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1.
膨胀土边坡受降雨影响产生膨胀变形,是典型的非饱和土多场耦合问题。为探究降雨入渗对其渐进性破坏的失稳过程,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论、膨胀土弹塑性本构关系和应变软化理论,利用应变软化模型、FLAC3D二次开发平台和内置FISH语言,提出了一种综合考虑非饱和渗流、膨胀变形和应变软化的多场耦合数值分析法。结合工程实例,通过该方法探讨了降雨入渗条件下膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流、位移响应及渐进性破坏的变化规律。结果表明:膨胀变形和应变软化受控于非饱和渗流的时空分布,对边坡位移响应过程影响显著,也易导致饱和-非饱和分界带形成剪应力集中区。膨胀土边坡渐进性破坏由局部破坏转变为整体性失稳,其塑性破坏区首先随悬挂型暂态饱和区的变化向坡内扩展,雨后逐渐形成第二条由坡脚向坡顶扩展的滑动带,呈现出多重滑动性和后退牵引式的破坏特征。 相似文献
2.
膨胀土是一种具有显著的吸水膨胀和失水收缩特性的特殊黏性土,暴露于大气中的膨胀土边坡处于连续的干湿循环过程中,在降雨条件下极不稳定。基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,对降雨条件下膨胀土边坡的非饱和渗流过程和吸湿过程进行了数值模拟。编写了相应的FORTRAN语言程序,考虑了渗流过程中基质吸力变化、渗流软化和吸湿膨胀的影响,分析了强度衰减、渗流软化和湿胀对膨胀土边坡整体稳定性的影响。结果表明,在降雨作用下,经过多次干湿循环后,膨胀土边坡的破坏模式为浅层牵引式崩塌,破坏面位于风化区,与普通黏性土边坡的深层圆弧滑坡有较大区别。在考虑湿胀软化效应后,边坡最大位移增大了一个数量级,稳定性系数显著降低,膨胀性是边坡浅层滑坡的主要原因。研究结果较好地解释了膨胀土滑坡特有的牵引性、反复滑动性和浅层破坏性。 相似文献
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膨胀土地区大量工程实践表明,发生在膨胀土边坡浅表层一定深度范围内的牵引式滑坡现象非常普遍,对于该种渐进性边坡破坏模式,传统极限平衡分析无法反映其失稳状态和破坏机制。借鉴温度场中温度膨胀系数的定义和数值处理方法,以室内无荷/有荷膨胀率试验成果为依据,对膨胀土的湿度膨胀系数进行了反演拟合,得到低荷载条件下含水率-膨胀系数近似符合线性关系。基于降雨作用下膨胀土边坡破坏的大型静力物理模型试验成果,采用FLAC非饱和二相流模型模拟降雨引起的边坡湿度场分布变化状态,引入含水率-膨胀系数的线性关系,提出一种适用于膨胀土边坡的湿度场-膨胀变形场-应力场的多场耦合数值分析方法,并藉此对物理模型试验进行仿真。结合模型试验和多场耦合数值分析,阐述膨胀土边坡浅层渐进性破坏机制的本质是水力边界条件变化引起的膨胀土膨胀变形作用。 相似文献
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Most classical approaches for evaluating the stability of soil slopes with cracks are performed under two-dimensional (2D) condition. Three-dimensional (3D) effect and suction-induced effect of unsaturated soils are generally neglected in assessing the slope stability. This paper develops a 3D limit analysis method to evaluate the stability of an unsaturated soil slope with tension cracks under steady infiltrations. The boundary-value problem is formulated based on the 3D rotational failure mechanism by taking the effects of suction, effective unit weight, and tension crack into account. A simplified method is proposed to calculate the work rate of unsaturated soil weight. A layer-wise summation method is developed based on the divergence theorem to calculate the internal energy dissipation rate. Detailed discussions are conducted to investigate the effects of suction and Poisson's ratio on the stability of unsaturated soil slopes. Examples are given to illustrate the 3D effect, the suction-induced effect as well as the effects of infiltration and water in cracks on the slope stability. 相似文献
