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1.
Supercritical‐flow phenomena are fairly common in modern sedimentary environments, yet their recognition and analysis remain difficult in the stratigraphic record. This fact is commonly ascribed to the poor preservation potential of deposits from high‐energy supercritical flows. However, the number of flume data sets on supercritical‐flow dynamics and sedimentary structures is very limited in comparison with available data for subcritical flows, which hampers the recognition and interpretation of such deposits. The results of systematic flume experiments spanning a broad range of supercritical‐flow bedforms (antidunes, chutes‐and‐pools and cyclic steps) developed in mobile sand beds of variable grain sizes are presented. Flow character and related bedform patterns are constrained through time‐series measurements of bed configurations, flow depths, flow velocities and Froude numbers. The results allow the refinement and extension of some widely used bedform stability diagrams in the supercritical‐flow domain, clarifying in particular the morphodynamic relations between antidunes and cyclic steps. The onset of antidunes is controlled by flows exceeding a threshold Froude number. The transition from antidunes to cyclic steps in fine to medium‐grained sand occurs at a threshold mobility parameter. Sedimentary structures associated with supercritical bedforms developed under variable aggradation rates are revealed by means of combining flume results and synthetic stratigraphy. The sedimentary structures are compared with examples from field and other flume studies. Aggradation rate is seen to exert an important control on the geometry of supercritical‐flow structures and should be considered when identifying supercritical bedforms in the sedimentary record.  相似文献   

2.
钟广法 《沉积学报》2023,41(1):52-72
超临界流在现代沉积环境中几乎无处不在,但相关沉积物却极少从地层记录中被辨识出来,这是当前沉积学研究所面临的一个困境,文中称之为“超临界流沉积问题”。按弗劳德数增大顺序,超临界流可依次形成稳定逆行沙丘、不稳定逆行沙丘、急滩—深潭及周期阶坎等底形,相应的地貌动力学也从同相位体制(逆行沙丘)逐渐过渡为水跃体制(急滩—深潭和周期阶坎)。相对于明渠流,浊流因折算密度低而更易成为超临界流。超临界浊流底形的长波长、低幅度、逆流(坡)迁移特性,决定了其沉积物发育特征的后积层理、近平行—低角度交错层理、与水跃有关的快速堆积及冲刷—充填和建造—充填构造。超临界浊流沉积可以通过沉积体的几何形态(包括波长/波高比、平面和剖面形态等)和内部沉积特征(包括波脊逆坡迁移、沉积构造、粒度变化趋势及沉积相组合等)的综合分析加以鉴别。露头、岩心分析与高分辨率地震、浅剖、多波束测深等地球物理资料的综合,是准确鉴别超临界浊流沉积单元的重要途径。本文对超临界浊流地貌动力学研究进展进行综述,并对地层记录中超临界浊流沉积的鉴别标志及相关问题进行探讨。  相似文献   

3.
《Sedimentary Geology》2007,193(1-4):131-148
This paper characterises the sedimentary impact of a glacial outburst flood or ‘jökulhlaup’ on an ice-contact delta topset at Russell Glacier, Kangerlussuaq, west Greenland. Rapid drainage of an ice-dammed lake in July 1987 generated a jökulhlaup with a peak discharge of ∼ 1300 m3 s− 1, which drained across a 500-m-wide, 200-m-long, delta top into a proglacial lake. The delta topset comprises boulder clusters, ice block obstacle marks with relief of up to 4 m, and is graded to lake levels up to 6 m higher than those during typical non-jökulhlaup conditions. The delta top was dissected by the 1987 jökulhlaup causing a fan-shaped extension of the delta front by 30 m. Surface grain size on the delta decreases rapidly away from the main flood flow direction, reflecting rapid downstream reduction in sediment transport capacity. The 1987 jökulhlaup was predominantly fluidal and turbulent and had peak stream powers of 2846 W m− 2 proximally and < 400 W m− 2 distally. Delta topset sedimentation can be characterised by four lithofacies associations in order of decreasing flow energy: (A) coarse-grained deposits related to a flow expansion; (B) finer-grained peripheral deposits located at the margins of the main flow; (C) lobate bars and delta fronts deposited within distal locations and (D) fine-grained deposits at distance from the delta front associated with slackwater conditions. Jökulhlaup-dominated delta topsets are controlled by the geometry of the channel expansion into the proglacial lake, jökulhlaup hydrograph form, the sediment availability and character, proglacial lake basin depth and surface area, lake outflow spillway erodibility and cross-sectional area, and history of previous jökulhlaups.  相似文献   

