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1.
利用华南三省(广东、广西、海南)192个台站1961年1月1日至2008年12月31日的逐日平均气温、日最低气温资料,分析了华南寒潮频次的气候特征及其变化;定义了一个表征华南寒潮强度的指数,由此分析了华南寒潮活动的强度变化。气候分析结果表明:华南在近48年中出现了221次寒潮过程,主要分布在10月至次年4月,以12月、1月、2月、3月为主,占88.7%;华南区域单站寒潮的年均发生频次和平均降温持续天数从内陆向沿海递减,平均最低气温从内陆到沿海逐渐增加,单站寒潮过程平均最大降温幅度在11.5～16.0℃。近48年来,华南寒潮活动在减少的趋势上还具有频数和强度上的月际、年际和年代际变化。发生特强寒潮和中等寒潮的比率从20世纪80年代以来逐渐减少,而发生弱寒潮比率显著增加,但2008年出现了近48年华南最强的寒潮。 相似文献
2.
1961—2014年中国高温热浪变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于全国1961—2014年716个站点的日最高气温资料和高温阈值与热浪HWMI （Heat-Wave Magnitude Index）指数的新定义,分析了全国高温热浪的高温日、热浪频次、HWMI指数的时空变化特征。结果表明：高温日开始早（晚）的地区结束相对较晚（早）。高温日数突变集中于1990s末至本世纪初期。研究时段内,全国性的严重高温热浪事件从7月上旬持续至9月上旬,各旬热浪频次差异较大;云南地区热浪频发于5月,其他月份热浪少见。除淮河流域热浪年频次呈减小趋势,全国其余地区呈现增加趋势,其中两广、云南和海南地区增加趋势最大。热浪指数从1960s—1980s递减,1990s后递增,且1998年后全国高强度热浪频发,特别是长江以南地区。 相似文献
3.
Based on combined thresholds of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, a compound heat wave is defined, and then changes in multiple aspects of such heat waves in China are estimated between 1961 and 2015. Our results intriguingly indicate that severe compound heat waves in northern China are characterized by excessively high intensity within short duration, while long duration determines great disaster-causing potential of severe events in the south. In the past few decades, large areas of China have experienced longer, stronger, and more frequent compound heat waves. Northern China has witnessed dramatic intensity increases, with a maximum amplification over 5°C decade–1; while remarkable lengthening in duration has been mostly recorded in the south, with a maximum trend over 1 day decade–1. The spatial extent affected by compound heat waves has significantly expanded since the 1960s, with the largest expanding rate over 6% decade–1 detected in North China and Northeast China. These systematic assessments serve to deepen our understanding of observed changes in compound heat waves across China, and may further shed some light on future adaptations and mitigations against an increasingly warming climate. 相似文献
4.
T. Halenka J. Kalvová Z. Chládová A. Demeterová K. Zemánková M. Belda 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,86(1-4):125-145
Summary We analyze daily precipitation and temperature extremes over the Czech Republic in a regional climate simulation for the 40-year
period of 1961–2000 carried out with the RegCM3 regional climate model. The model is run at 45 km grid interval and is driven
by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis lateral boundary conditions. Comparison with station data shows that the model performs reasonably
well in simulating the frequency of daily precipitation events of medium to high intensity as well as the precipitation intensities
(return levels) of long return periods, with the exception of mountain stations. While this is attributed mainly to the relatively
coarse representation of topography across the area of the Czech Republic, the parameterization of convection can be another
reason. The model underestimates daily maximum temperature (especially in the warm seasons) and as a result the occurrence
of heat waves (high temperature episodes). The performance of the model improves in the simulation of daily minimum temperature
and cold wave events. In order to apply this regional model to the simulation of extreme events over the complex terrain as
for Czech Republic we recommend that a higher resolution is used in order to better describe the topography of the Czech Republic
and that the daily maximum temperature bias is reduced. 相似文献
5.
