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IntroductionFlood disasters have been serious since the ancient bines. AJthough we have Strengthened the harnessingofbig rivers since the founding of new Chin4 the threat still edeStS (see FigUre l). The Yellow myer hasbeen well known for its flood disasters since long time %o in China. There more than 1500 river burstShappened to the Yellow hiver in the paSt 2000 or 3000 years. Whereas floods of the Changjiang caverwere comparatively not serious in history, but its flood disasters have … 相似文献
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XINGKexia GUOHuaicheng SUNYanfeng HUANGYongtai 《地理学报(英文版)》2005,15(1):37-43
Water-quality deterioration and eutrophication of the Lake Dianchi have acquired more and more attention in the last few decades. In this paper, the spatial and temporal eutrophication status of the Lake Dianchi was assessed. The comprehensive trophic state index was chosen to assess the trophic status of the Lake Dianchi in the past 13 years. The result reveals that the trophic condition of Caohai is more serious than that of Waihai. Most of time Caohai was in extremely hypereutrophic state from 1988 to 2000. The trophic condition of Waihai had a worsening tendency from 1988 to 2000. Waihai was in eutrophic state before 1995, but it got in a hypereutrophic state after 1995. It was pointed out that TN and TP were the two biggest contributors of CTSIM in both Caohai and Waihai. 相似文献
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China's policy on ecological compensation (eco-compensation) in watershed eco-systems is of economic,social and environmental significance for China's ecological gov-ernance and protection of natural areas.It involves balancing the interests of regional stakeholders,coordinating the development of regional environments and establishing effec-tive cooperation models,making it a classic topic for geographical research.This study in-troduces the concept of institutional "stickiness" to the theory of politics of scale to analyze the features and mechanisms of the game behavior of government entities in the process of im-plementing watershed eco-compensation in the Xin'an River Basin.Our results show the following:government entities at various levels,including the central,provincial and municipal governments,experienced the three stages of game strategy of competition,cooperation and"coopetition";building a government community of shared interests can promote watershed eco-compensation,and "appropriate intervention" by the central govemment is key to achieving inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation;there was clear institutional stickiness during the transition from a "vertical" model of watershed eco-compensation to a "vertical-horizontal"model,with government entities using policy innovations and social participation to limit and reduce stickiness so as to reshape the watershed eco-compensation system;scalar jumping is the core mechanism that promoted eco-compensation in the study basin,and government entities shaped the discourse on watershed eco-compensation by redistributing powers and capital and creating informal constraints,which promoted the transformation of eco-compensation from a "strong state-weak society" structural model,to a "strong state-strong society" model in the Xin'an River Basin.These results can provide theoretical support for the construction of inter-regional watershed eco-compensation mechanisms,pro-vide a scientific basis for the rational evaluation and guidance of watershed eco-compensation practices,and promote the coordinated and sustainable socioeconomic development of watersheds. 相似文献