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The Barcelona basic model cannot predict the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils, whereas the Barcelona expansive model (BExM) can only predict the stress–strain behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils without the water‐retention behaviour being incorporated. Moreover, the micro‐parameters and the coupling function between micro‐structural and macro‐structural strains in the BExM are difficult to determine. Experimental data show that the compression curves for non‐expansive soils under constant suctions are shifted towards higher void ratios with increasing suction, whereas the opposite is true for expansive soils. According to the observed water‐retention behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils, the air‐entry value increases with density, and the relationship between the degree of saturation and void ratio is linear at constant suction. According to the above observation, an elastoplastic constitutive model is developed for predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils, based on the existing hydro‐mechanical model for non‐expansive unsaturated soil. The model takes into consideration the effect of degree of saturation on the mechanical behaviour and that of void ratio on the water‐retention behaviour. The concept of equivalent void ratio curve is introduced to distinguish the plastic potential curve from the yield curve. The model predictions are compared with the test results of an unsaturated expansive soil, including swelling tests under constant net stress, isotropic compression tests and triaxial shear tests under constant suction. The comparison indicates that the model offers great potential for quantitatively predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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当采用合理的强度参数时,根据常规极限平衡或极限分析方法的计算结果,很难解释一些膨胀土边坡会在极缓的坡度下发生失稳破坏的原因。事实上,由于膨胀土遇水后会发生显著的变形,在饱和区与非饱和区交界面附近会出现很大的剪应力。因此,在膨胀土边坡的稳定分析中,需要考虑这种因素的影响。根据塑性力学的上限定理,严格地导出了考虑膨胀应力作功的功能平衡方程。根据强度储备定义的安全系数即隐含在这一方程中,它可以通过迭代方法求解。边坡稳定的上限分析在数值上是利用了单元集成法来完成的。这不仅能方便地利用应力分析的成果,而且能进行滑裂面的优化,从而找到最小的安全系数。对一个坡度为1:4的膨胀土边坡的稳定计算结果表明,膨胀变形会使边坡的安全系数显著减小。当考虑膨胀时,优化得到的破坏模式是在浅层出现一个局部的滑动,它会牵动其上部的土体也相继出现局部滑动,这正好符合膨胀土滑坡时所常见的牵引性的特征。 相似文献
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非饱和膨胀土边坡稳定性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Bishop和Fredlund的非饱和土强度公式参数不易工程应用,文中基于双曲线的非饱和土强度公式,采用简化Bishop法建立非饱和土边坡的稳定方程,分析膨胀土边坡的稳定性,讨论了吸力、分层及其边坡表层裂隙对非饱和膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响。通过分析与比较,揭示了膨胀土边坡浅层滑坡的原因。 相似文献
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降雨型滑坡是我国主要的滑坡灾害类型,具有区域群集发生的特点,滑坡预警研究是防灾减灾的重要途径。传统的区域降雨型滑坡预报模型多采用统计结果建立降雨参数模型,对降雨诱发机理和斜坡失稳的力学机制考虑不足,预报可靠性和精度有限。本文以花岗岩风化壳地区某典型二元结构斜坡为原型,以实际勘查数据为基础,提取该斜坡结构特征,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,分析研究降雨入渗过程和斜坡失稳机制,建立典型斜坡的预警判据。1花岗岩风化壳地区典型二元结构斜坡为类土质斜坡,覆盖土层较厚,剖面上可分为两层,上层为坡积黏性土,土质松散,透水性强,下层为残积黏性土,土质相对致密,透水性较差。2采用不同降雨工况模拟分析降雨入渗过程。