前人在研究极端气温时,大多关注其长期变化趋势,而对其年代际变化的研究较少。本文利用1961～2016年全国839个台站的逐日最高气温、最低气温和日平均气温资料,重点分析了我国冬季极端低温指数的年代际变化特征。本文采用谐波分解提取了每个台站冬季极端低温指数前四波分量,将其作为年代际变化分量,并将其累计方差贡献大于25%的台站认为发生了明显的年代际变化的台站。结果表明:呈明显年代际变化的台站主要位于长江以北地区、新疆北部以及青藏高原东部地区。其中,长江以北地区及新疆北部地区的年代际变化在1979年后较为一致,据此可将1979年之后的时段大致划分为前冷期（1979～1986年）、暖期（1987～2007年）和后冷期（2008～2016年）三个时期。上述两个地区的冬季极端低温指数的年代际变化与东大西洋/西俄罗斯遥相关型联系在一起,该遥相关型的年代际变化对应着乌拉尔山阻塞型环流频次和东亚大槽强度的年代际变化。 相似文献
6.
Climate change caused by anthropogenic activities has generated a variety of research focusing on investigating the past climate, predicting the future climate and quantifying the change in climate extreme events by using different climate models. Climate extreme events are valuable to evaluate the potential impact of climate change on human activities, agriculture and economy and are also useful to monitor the climate change on global scale. Here, a Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulation is used to study the future variations in the temperature extreme indices, particularly change in frequency of warm and cold spells duration over Pakistan. The analyses are done on the basis of simulating two 30 years simulations with the Hadley Center’s RCM PRECIS, at a horizontal resolution of 50 km. Simulation for the period 1961–1990 represents the recent climate and simulation for the period 2071–2100 represents the future climate. These simulations are driven by lateral boundary conditions from HadAM3P GCM of Hadley centre UK. For the validation of model, observed mean, maximum and minimum temperatures for the period 1961–1990 at all the available stations in Pakistan are first averaged and are then compared with the PRECIS averaged grid-box data. Also the observed monthly gridded data set of Climate Research Unit (UK) data is used to validate the model. Temperature indices in the base period as well as in future are then calculated and the corresponding change is observed. Percentile based spatial change of temperature shows that in summer, increase in daily minimum temperature is more as compared to the increase of daily maximum temperature whereas in winter, the change in maximum temperature is high. The occurrence of annual cold spells shows significantly decreasing trend while for warm spells there is slight increasing trend over Pakistan. 相似文献
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基于ETCCDI指数2017年中国极端温度和降水特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用中国1961—2017年2419站均一化逐日气候数据,计算了气候变化检测和指数联合专家组定义的26个极端气候指数,分析2017年中国极端温度和降水特征。结果表明：2017年中国区域平均的所有极端高温指数均高于1961—1990年30年平均,所有极端低温指数均低于1961—1990年30年平均。中国区域平均的多个极端温度指数达到或者接近历史极值,其中年最小日最高气温(TXn)和年最小日最低气温(TNn)均达到历史最高值,冷夜(TN10p)、冷昼(TX10p)和持续冷日日数(CSDI)达到历史最低值。年最大日最高气温(TXx)、年最大日最低气温(TNx)、暖夜(TN90p)、霜冻(FD)、冰冻(ID)、热夜(TR)、生长期长度(GSL)排在1961年以来的第2或第3位,其余极端温度指数全部排在了1961年以来前10位。2017年中国区域平均的10个极端降水指数中,有7个指数值处于1961—2017年1个标准差范围内,指示2017年的极端降水接近正常年。 相似文献
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10.