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Settlements are excellent spatiotemporal indicators for studying historical human activities and environmental change. This paper discusses the spatial and temporal changes of sites on the Ordos Plateau in China since the Neolithic Age, based on an analysis of spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the human settlements. The frequency of human settlements on the Ordos Plateau presented a phased fluctuation process, and the sizes were mainly small and medium. The spatial distribution of h... 相似文献
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Karen Reid 《社会与自然资源》2014,27(2):140-154
This research studied factors that residents of a fire-prone Victorian community used when deciding whether to leave their homes on a day officially declared “Catastrophic,” the highest Fire Danger Rating. Taking a social constructivist perspective, we explore how the expert view of bushfire risk, represented by Fire Danger Ratings, is interpreted within the context of local understandings of the landscape and social memory of bushfire. Residents perceive a disconnection between the Fire Danger Rating and local reality. Their social construction of bushfire is related to social and ecological memory, which comprises physical experience of the landscape and local fire knowledge narratives. The exclusion of this social complexity from Fire Danger Ratings diminished their utility as a way of helping people make meaning of bushfire. We propose that fire management agencies work with communities to develop a co-constructed view of bushfire risk that incorporates local bushfire knowledge into Fire Danger Ratings. 相似文献
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ZHANG Mingyu ZHANG Zhengyong LIU Lin ZHANG Xueying KANG Ziwei CHEN Hongjin GAO Yu WANG Tongxia YU Fengchen 《地理学报(英文版)》2023,(10):2031-2051
The mass elevation effect(MEE) is a thermal effect, in which heating produced by long wave radiation on a mountain surface generates atmospheric uplift, which has a profound impact on the hydrothermal conditions and natural geographical processes in mountainous areas. Based on multi-source remote sensing data and field observations, a spatial downscaling inversion of temperature in the Tianshan Mountains in China was conducted, and the MEE was estimated and a spatio-temporal analysis was conduct... 相似文献
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Is there diversity in the New Urbanism? Analyzing the demographic characteristics of New Urbanist neighborhoods in the United States 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The New Urbanism (NU) planning movement aspires to create socially diverse neighborhoods. It is unclear, however, whether this movement lives up to its aspirations in practice. In an effort to systematically examine this aspect of the movement, this paper analyzes age, family type, income, and race data of 70 NU neighborhoods in the United States. The paper uses a diversity index to compare the NU neighborhoods with control sites. Findings show that NU neighborhoods have lower racial diversity, but may have higher income diversity. Consideration of variations within the way NU is implemented reveals that the low racial diversity is associated with a single approach, but higher income diversity is associated with all variants. This paper argues that NU generates places that are more socially diverse than what is described in the literature and uses two case studies to explore the ways in which diversity is produced and its relation to gentrification. 相似文献
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DAVID DODMAN 《The Geographical journal》2008,174(1):30-44