以50mm·d-1雨强为例,降雨持时30h以内时,降雨入渗主要集中在上层的坡积黏性土,斜坡前缘优先饱和,滑带开始出现积水现象;降雨持时40～50h时,斜坡表面降水持续入渗,在坡体后缘拉裂缝处,雨水沿着裂缝快速入渗坡体形成静水压力,增加坡体重量,增大下滑力,坡脚渗透路径短,最先饱和破坏,造成斜坡失稳。3监测斜坡不同部位（坡脚、中部、后缘）的孔隙水压力情况,随降雨入渗,斜坡土体孔隙水压力持续增大,由负趋近于零到大于零,斜坡土体由非饱和状态向饱和状态过渡,坡脚最先饱和,中部持续入渗,后缘土体饱和后,裂缝扩大致使大量雨水进入,使本已大量积水的滑带变形错动,斜坡失稳。4模拟分析得到斜坡失稳的不同降雨条件:中雨雨强（10mm·d-1）,历时约13d;大雨雨强（25mm·d-1）,历时约5d;暴雨雨强（50mm·d-1）,历时约2.2d;特大暴雨雨强（100mm·d-1）,历时约1.1d。在暴雨雨强时,降雨对该类斜坡的滞后作用约为5h。最后,建立了该类斜坡的临界降雨判据（I-D曲线）。 相似文献
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This paper presents a case study of the analysis and design of slopes for the portal of an underground crude oil storage cavern site. The site selected for the slope study is characterized by residual soils and granitic rock formations, located in the southwestern part of India. It is observed that in tropical residual soils, most hillslope failures are caused by rainfall and thus it is important to consider hydrological conditions when attempting to analyze the stability of slopes in such material. Combinations of shallow slopes with lower overburden and high steep hillslope with large overburden were considered in the present study along with varying combinations of lateritic soils and weathered rock formations. The paper discusses the various investigations carried out to define the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil and weathered rock, followed by numerical modelling and remedial measures adopted to ensure the stability of slopes during design and construction phase. Since analysis and design procedures for such residual soils are not well established, comprehensive geological and geotechnical investigations were carried out prior to numerical model development for carrying out finite element studies in order to ascertain long term stability of slopes under differing ground conditions. The results of the stability analysis indicated that slope under existing condition were potentially unstable under rainy conditions and specific supporting measures were planned to ensure stability. Several alternatives were examined for improving the stability of slope taking into consideration existing facilities, space available for mobilization of equipments and environmental conditions in reference to specific project requirements. The convergence pattern obtained from geotechnical monitoring using optical targets along the slopes did not showed any alarming movement for over a year. 相似文献