Temperate zone deciduous tree phenology may be vulnerable to projected temperature change, and associated geographical impact is of concern to ecologists. Although many phenology models have been introduced to evaluate climate change impact, there has been little attempt to show the spatial variation across a geographical region due to contamination by the urban heat island (UHI) effect as well as the insufficient spatial resolution of temperature data. We present a practical method for assessing climate change impact on tree phenology at spatial scales sufficient to accommodate the UHI effect. A thermal time-based two-step phenological model was adapted to simulate and project flowering dates of Japanese cherry (Prunus serrulata var. spontanea) in South Korea under the changing climates. The model consists of two sequential periods: the rest period described by chilling requirements and the forcing period described by heating requirements. Daily maximum and minimum temperature are used to calculate daily chill units until a pre-determined chilling requirement for rest release is met. After the projected rest release date, daily heat units (growing degree days) are accumulated until a pre-determined heating requirement for flowering is achieved. Model parameters were derived from the observed bud-burst and flowering dates of cherry tree at the Seoul station of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), along with daily temperature data for 1923–1948. The model was validated using the observed data at 18 locations across South Korea during 1955–2004 with a root mean square error of 5.1 days. This model was used to project flowering dates of Japanese cherry in South Korea from 1941 to 2100. Gridded data sets of daily maximum and minimum temperature with a 270 m grid spacing were prepared for the climatological normal years 1941–1970 and 1971–2000 based on observations at 56 KMA stations and a geospatial interpolation scheme for correcting urban heat island effect as well as elevation effect. We obtained a 25 km-resolution, 2011–2100 temperature projection data set covering peninsular Korea under the auspices of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change—Special Report on Emission Scenarios A2 from the Meteorological Research Institute of KMA. The data set was converted to 270 m gridded data for the climatological years 2011–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100. The phenology model was run by the gridded daily maximum and minimum temperature data sets, each representing climatological normal years for 1941–1970, 1971–2000, 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100. According to the model calculation, the spatially averaged flowering date for the 1971–2000 normal is earlier than that for 1941–1970 by 5.2 days. Compared with the current normal (1971–2000), flowering of Japanese cherry is expected to be earlier by 9, 21, and 29 days in the future normal years 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100, respectively. Southern coastal areas might experience springs with incomplete or even no flowering caused by insufficient chilling required for breaking bud dormancy. 相似文献
11.
利用27个测站逐日最高气温资料,对1961~2016年四川盆地夏季高温热浪的时空演变特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)四川盆地高温热浪频次、强度和持续时间均呈增加趋势,其中热浪强度的增加趋势最为显著。三者都经历了先较弱增加后明显减少再明显增加的年代际变化过程。20世纪80年代是热浪低发期,2010~2016年为明显高发期。(2)盆地高温热浪气候平均空间分布大致呈东南多(强)西北少(弱),空间差异显著,多发区主要集中在重庆西南部一带。三项指标除盆地东南边缘小部分为减少趋势外,基本呈增加趋势,增幅大值带均沿重庆北部至四川南部呈东北-西南走向。相比而言,盆地西部增加趋势比盆地东部更加显著。(3)盆地高温热浪频次、强度和持续时间均存在显著的年际变化周期,且具有较为一致的2年周期。相关分析表明,三者均与西太平洋副高脊线和北界位置存在显著的正相关。 相似文献
12.
全球变暖背景下南宁地区寒潮活动的变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用1961-2005年南宁地区8个气象观测站的逐日平均气温和最低气温资料,分析近45 a南宁地区寒潮活动的特征及其多年变化特点,并且研究了环流场异常对寒潮事件发生频率的影响。结果表明,南宁地区寒潮活动期区域差异较大：东部开始早,结束晚;西北部开始晚,结束早,寒潮出现在12、1和2月。近45 a来,寒潮具有两次跃变异常,分别发生在20世纪70年代前期和90年代后期;寒潮活动总的趋势是减少的,减少频数为0.12次/10 a,这主要与日最低气温比较高有关。此外,针对强寒潮活动年和弱寒潮活动年,给出了500 hPa典型高度距平场特征。 相似文献
13.