4.
Bedforms and associated sedimentary structures, formed under supercritical water flow over an aggrading sand bed, were studied in a laboratory flume. Although the geometry and hydraulic characteristics of these bedforms (antidunes, chutes-and-pools) are well known, their internal structures are not. The objectives of the study were to: (1) describe the three-dimensional geometry of the sedimentary structures and examine their mode of origin; (2) develop a relationship between the geometries of the sedimentary structures and the formative bedforms and; (3) identify criteria that distinguish these sedimentary structures from similar types, such as hummocky and swaley cross-strata. Sedimentary structures associated with antidunes are primarily lenticular laminasets with concave-upward erosional bases (troughs) in which laminae generally dip upstream or fill the troughs symmetrically. These laminasets are associated with growth and upstream migration of water-surface waves and antidunes, and with surface-wave breaking and filling of antidune troughs respectively. In addition, sets of downstream-dipping laminae are produced by rapid migration of asymmetrical bedwaves immediately after wave breaking. Rare convex-upward laminae define the shape of antidunes that developed under stationary water-surface waves. The laminasets and internal laminae extend across the width of the flume, but vary in thickness and inclination, indicating that the antidunes have some degree of three dimensionality. The length and maximum thickness of the lenticular laminasets are approximately half of the length and height of formative antidunes, providing a potentially useful tool for palaeohydraulic reconstructions. The sets of downstream-dipping laminae formed under antidunes are distinctive and do not occur in hummocky and swaley cross-strata. Sedimentary structures associated with chutes-and-pools are sets of upstream-dipping laminae and structureless sand.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of glacier ice block grounding on the morphology and sedimentology of proglacial fluvial outwash were examined during a glacier outburst flood or jökulhlaup, near Søndre Strømfjord, west Greenland. Observations made during and after the 1987 jökulhlaup both on the surface of an ice contact delta and within a confined valley sandur plain provided information about the formation of ice block obstacle marks and the significance of these bedforms for sandur morphology and sedimentology. Flow directions determined from obstacle mark morphology have been used successfully to chart flow direction changes on the falling limb of the jökulhlaup. Maximum flow depths for scour around stranded ice blocks may be given by 0·5–0·9 times the diameter of the ice block, as estimated from the depth of scour, the height of the obstacle shadow or the extent of ice block meltout sediments. Minimum flow depths can be represented by the height of the obstacle shadow above the mean bed level. The internal composition of the shadow indicates the ability of the flow to transport various sizes of material into the lee of obstacles. Ice block obstacle marks within the distal portion of the sandur initiated waning stage channel change. Proximal and lateral erosion around stranded ice blocks extended downstream from the ice block, forming chute channels which then captured waning stage flows, resulting in significant bar incision with associated deposition of lobate or deltaic deposits. It is suggested that ice block obstacle marks are important in terms of channel morphology, channel morphological change and their usefulness as palaeohydrological indicators.  相似文献   

6.
The Kverkfjöll sandur in north Iceland is the furthest upstream of a suite of fluvial landforms extending for 200 km along the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river. Incision of the sandur exposes over 3 km of sedimentary sections, up to 15 m in height. A sandur wide, well-bedded succession of matrix-rich cobble-gravel and pebble/granule gravel, with individual beds 0.2 to 0.5 m thick indicates that the sandur is primarily the product of sandur-wide sheet-floods, with sediment-rich hyperconcentrated flows and also some debris flows and channelised turbulent flows. This interpretation is evidenced by bedded hyperconcentrated flow deposits occurring as laterally extensive tabular depositional units that dominate the entire sandur, reflecting the unconfined nature of the flow. Clast-supported boulder-gravel units interpreted as the product of macroturbulent flow occur in relatively narrow, but deep channels. The sedimentary succession is interpreted as the product of at least six volcanically generated catastrophic outburst floods (jökulhlaups) during the Little Ice Age. The sedimentology of these Little Ice Age flood deposits, on a small, high-gradient sandur, contrasts strongly with the deposits of volcanically-generated jökulhlaups on large, low-gradient coastal sandar, and sandar associated with retreating glaciers which have been the basis for most previous models of jökulhlaup sedimentation.  相似文献   

7.
Pyroclastic currents are catastrophic flows of gas and particles triggered by explosive volcanic eruptions. For much of their dynamics, they behave as particulate density currents and share similarities with turbidity currents. Pyroclastic currents occasionally deposit dune bedforms with peculiar lamination patterns, from what is thought to represent the dilute low concentration and fluid‐turbulence supported end member of the pyroclastic currents. This article presents a high resolution dataset of sediment plates (lacquer peels) with several closely spaced lateral profiles representing sections through single pyroclastic bedforms from the August 2006 eruption of Tungurahua (Ecuador). Most of the sedimentary features contain backset bedding and preferential stoss‐face deposition. From the ripple scale (a few centimetres) to the largest dune bedform scale (several metres in length), similar patterns of erosive‐based backset beds are evidenced. Recurrent trains of sub‐vertical truncations on the stoss side of structures reshape and steepen the bedforms. In contrast, sporadic coarse‐grained lenses and lensoidal layers flatten bedforms by filling troughs. The coarsest (clasts up to 10 cm), least sorted and massive structures still exhibit lineation patterns that follow the general backset bedding trend. The stratal architecture exhibits strong lateral variations within tens of centimetres, with very local truncations both in flow‐perpendicular and flow‐parallel directions. This study infers that the sedimentary patterns of bedforms result from four formation mechanisms: (i) differential draping; (ii) slope‐influenced saltation; (iii) truncative bursts; and (iv) granular‐based events. Whereas most of the literature makes a straightforward link between backset bedding and Froude‐supercritical flows, this interpretation is reconsidered here. Indeed, features that would be diagnostic of subcritical dunes, antidunes and ‘chute and pools’ can be found on the same horizon and in a single bedform, only laterally separated by short distances (tens of centimetres). These data stress the influence of the pulsating and highly turbulent nature of the currents and the possible role of coherent flow structures such as Görtler vortices. Backset bedding is interpreted here as a consequence of a very high sedimentation environment of weak and waning currents that interact with the pre‐existing morphology. Quantification of near‐bed flow velocities is made via comparison with wind tunnel experiments. It is estimated that shear velocities of ca 0·30 m.s?1 (equivalent to pure wind velocity of 6 to 8 m.s?1 at 10 cm above the bed) could emplace the constructive bedsets, whereas the truncative phases would result from bursts with impacting wind velocities of at least 30 to 40 m.s?1.  相似文献   