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A coupled elastic–plastic finite element analysis based on simplified consolidation theory for unsaturated soils is used to investigate the coupling processes of water infiltration and deformation. By introducing a reduced suction and an elastic–plastic constitutive equation for the soil skeleton, the simplified consolidation theory for unsaturated soils is incorporated into an in-house finite element code. Using the proposed numerical method, the generation of pore water pressure and development of deformation can be simulated under evaporation or rainfall infiltration conditions. Through a parametric study and comparison with the test results, the proposed method is found to describe well the characteristics during water evaporation/infiltration into unsaturated soils. Finally, an unsaturated soil slope with water infiltration is analyzed in detail to investigate the development of the displacement and generation of pore water pressure. 相似文献
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南宁膨胀土非线性流变模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对南宁非饱和膨胀土进行一系列的加载-卸载固结蠕变试验,得到了不同含水率的膨胀土在不同应力水平下应变-时间曲线和不同时刻的应力-应变等时曲线簇。通过对膨胀土各阶段蠕变变形的分析,得到了膨胀土的固结蠕变是包含有黏弹性变形和黏塑性变形成分的非线性蠕变。采用模型流变与经验流变理论相结合的方法,将膨胀土的蠕变变形分成线性和非线性两部分进行分析,蠕变柔量和线性黏弹性模量随时间减小,而线性黏塑性模量随时间增大。结合膨胀土的线性黏塑性模型和非线性黏塑性经验模型,建立能够描述膨胀土非线性流变的黏塑性本构方程。根据试验所得数据,通过非线性拟合方法得到各模型参数,用该模型进行数值分析得到的理论与蠕变试验结果对比非常吻合。研究成果为实际工程提供了流变变形计算分析的可靠依据。 相似文献
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非饱和红粘土和膨胀土抗剪强度的比较研究 总被引：24，自引：4，他引：20
红粘土是对环境湿热变化敏感的塑性粘土,具有一般膨胀土吸水膨胀失水收缩的特性。与普通粘性土相比,红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性更为复杂。它既是土体抵抗剪切破坏能力的表征,也是计算路堑、渠道、路堤、土坝等斜坡稳定性以及支挡构筑物土压力的重要参数。通过试验研究讨论了红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性以及与一般粘性土的差别及其各种影响因素,并探讨了非饱和红粘土与膨胀土的抗剪强度指标与含水量之间的相关关系。试验结果表明,红粘土与一般膨胀土的吸水膨胀规律完全相同。其试验结果可为红粘土与膨胀土地区工程设计与建设提供参考依据。 相似文献
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对膨胀土膨胀性这一难题,目前通用的做法是施加一个膨胀力,但是无法给出一个合理的解释,膨胀力的大小也是根据经验来施加的,本文提出了膨胀土的膨胀模型(ESEM)并根据土坡的位移采用反演方法来确定了膨胀土的膨胀力;采用公式推导的方式,指出给膨胀土施加膨胀力和施加膨胀变形是一致的;结合降雨分析,运用Drucker-Prager模型编制了有限元程序,选用2范数进行反演运算;计算过程显示,膨胀土膨胀参数与2范数是单值连续具有凹点的,采用牛顿迭代法迭代,计算得出膨胀土膨胀参数;最终的计算结果,确定了膨胀土边坡的膨胀参数以及膨胀力公式。 相似文献
14.
华南、华东南地区具有厚度可达上百米的花岗岩风化残积层。高等级公路、铁路的规模建设在该地区形成了大量的花岗岩类土质高边坡。深入认识该类边坡的工程特性并提出有效的针对性边坡加固方法,对该地区公路、铁路的安全建设和正常运营具有重要意义。为了更有效指导该类边坡的稳定性分析及边坡设计,本文深入调查分析了广东和广西境内4条高等级公路沿线的44处花岗岩类土质边坡特征及其稳定性,认为控制该类边坡稳定性的因素主要有:土体的均匀性、岩脉(墙)及花岗岩球状硬核的分布情况、坡体中保留的结构面是否对坡体稳定性起控制作用。继而依据这些因素把花岗岩类土质边坡划分为岩脉(墙)隔挡型边坡、网状结构型边坡、外倾结构型边坡、浮石型边坡4种类型。深入分析了每种类型边坡的坡体结构特征、稳定特性,针对性地提出了边坡稳定性分析中应重点考虑的因素。认为花岗岩类土质边坡的土质及坡体结构特征,造成了该类边坡开挖临时自稳性较好,但具有较强的开挖卸荷效应和较弱的抗冲刷能力。最后针对每种类型的花岗岩类土质边坡,提出了相应的设计方案建议。基于花岗岩类土质边坡良好的临时自稳性,认为可进行陡开挖强支护设计,同时强调逐级开挖逐级支护、加强坡面防冲刷、边坡护脚及压顶、边坡截排水等设计建议。 相似文献
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膨胀土的干湿循环性状在膨胀土边坡的稳定性分析中占有重要地位。结合膨胀土边坡的现场含水率观测数据和南宁地区大气影响深度的计算结果,确定了室内试验的干湿循环幅度并进行了膨胀土强度干湿循环室内试验,对干湿循环引起膨胀土强度指标衰减的变化规律进行了初步探讨; 在此基础上,结合干湿循环效应对膨胀土边坡进行了稳定性分析。研究结果表明:(1)膨胀土的黏聚力随干湿循环次数递增而减小,第1~2次循环时黏聚力衰减程度最强,但经历2~3次循环后,黏聚力衰减程度减弱,最终趋向稳定; 干湿循环次数引起内摩擦角的波动变化极小,基本保持一恒定值。(2)干湿循环的强度稳定值与稳定时所需循环次数均随含水率变化幅度的增加而减小。(3)由于干湿循环效应,膨胀土的粒间联结产生了不可逆的损伤,致使土体微结构劣化、抗剪强度降低。(4)随着干湿循环次数的增加,边坡稳定性降低,安全系数递减; 结合当地大气影响深度对膨胀土边坡进行干湿循环分层的稳定性分析方法更符合工程实际,可为相关边坡设计和防护的计算参数选取提供参考。 相似文献