利用1961-2005年南宁地区8个气象观测站的逐日平均气温和最低气温资料,分析近45 a南宁地区寒潮活动的特征及其多年变化特点,并且研究了环流场异常对寒潮事件发生频率的影响。结果表明,南宁地区寒潮活动期区域差异较大：东部开始早,结束晚;西北部开始晚,结束早,寒潮出现在12、1和2月。近45 a来,寒潮具有两次跃变异常,分别发生在20世纪70年代前期和90年代后期;寒潮活动总的趋势是减少的,减少频数为0.12次/10 a,这主要与日最低气温比较高有关。此外,针对强寒潮活动年和弱寒潮活动年,给出了500 hPa典型高度距平场特征。 相似文献
14.
Alice Favre Bruce Hewitson Mark Tadross Christopher Lennard Ruth Cerezo-Mota 《Climate Dynamics》2012,38(7-8):1473-1487
The characteristics of Southern Cut-off Lows (CoLs) are studied for the period 1979–2008. The systematic identification of CoLs is realized by applying an original automated scheme using mean daily geopotential height and air temperature at 500?hPa NCEP-DOE II Reanalysis data. From closed lows’ trajectories established from the Equator to the polar jet stream, extratropical lows are analyzed and the stage of cut-off is defined as a secluded low presenting a cold core. From 4,843 cases the general CoL features are presented and confirm several previous results such as the geographic distribution which shows that they are more frequent in the latitudinal band contained between 20°S and 45°S and in close proximity to the continents. On a seasonal time scale, CoLs are more numerous from late summer to autumn, with a maximum of frequency in March/April. In winter (June–July–August), they are fewer but deeper than during the rest of the year. In the median domain (~32.5°S), the annual cycle of the frequency is bimodal and present two peaks during transitional seasons. In this zone, the seasonal cycle varies in accordance with the Semiannual Oscillation. Thereby, when the meridional gradient of temperature/pressure is reinforced between mid and high latitudes, CoLs are more frequent in the median domain. Over the period 1979–2008, the annual CoLs’ frequency exhibits a positive trend of about 25%. This increase is associated with a widening of the latitudinal domain of occurrence equatorward as well as poleward. The trend is linked with an abrupt positive shift in the number of CoLs’ generation between 1998 and 1999. The geographical distribution of CoLs frequency varies significantly in accordance with El Ni?o Southern Oscillation with more CoL’s at lower (higher) latitudes during La Ni?a (El Ni?o) events, principally in the Southern Pacific. 相似文献
15.
气候变暖对刚察县采暖气象指标的影响及节能潜力分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用青海省刚察县1961—2008年逐日气温资料,运用数理统计等方法,分析了该地区采暖期气象条件变化及节能潜力。结果表明,1961—2008年间,刚察县采暖期平均气温上升,负积温减少,采暖初日推迟、终日提前,采暖长度明显缩短;采暖度日与采暖期平均气温关系密切,采暖度日呈极显著下降趋势,特别是1994年气温突变后,下降趋势更加明显,冬季寒冷程度有所减弱,能耗需求量减小;该县采暖能源需求异常偏多主要分布在20世纪60年代,偏多年份以70—80年代为主,偏少年份出现在80年代中期以后,主要集中在2000年以后。气候变暖所致采暖节能率为7%,这对节约能源、减少大气污染和温室气体排放较为有利。 相似文献
16.
X. Lana M. D. Martínez A. Burgueño C. Serra 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2009,97(1-2):135-150
Spatial patterns and statistical models for hot and cold events affecting Catalonia (NE Spain) are obtained from series of daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at 65 meteorological stations throughout the period 1950–2004. The study is based on the crossing theory, taking care that daily temperatures are normally distributed and previous data treatments (removal of trends and periodicities) assure their stationary character. With the aim of facilitating comparisons among different thermometric records, hot and cold events are defined as large departures, given in standard deviations, of daily temperatures from daily averages. From the statistical point of view, the assumption of a normal distribution of the initial date of the events is questionable and a simple assignment of hot events to summer and cold events to winter must be discarded according to the averaged initial dates and their standard deviations. The event magnitudes, defined as the absolute value of their maximum departures, follow an exponential distribution and event lengths can be modelled by an autoregressive Markov process with a Gaussian noise component. The number of events per year fits a Poisson distribution well only for high departures and the whole number of hot and cold events decays exponentially with the increasing departure for every temperature series. This property permits an estimation of the expected maximum departure for every thermometric station during the recording period. Even though spatial features observed for the number of events, their mean initial date, average event magnitude and average event length depict quite complex patterns due to the orography of the country and the vicinity to the Mediterranean Sea, the results obtained improve the knowledge on the hot and cold events in Catalonia. 相似文献
17.
