phase of the 2006 West African monsoon (WAM) onset to different mechanisms, weather research and forecasting (WRF) model simulations have been carried out addressing the role of the Saharan heat low (SHL) and its sensitivity to the albedo field and to the northern Africa orography, and the role of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern tropical Atlantic and Mediterranean. Lowering albedo over the desert region induces a northward location of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ), while removing mountains in North Africa reduces rainfall over West Africa. Shifting SST forward by 15?days leads to a northward location of the ITCZ before the WAM onset. However none of these factors modifies the timing of the WAM onset in 2006. The transitional phase of the 2006 WAM onset has been examined in more detail. The enhancement of SHL intensity, combined with the development of the oceanic cold tongue in the Guinea gulf, leads to low-level moisture flux divergence in the ITCZ reducing rainfall and increasing low-level humidity over the Sahel. However, weakening of convection can be clearly attributed to dry-air intrusions in mid-levels, originating from the subtropical westerly jet and associated with Rossby wave pattern over North Africa. Sensitivity tests on the synoptic scale forcing outside of the WRF model domain confirm the dominating role of large-scale dynamics to control the transitional phase of the WAM onset and its timing. However it is shown that the regional factors can modulate this larger scale forcing. 相似文献
19.
Two types of three-dimensional circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) act as the coupling wheels determining the seasonal rainfall anomalies in China during 1979–2015. The first coupling mode features the interaction between the Mongolian cyclone over North Asia and the South Asian high(SAH) anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau at 200 hPa. The second mode presents the coupling between the anomalous low-level western Pacific anticyclone and upperlevel SAH via the meridional flow over Southeast Asia. These two modes are responsible for the summer rainfall anomalies over China in 24 and 7 out of 37 years, respectively. However, the dominant SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean fail to account for the first coupling wheel's interannual variability, illustrating the challenges in forecasting summer rainfall over China. 相似文献
20.
利用MPAS-A(The Model for Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere)模式设计了中东太平洋热带辐合带CEP-ITCZ(Intertropical Convergence Zone over Central and Eastern Pacific)对两类厄尔尼诺SST(Sea Surface Temperature)异常的敏感性试验,通过试验结果与两类厄尔尼诺年实际大气异常的对比,初步解释了CEP-ITCZ在两类厄尔尼诺年产生不同异常的可能原因。通过CP-EL试验发现,热带太平洋SST异常的第一模态会使中东太平洋低层风场辐合增强,但对辐合带的位置影响不大,与中部型厄尔尼诺对CEP-ITCZ的影响基本一致。通过EP-EL试验发现,热带太平洋SST异常的第二模态会使中东太平洋低层风场产生较大异常,辐合带中心向南移动,辐合带明显减弱增宽,与东部型厄尔尼诺对CEP-ITCZ的影响基本一致。 相似文献