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Rainfall infiltration and suction variation in unsaturated soils must be taken into consideration in the analysis of most slope stability problems, particularly in the tropical regions where the annual precipitation is high. The process of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soils is an extremely complex problem attributed to the non-linearity of the hydraulic property functions of the unsaturated soils. This paper describes in detail two instrumented laboratory models, i.e. one-dimensional soil column, and two-dimensional slope model used to provide experimental evidences for the transient suction variations in the unsaturated soils under certain rainfall conditions. The performances of the laboratory models were tested on four typical types of residual soils, i.e. sand-gravel, silty gravel, sandy silt, and silt (kaolin), and a two-layered soil system, i.e. sandy silt underlain by silty gravel. The results showed that the suction distributions for the single-layered homogeneous soils obtained from the simpler one-dimensional soil column were almost identical to that of two-dimensional slope model. However, the two-dimensional slope model should be employed for the two-layered soil system because of the dominant effect of the lateral flow mechanism. The capillary barrier effect was observed when a less permeable soil layer was underlain by a more permeable soil layer. The minimum suction value in soil is governed by the rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, and the saturated permeability of soil. The infiltration rate of the fine-grained soils that subjected to shrink and crack was independent of the soil permeability, but was significantly governed by the preferential flows developed in the soils. 相似文献
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控制边坡在冻融循环中的劣化作用,可保障季节冻土区域膨胀土边坡长期稳定。为确定土工格栅对膨胀土边坡在冻融循环过程中的稳定效果与工程意义,本文开展了膨胀土边坡模型试验,对比冻融过程中边坡内土压力、含水率、位移、温度变化。结果表明：土工格栅可约束膨胀土冻融裂缝,使裂缝发育更为均匀一致,同时减小边坡位移;加筋材料能抑制边坡水分迁移与热传导并减小土压力变化;对膨胀土边坡加筋处理可显著降低含水率波动幅值,从而减小膨胀土受含水率变化引发的胀缩劣化;不同于普通黏土,膨胀土边坡冻融循环中呈现冻缩融胀特点,而边坡加筋可有效提升冻土区膨胀土边坡的冻融稳定性,具有工程应用价值。 相似文献
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膨胀土边坡危险滑面受裂隙面影响,常位于强弱风化层界面,且近似为直线,滑坡后缘一般为垂直张拉裂缝,下部主滑床呈近水平状。基于上述特性,提出滑坡体的三折线刚体简化模型,滑体内土体强度采用多次干湿循环后稳定值,并根据整体刚体的静力平衡推导建立边坡安全系数求解公式。以秦淮东河膨胀土边坡为实例,开展膨胀土干湿循环室内试验,并利用推导公式求解边坡长期稳定系数,计算结果与FLAC强度折减法求解结果接近。设计程序分析了强风化层厚度和膨胀土层厚度对边坡安全系数求解值的影响,发现后者随前两者的变化先急剧减小后趋于平缓,在一定范围内影响较大。考虑浅层土体强度和强风化层深度在干湿循环不同阶段的变化,求解了各阶段强弱风化层交界面上滑面的安全系数,发现其呈现指数衰减的趋势,边坡主要在6次干湿循环后发生失稳,滑面深度在1.83 m左右。 相似文献