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利用公益性行业（气象）科研专项项目＂藏东南地区复杂下垫面地气交换观测研究＂在藏东南地区进行的地气交换观测实验数据,分析典型晴天和阴天条件下不同下垫面能量过程的特征及其差异。结果表明：在典型晴空状态下,不同下垫面的地表净辐射均具有明显的日变化特征,在典型阴天的情况下,不同下垫面地表净辐射日均值显著减小;在典型晴空天气下,4种类型下垫面上潜热均随着净辐射的增加而表现为增加的趋势,在典型阴天的情况下,潜热通量明显比晴空天气小;不同下垫面感热通量的日变化存在显著的差异,不同下垫面感热的变化特征在典型晴空和阴天条件下的差异不明显;不同下垫面土壤热通量与净辐射的变化趋势基本一致,阴天夜晚土壤热流的交换与晴天夜晚的差异不大,四种下垫面土壤均存在能量损失,土壤处于降温状态。 相似文献
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黑河实验区非均匀地表能量通量的数值模拟 总被引：12，自引：13，他引：12
利用三维非静力RAMS模拟研究了黑河实验区非均匀地表能量通量，模拟结果表明：绿洲地表净辐射通量较沙漠戈壁大；绿洲及沙漠戈壁下垫面上的Bowen比分别为0．4和4．0；夜间绿洲上整晚维持蒸发，并有负感热通量。模拟结果与测站实测结果与卫星反演值的对比研究指出，RAMS对绿洲下垫面潜热通量的模拟和沙漠戈壁下垫面感热通量的模拟与实测值基本一致。卫星遥感反演及数值模拟方法对净辐射的估算与实测较吻合，绿洲地表感热通量的卫星反演值较数值模拟结果更接近于实际，但潜热通量的模拟值则较卫星估算值更接近于实际；沙漠戈壁地表则是感热通量的模拟值较卫星反演值更接近于实际。上述分析为今后结合卫星遥感改进RAMS陆面过程参数化，使使用于模拟研究干旱区非均匀下垫面地气相互作用提供了可靠依据。 相似文献
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半干旱地区地气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量的日变化及季节变化 总被引：24，自引：5，他引：19
采用涡动相关方法连续观测2002年10月到2003年12月半干旱地区地气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量变化,分析水汽和二氧化碳通量的季节和日变化规律,同时比较农田和退化草地两种不同下垫面物质和能量通量交换过程的差异,得到如下一些主要结果:(1)半干旱地区湿季,相距5 km的两种不同下垫面,即使在同一天气过程控制下,不同植被下垫面的降雨分布仍不尽相同,甚至相差很大.这表明降雨空间的分布是很不均匀的,具有很强的局地特征.(2)在干季近地面层能量收支中,两种不同下垫面上的有效能量(净辐射与地表热流量之差)主要分配为感热通量,潜热通量在非生长季(干季)通常很小.在湿季(生长季),潜热通量与感热通量相当,但农田下垫面的潜热通量大于退化草原下垫面.(3)土壤的温度和湿度日变化主要集中在0～20 cm土壤层内,在湿季农田下垫面土壤的湿度有明显的跳跃,这与降雨过程有很好的相关.(4)在非生长季,两种不同下垫面地气间二氧化碳通量差别不大,都很小.白天由于光合作用,在生长季农田下垫面吸收CO2通量较退化草原大,但比湿润地区稻田下垫面小一个量级,远小于森林生态系统. 相似文献
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利用在甘肃酒泉金塔地区进行的"绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测与数值研究"野外试验2005年5月16~21日的加强期观测资料,计算并分析了鼎新戈壁下垫面地表辐射平衡、地表能量平衡、地表空气动力学粗糙度、地表反射率以及动量、热量总体输送系数等物理量的变化特征,得到了鼎新戈壁下垫面近地层能量输送及微气象特征:(1)在5月份晴天天气下,太阳辐射各分量表现出了标准的地表辐射平衡的日循环形态,总辐射峰值可达1000 W.m-2以上;净辐射峰值达到526 W.m-2。(2)能量平衡各项都具有明显的日变化规律;白天感热通量最大值可达到400 W.m-2,潜热通量比感热通量小两个量级,地热流量峰值可达100 W.m-2以上;在下午和夜间存在负的水汽输送现象。(3)在中性条件下:z0=1.44×10-3m,CDN=2.1×10-3,CHN=1.8×10-3。(4)5月份地表反射率为0.217,反射率日分布大致呈"U"型。 相似文献
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利用"中国干旱气象科学研究计划——我国北方干旱致灾过程及机理"的观测数据,分析塔中站、奈曼站、平凉站和锦州站2015年8—10月及定西站2016年8—10月地表能量通量变化特征。分析发现,不同下垫面辐射均表现出明显的日变化,相对于向下短波辐射和向下长波辐射,不同下垫面反射辐射和向上长波辐射差异更加明显。塔中站反射辐射和向上长波辐射最大,锦州站和平凉站相对较小。净辐射具有明显的日变化特征,和总辐射相位一致,农田净辐射日峰值相对较大。地表反照率3个月平均从大到小依次为塔中站(0. 27)、定西站(0. 19)、锦州站(0. 16)、奈曼站(0. 15)和平凉站(0. 14)。各站点感热通量和潜热通量均为单峰型,其中,奈曼站感热通量峰值最大(276 W·m~(-2)),平凉站潜热通量峰值最大。定西站和锦州站净辐射分配以感热通量为主,平凉站则以潜热通量为主。 相似文献
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巴丹吉林沙漠与小尺度湖泊夏季地表特征对比分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2009年7 9月"巴丹吉林沙漠陆气相互作用及其对区域气候的影响研究"试验所得观测资料,系统分析了夏季典型晴天下巴丹吉林沙漠和沙湖不同下垫面的辐射和能量收支特征。结果表明:(1)沙漠点和沙湖点土壤温湿度都有明显的日变化,表现为准正弦曲线。地表向下日较差逐步变小,日峰值和谷值都有明显的滞后性。5~10 cm土壤温、湿度受地表温度影响较大,20 cm以下不再有明显的日变化。沙湖点土壤湿度较大,且出现逆湿现象。(2)沙漠点和沙湖点太阳总辐射的日变化趋于一致;沙漠点大气长波辐射、地表长波辐射、有效辐射均比沙湖点略低,地表反射辐射大于沙湖点。沙漠的地表长波有效辐射均小于沙湖点,两观测点净辐射差异较小。(3)两观测点的地表反照率呈"U"形分布;沙漠点的日平均反照率为0.32,沙湖点为0.23。(4)沙漠点以感热输送为主,波文比为3.4;沙湖点则以潜热输送为主,波文比为0.2。 相似文献
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2008年7—9月中国北方不同下垫面晴空陆面过程特征差异 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