Urban centres in the Caribbean face a wide variety of infrastructural and planning challenges. One of the key strategies that has been adopted by national governments to address these challenges is the formation of urban development corporations. These are governmental agencies with powers to facilitate urban regeneration in specific areas. This paper examines the history, role and function of urban development corporations in Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda, and Trinidad and Tobago. The Urban Development Corporation (UDC) was formed in Jamaica in 1968, the St John's Development Company (SJDC) in Antigua and Barbuda was created in 1986, and the Urban Development Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago (UDeCOTT) was established in 1994. These bodies share the characteristic of having far-reaching planning and development powers within specific areas. For example, the SJDC is able 'to acquire, manage, or dispose of lands and to lay out, construct, and maintain roads, buildings, public parks, piers, car parks, and other public amenities' within specified designated areas, whilst Jamaica's UDC is empowered 'to carry out and/or secure the laying out and development of "designated areas". These three urban development corporations can be seen to act as developers in the public interest, as agents of modernisation, and as responses to neoliberalisation. However, whilst they have succeeded in effecting large-scale transformations to the urban landscape, this has often been achieved through a top-down development process with exemption from planning regulations and little accountability to the residents of the cities. 相似文献
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基于陕西省1960-2019年94个气象站点冬季逐日气温资料,分陕北、关中和陕南3个气候区,从时间和空间2种尺度分析了陕西冷、暖冬事件的变化特征。结果表明:近60 a陕西冬季增温明显并在1987年前后发生突变,冬季平均0℃等温线北抬1~2个纬度,增温幅度以陕北最强陕南最弱。从时间尺度上,气候变化导致暖冬指数以9.5%·(10a)-1增加、冷冬指数以9.6%·(10a)-1减少,20次区域性暖冬事件在冬季气温突变后发生16次,而19次区域性冷冬有16次发生在突变之前。从空间尺度看,陕北和陕南的冷、暖冬发生频次相对较高,但强暖冬区域主要集中在关中,强冷冬区域分布在陕南和关中。后期应重点关注区域性暖冬事件引发的作物安全越冬、疾病传播以及病虫害发生等不利影响。 相似文献
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云南1971—2006年暖冬的时空变化分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
暖冬的频繁发生已经对农业生产、人类健康和生态系统产生直接的影响。根据云南省1971～2006年冬季平均气温观测资料,采用概率气候事件划分方法确定单站暖冬阈值和暖冬强度等级标准,得到全省逐年暖冬指数,分析云南省“暖”冬的变化趋势和分布特征。结果表明：云南省冬季普遍增暖,1971～2006年共出现13个暖冬年,暖冬年在时间分布上很不均匀,在1997年以后呈现明显变暖趋势。 相似文献
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1736～1999年西安与汉中地区年冬季平均气温序列重建 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
基于现代气象资料所建立的西安、汉中地区冬季降雪天数与年冬季平均气温之间的相关关系,根据清代档案所记载的西安与汉中地区冬季降雪日数,恢复了西安与汉中地区1736～1910年的年冬季平均气温,重建了1736～1999年西安与汉中地区年冬季平均气温序列。序列分析表明,这两个地区年冬季平均气温变化趋势一致:18世纪和20世纪为暖期,19世纪为冷期,且20世纪的增暖趋势明显。与利用树轮重建的镇安初春(3～4月)温度序列对比分析表明:西安、汉中地区冬季平均气温与镇安初春温度的低频变化趋势基本一致,但镇安较西安与汉中有明显的位相提前。 相似文献
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1959~2009 年宁夏极端温度阈值变化及其与AO指数相关分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以1959~2009年宁夏10个测站的逐日最高和最低气温资料,运用百分位法定义不同测站的逐年极端高、低温阈值,研究了宁夏近51 a来极端温度的变化特征;通过Mann-Kendall检验得出宁夏各气象站点温度发生突变的年份;并运用Pearson相关系数分析探讨极端温度阈值与AO的相关关系。结果表明：① 宁夏极端高温、低温阈值均呈极显著上升趋势,但极端低温阈值上升趋势更显著;② 极端高温阈值北高南低,极端低温阈值南高北低;③ 宁夏极端低温阈值发生突变的时间集中在20世纪80年代左右,极端高温阈值的突变时间相对较晚;④极端高温阈值与夏季AO指数相关性不显著,极端低温阈值与冬季ＡＯ指数呈显著正相关性,北极涛动对宁夏冬季低温的影响较大。 相似文献
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This paper presents a detailed account of the effect of shipping activity on the increasing trends of air temperatures in the Canadian Arctic region for the period of 1980–2018. Increasing trend of temperature has gained significant attention with respect to shipping activities and sea ice area in the Canadian Arctic. Temperature, sea ice area and shipping traffic datasets were investigated, and simple linear regression analyses were conducted to predict the rate of change(per decade) of the average temperature, considering winter(January) and summer(July) seasons. The results