近53年中国寒潮的变化特征及其可能原因 总被引：94，自引：18，他引：76
利用1951～2004年中国740站逐日温度资料, 对中国寒潮频次的气候特征及其变化进行了分析, 并在此基础上对中国寒潮频次减少的可能原因进行了讨论: 冬季西伯利亚高压和东亚冬季风强度与中国寒潮频次呈显著的正相关.秋冬季节西伯利亚上空低层冷堆温度和中国寒潮频次呈显著的负相关.在气候变暖的大背景下, 西伯利亚高压和冬季风强度的减弱使得冬季中国地表温度持续升高, 而温度的这种变化与中国寒潮频次及其相伴随大风频次的减少均有密切的联系.西伯利亚高压和冬季风强度的减弱, 西伯利亚上空低层冷堆温度和中国地表温度的显著升高是中国寒潮及其相伴随大风频次减少的可能原因. 相似文献
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19.
Heat waves have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their frequent occurrence. The present study investigates the heat wave intensity and duration in China using daily maximum temperature from 753 weather stations from 1960 to 2010. In addition, its relationships with soil moisture local forcing on the ten-day period and monthly scales in spring and summer are analyzed using soil moisture data from weather stations and ERA40 reanalysis data. And finally, a mechanistic analysis is carried out using CAM5.1 (Community Atmosphere Model, version 5.1) coupled with CLM2 (Community Land Model, version 2). It is found that the heat wave frequency and duration show a sandwich distribution across China, with high occurrence rates in Southeast China and Northwest China, where the maximum frequency and duration exceeded 2.1 times and 9 days per year, respectively. The increasing trends in both duration and intensity occurred to the north of 35°N. The relationships between heat wave frequency in northern China in July (having peak distribution) and soil moisture in the earlier stage (from March to June) and corresponding period (July) are further analyzed, revealing a strong negative correlation in March, June and July, and thus showing that soil moisture in spring and early summer could be an important contributor to heat waves in July via positive subtropical high anomalies. However, the time scales of influence were relatively short in the semi-humid and humid regions, and longer in the arid region. The contribution in the corresponding period took place via positive subtropical high anomalies and positive surface skin temperature and sensible heat flux anomalies. 相似文献
20.
Extreme events have gained considerable scientific attention recently due to their potentially catastrophic impacts. Heat waves are thought to be more pronounced now in most parts of the world, and especially in South Asia, but doubts remain. The aim of this study is to calculate the frequency and intensity of heat waves in South Asia, focusing on Pakistan and identifying the regions within Pakistan that are most vulnerable to heat waves. Analyses have been performed both at provincial and country levels from 1961 to 2009. The provincial level analysis shows positive trends for heat waves of magnitudes ≥40°C and ≥45°C for 5 and 7 consecutive days. Events of magnitude ≥40°C and ≥45°C for 10 consecutive days also increased in frequency in Punjab, Sindh, and Balochistan. These regions are therefore considered to be the regions most vulnerable to heat wave events in Pakistan. The Balochistan region shows a consistently increasing trend throughout the study period, which may lead to more frequent drought in the future. The country level analysis indicates an increase in the frequency of 5 and 7 consecutive days heat waves at all defined temperature thresholds. The 10-days heat waves spells show a slight increase at ≥40°C and no significant change at ≥45°C. The Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Jammu & Kashmir areas reported no events at ≥45°C for 5, 7 and 10 continuous days. It is anticipated that with a long term rise in temperatures around the globe, heat waves will become more frequent and intense in all parts of the world, including Pakistan. 相似文献