采用2008年7—9月观测的中国干旱/半干旱区实验观测协同与集成研究资料,选取了9个下垫面(包括裸地、草地、森林和农田),分析了中国北方不同下垫面以及不同地区同类下垫面的晴空陆面辐射平衡和热量平衡日变化特征差异。结果表明,不同下垫面以及不同地区同类下垫面的地表辐射和能量过程特征差异明显,而这种差异主要源于下垫面的光学特性、水热特性以及局地陆-气系统中可利用水分的不同。在辐射平衡的比较方面,荒漠沙地发射的长波辐射最大,高寒森林的长波辐射最低,农田下垫面发射的长波辐射总体低于草地;荒漠沙地、草地、农田和高寒森林的反射率依次减弱;荒漠沙地、草地、农田、森林下垫面的净辐射依次增大。在能量平衡方面,荒漠区沙地可利用能量大部分(约80%)用于加热大气,约20%消耗于蒸发和加热土壤;草地下垫面可利用能量中用于加热大气的能量比蒸发水分消耗的能量高,但高寒草甸例外;农田下垫面可利用能量的大部分消耗于蒸发,消耗于加热大气的能量不到20%。水含量越高,潜热通量越大,能量闭合率越低,能量过程也更复杂。 相似文献
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中国西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季的热力输送 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以敦煌戈壁站2004年6月和2008年8月的常规观测和超声观测为例,分析了西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季热力输送的一般过程及特征。首先评价了湍流通量的观测质量以及仪器观测的地表能量通量闭合问题,结果表明敦煌戈壁站的观测在白天总体较好。夏季地表能量通量的平均日变化显示,潜热通量整天都很小,可以忽略,白天到达地表的短波辐射以及地表向上的长波辐射非常强,地表净辐射主要转化为感热输送（敦煌戈壁站在中午时平均分别达380W·m-2以上和250W·m-2以上）;夜间土壤释放热量以平衡地表的辐射冷却,感热通量略低于0。白天时地表大气经常触发自由对流活动,影响动量通量的观测质量,并有效输送地表热力至上层大气中,有助于形成超厚大气边界层。分析了戈壁下垫面的动量粗糙度特征和热力粗糙度特征（敦煌戈壁站动量粗糙度约为0．6mm）,热力粗糙度基本小于动量粗糙度一个量级,这符合目前对干旱区戈壁下垫面热力输送特征的初步认识。 相似文献
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新疆东部黑戈壁作为气候恶劣、人迹罕至的生态脆弱区，具有丰富的太阳能资源。利用红柳河陆气相互作用观测站2019年4、7、9月观测资料，分析东疆黑戈壁地表辐射及能量收支演变特征。结果表明：（1）地表辐射及能量收支各分量日变化均为单峰型。就不同季节而言，太阳总辐射和净辐射为夏季>春季>秋季，反射短波辐射为春季>夏季>秋季，地表和大气长波辐射为夏季>秋季>春季。（2）能量收支各分量季节变化明显，感热通量为春季>夏季>秋季，潜热通量为夏季>秋季>春季，地表土壤热通量为秋季>夏季>春季；能量分配在不同季节均以感热为主，地表土壤热通量次之，潜热通量极其微弱。（3）地表反照率日变化均为“U”型，在不同季节表现为春季>秋季>夏季，依次为0.29、0.27、0.26。东疆黑戈壁地表反照率整体较高，这是下垫面为黑色砾石所致。 相似文献
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黑河地区绿州和沙漠地面辐射收支的若干特征 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
利用HEIFE中在绿州和沙漠两个测站所取得的资料。分析了两种不同下垫面辐射收支及其季节变化特征。结果表明：绿州区地表反射率明显小于沙漠区,季节变化明显;地面向上长波辐射绿州小于沙漠,地面有效辐射绿州小于沙漠。且季节变化明显;地表净辐射绿州大于沙漠,其能量以潜热为主输入大气;干旱地区的绿州光合有效辐射年总量大于河北、山声等地。光合有效辐射资源极为丰富。 相似文献
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A physically-based solar radiation transmission model and a slope energy budget model were available which used climatic observations, averaged over 10-deg north-south latitude bands. This made possible the systematic examination of the diurnally changing energy budget components of net radiation, conduction, sensible, and latent heat flux occurring at all slope angles (0 to 90 deg) and slope directions (south-, west-, and north-facing). The present analysis utilized two contrasting landscapes along a latitudinal transect of the east coast of the Americas (northern hemisphere). Among the results, the maximum net radiation for all slope angles and directions occurred at noon on a 40-deg, south-facing slope for latitude 60. Generally, latent and sensible heat fluxes were similar in trend and magnitude between latitudes 0 and 35. Poleward, sensible heat flux increased with advancing latitude at the expense of latent heat flux. A great diversity in net radiation, sensible, and latent heat flux was obtained between different slopes and their orientation at a paniculate latitude. In addition to hourly rates of the energy budget components, daily positive sums of net radiation, sensible, and latent heat flux were examined. It is assumed that the portrayed patterns are general enough to add to our increasing understanding of the contrasts possible in a real-world north-south transect. 相似文献