indicate that temperature generally increased over the studied region. Significant warming trend was observed during July, with an increase of up to 1℃, for the Canadian Arctic region. Such increasing trend of temperature was observed during July from the lower to higher latitudes. The increase in temperature during July is speculated to increase the melting of ice. Results also show a decline in sea ice area has a significant positive effect on the shipping traffic, and the numbers of marine vessel continue to increase in the region. The increase in temperature causes the breaking of sea ice due to shipping activities over northern Arctic Canada. 相似文献
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利用近52年（1961―2012）广东86个气象站的月气温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、EOF分析、Mann-Kendall检验、相关分析、合成分析等方法分析广东冬季气温异常的气候特征及变化。结果表明：广东冬季气温EOF分析的第一特征向量方差贡献率高达91.2％,全省一致性是其最重要的特征。近52年来广东冬季气温具有明显的年际和年代际变化。气温最高出现在1998年（15.9℃）、最低出现在1967年（11.5℃）;1961―2012年,广东冬季平均气温为14.0℃。近52年来广东冬季平均气温以0.26℃/10 a的速率明显上升,但增温速率低于全国平均的冬季增温速率,并在1989年发生升温的突变。广东冬季平均气温在20世纪60―80年代偏低,20世纪90年代以来偏高。广东冬季增温趋势最显著的地区是珠江口和粤东南,最大出现在深圳和潮州,增温速率达到0.47℃/10 a。广东冬季气温趋势与全国大部分地区一致,特别是与我国东南部地区。广东冷冬年的前后期气温都是以偏低为主,而暖冬年的前期--夏季、秋季气温以正常为主,后期以正常到偏高为主,广东冬季气温与前期11月气温相关最显著。 相似文献
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《Polar Science》2014,8(2):86-95
Rapid environmental change has been observed in the De Long Islands, Siberian Arctic, where warming has extensively occurred over the area. To quantitatively evaluate glaciological changes since the 1980s, the climate, mass balance, and the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of Toll Glacier on Bennett Island were analyzed. Air temperature has increased and solid precipitation has decreased since the 1960s, especially after 2000. The cumulative mass balance of Toll Glacier has had a negative trend since the 1960s and reached approximately −20 m water equivalent (w.e.) in 2000, which is one of the largest changes in the Arctic. These changes are much larger than those in the west Russian Arctic. The warming trend is also correlated with the sea ice distribution in the Siberian Arctic and may lead to feedback effects that cause further Arctic warming. 相似文献
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北极地区20世纪温度变化趋势的不确定性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
北极作为地球的冷源之一,对于地球气候系统起着重要的调节作用.本研究通过分析和总结北极地区器测数据和模拟集成结果,以及最近2 000 a来的温度记录,得出如下结果：1）格陵兰冰盖表层大气温度记录显示,20世纪存在1923—1965年和1994年—至今2个相对温暖时段,且前者更为温暖,温度变化幅度远大于北半球的平均温度.2）北极地区20世纪温度上升是客观存在的,其夏季温度和年平均温度呈现一致变化,未发现明显的温度异常信号.3）定量重建的古气候记录显示了北极地区20世纪升温的特征,但不同记录揭示的升温幅度存在差异.与器测结果不同,多条重建记录未能揭示自1994年至今的升温阶段,反映了古气候载体对气候响应的复杂性,揭示出北极地区未来气候变化趋势存在不确定性.在全球变化备受关注的背景下,北极地区对气候变化研究的重要性日益显现,在做出明确结论之前,需要进一步加大研究力度. 相似文献
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基于黑龙江省1960~2010年的土地利用变化,采用自然正交分解（EOF）、气候倾向率及Observation Minus Reanalysis (OMR)等方法,分析了土地利用变化对黑龙江省气温的影响。研究发现：① 1960~2010年黑龙江省耕地、建设用地、水域面积依次增加,沼泽、草地和林地依次减少。土地利用变化区域性较明显,沼泽转变为耕地集中在东部,草地转为耕地集中分布在黑龙江省西部,沼泽转为林地和林地转为耕地集中在北部,建设用地增加主要集中在南部;② 黑龙江省1960~2010年土地利用变化对年平均气温及各个季节平均气温均产生升高效应,但并不显著,对年气温的影响趋势为0.053℃/10a,贡献率为12.1%;③ 1960~2010年土地利用变化产生气温空间变化异质性,但没有改变气温纬向性空间分布特征;④ 1960~2010年,林地和沼泽的气温影响效应为升温,草地和耕地为降温,但各个季节有所差异,夏季和秋季表现出降温效应,建设用地全年及各个季节均表现出升温效应,冬季最强;林地转耕地、草地转耕地均以升温效应为主,沼泽转耕地为降温效应。 相似文献
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基于北方地区 404 个气象站 1960—2017 年逐日最高气温、最低气温资料，应用线性倾向估 计法、Mann-Kendall 法、滑动 t 检验法、累积距平法和相关分析法，分析了极端气温的时空变化特 征，并探讨了气温指数的影响因素。研究表明：极端气温暖指数和极值指数呈上升趋势，冷指数和 气温日较差呈下降趋势；变化幅度中冷指数大于暖指数，夜指数大于昼指数，西北地区极端气温指 数变化幅度最大，东北地区最小。突变时间上，极端气温指数突变主要发生在 20 世纪 80 年代和 90 年代，暖指数和极高值指数晚于冷指数和极低值指数，东北地区极端气温指数突变时间最早，西北 地区最晚，突变后极端暖事件和气温极值事件进入多发阶段，极端冷事件进入少发阶段。1988— 2012 年极端气温指数的变化响应了全球变暖停滞现象。多数极端气温指数与经纬度、海拔高度显 著相关。北极涛动（AO）指数对极端气温的影响最强，对冷指数影响最明显。气溶胶光学厚度与多 数冷指数呈负相关，而与多数暖指数呈正相关。 相似文献