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Three-year Variations of Water, Energy and CO$_2$ Fluxes of Cropland and Degraded Grassland Surfaces in a Semi-arid Area of Northeastern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on 3 years （2003-05） of the eddy covariance （EC） observations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semi-arid area of Tongyu （44°25′N, 122°52′E, 184 m a.s.1.）, Northeast China, seasonal and annual variations of water, energy and CO2 fluxes have been investigated. The soil moisture in the thin soil layer （at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m） clearly indicates the pronounced annual wet-dry cycle; the annual cycle is divided into the wet （growing season） and dry seasons （non-growing season）. During the growing season （from May to September）, the sensible and latent heat fluxes showed a linear dependence on the global solar radiation. However, in the non-growing season, the latent heat flux was always less than 50 W m^-2, while the available energy was dissipated as sensible, rather than latent heat flux. During the growing season in 2003-05, the daily average sensible and latent heat fluxes were larger on the cropland surface than on the degraded grassland surface. The cropland ecosystem absorbed more CO2 than the degraded grassland ecosystem in the growing season in 2003-05. The total evapotranspiration on the cropland was more than the total precipitation, while the total evapotranspiration on the degraded grassland was almost the same as the total annual precipitation in the growing season. The soil moisture had a good correlation with the rainfall in the growing season. Precipitation in the growing season is an important factor on the water and carbon budget in the semi-arid area. 相似文献
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To study the land surface and atmospheric meteorological characteristics of non-uniform underlying surfaces in the semi-arid area of Northeast China, we use a “High-Resolution Assimilation Dataset of the water-energy cycle in China (HRADC)”. The grid points of three different underlying surfaces were selected, and their meteorological elements were averaged for each type (i.e., mixed forest, grassland, and cropland). For 2009, we compared and analyzed the different components of leaf area index (LAI), soil temperature and moisture, surface albedo, precipitation, and surface energy for various underlying surfaces in Northeast China. The results indicated that the LAI of mixed forest and cropland during the summer is greater than 5 m2 m?2 and below 2.5 m2 m?2 for grassland; in the winter and spring seasons, the Green Vegetation Fraction (GVF) is below 30%. The soil temperature and moisture both vary greatly. Throughout the year, the mixed forest is dominated by latent heat evaporation; in grasslands and croplands, the sensible heat flux and the latent heat flux are approximately equal, and the GVF contributed more to latent heat flux than sensible heat flux in the summer. This study compares meteorological characteristics between three different underlying surfaces of the semi-arid area of Northeast China and makes up for the insufficiency of purely using observations for the study. This research is important for understanding the water-energy cycle and transport in the semi-arid area. 相似文献
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半干旱区不同下垫面近地层湍流通量特征分析 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
本文分析了2003～2005年半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面近地层湍流通量日、季、年的变化特征, 探讨了不同年份的气候背景和下垫面土地覆被对地气交换过程的影响。结果表明: 半干旱区退化草地和农田近地层湍流通量具有明显的日变化、季变化周期; 地气间通量交换年际间的差异主要受当年的气候背景影响, 尤其是降水的影响; 同时还受到下垫面覆被的影响。潜热通量和感热通量的能量分配比率呈反位相变化, 且农田和退化草地的变化趋势相似, 在夏季潜热通量所占比例均超过感热通量; 两种下垫面的波恩比月均值变化趋势十分相似, 量级接近, 夏季低, 春、秋季高; 夏季退化草地和农田下垫面波恩比均小于或等于1。 相似文献
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In the paper,the characters of surface energy budget on Huayin(Gobi)and the desert surface during the period from 26 June to 31 August 1990 in the HEIFE have been analyzed,then have been compared with the observed results during 4-19 September 1988 in the Pilot Observation Period of the HEIFE.The results show that the atmosphere is in superadiabatic unstable state and there is a phenomenon of inverse humidity to form negative water vapour flux.The sensible heat flux on the surface energy budget is in majority,but the latent heat flux may be neglected over the Gobi and desert surface in the cloudless daytime in the summer. 相似文献
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Chris K. Wendt Jason Beringer Nigel J. Tapper Lindsay B. Hutley 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,124(2):291-304
Fire scars have the ability to radically alter the surface energy budget within a tropical savanna by reducing surface albedo,
increasing available energy for partitioning into sensible and latent heat fluxes and increasing substrate heat flux. These
changes have the potential to alter boundary-layer conditions and ultimately feedback to local and regional climate. We measured
radiative and energy fluxes over burnt and unburnt tropical savanna near Howard Springs, Darwin, Australia. At the burnt site
a low to moderate intensity fire, ranging between 1,000 and 3,500 kW m−1, initially affected the land surface by removing all understorey vegetation, charring and blackening the ground surface,
scorching the overstorey canopy and reducing the albedo. A reduction in latent heat fluxes to almost zero was seen immediately
after the fire when the canopy was scorched. This was then followed by an increase in the sensible heat flux and a large increase
in the ground heat flux over the burnt surface. Tethered balloon measurements showed that, despite the presence of pre-monsoonal
rain events occurring during the measurement period, the lower boundary layer over the burnt site was up to 2°C warmer than that over the unburnt site. This increase in boundary-layer heating when applied to fire scars at the landscape
scale can have the ability to form or alter local mesoscale circulations and ultimately create a feedback to regional heating
and precipitation patterns that may affect larger-scale processes such as the Australian monsoon. 相似文献