8.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(3):639-669
Active margin continental slope outcrops from the Eocene Juncal Formation, the Eocene La Jolla Group and the Miocene Capistrano Formation display sedimentary structures and depositional geometries that suggest deposition from Froude supercritical flow, based on comparison to strata produced by flume experiments. These deposits range from boulder‐size soft clasts and cobble‐size hard clasts to silt and mud, and display long‐wavelength and low‐amplitude convex‐up and concave‐up geometries that range from centimetre to hundreds of metres scale, low‐angle foresets and backsets, and common internal and bounding erosion surfaces from centimetres to tens of metres in depth. In places, planar laminations, structureless beds and normally graded beds are laterally or vertically associated with such structures. In other places, consistent backsets or deep and steep‐sided scours occur. This study aimed to discuss the origin of the observed bedforms, contributed to recognition of supercritical flow deposits on continental slopes and expanded the outcrop examples of supercritical flow deposits to silt and mud. This work implies that the erosive and powerful Froude supercritical flow turbidity currents may have a substantial impact on erosional and depositional dynamics on deepwater slopes, especially on active margins due to the steep gradients and high sediment supply.  相似文献   

9.
Preservation of cyclic steps contrasts markedly with that of subcritical‐flow bedforms, because cyclic steps migrate upslope eroding their lee face and preserving their stoss side. Such bedforms have not been described from turbidite outcrops and cores as yet. A conceptual block diagram for recognition of cyclic steps in outcrop has been constructed and is tested by outcrop studies of deep water submarine fan deposits of the Tabernas Basin in south‐eastern Spain. Experimental data indicate that depositional processes on the stoss side of a cyclic step are controlled by a hydraulic jump, which decelerates the flow and by subsequent waxing of the flow up to supercritical conditions once more. The hydraulic jump produces a large scour with soft‐sediment deformation (flames) preserved in coarse‐tail normal‐graded structureless deposits (Bouma Ta), while near‐horizontal, massive to stratified top‐cut‐out turbidite beds are found further down the stoss side of the bedform. The architecture of cyclic steps can best be described as large, up to hundreds of metres, lens‐shaped bodies that are truncated by erosive surfaces representing the set boundaries and that consist of nearly horizontal lying stacks of top‐cut‐out turbidite beds. The facies that characterize these bedforms have traditionally been described as turbidite units in idealized vertical sequences of high‐density turbidity currents, but have not yet been interpreted to represent bedforms produced by supercritical flow. Their large size, which is in the order of 20 m for gravelly and up to hundreds of metres for sandy steps, is likely to have hindered their recognition in outcrop so far.  相似文献   

10.
Jökulhlaups are the consequence of a sudden and significant release of meltwater from the edge of a glacier. Such floods are sourced commonly from ice-dammed lakes, but occasional volcanic eruptions beneath ice can produce intense jökulhlaups due to prodigious rates of meltwater release. Globally, volcanogenic jökulhlaups have caused fatalities and damage to infrastructure within effected catchments. Here, we present the results of one-dimensional hydraulic modelling of the inundation area of a massive, hypothetical jökulhlaup on the Jökulsá á Fjöllum River in northeast Iceland; the floodwater source for this simulation is an eruption within the ice-filled caldera of Bárðarbunga: an active volcano beneath the Vatnajökull ice cap. Remotely sensed data were used to derive a digital elevation model and to assign surface-roughness parameters. We used a HEC-RAS/HEC-GeoRAS system to host the hydraulic model; to calculate the steady water-surface elevation; to visualise the flooded area; and to assess flood hazards. Maximum discharge was set notionally at 180,000 m3 s?1 and the duration and volume of the jökulhlaup were placed at 39 h and 14 km3, respectively. During the simulated rise to maximum discharge, the mean velocity of the jökulhlaup was 2.8 m s?1 over a distance of 120 km. At the height of the jökulhlaup an area of 460 km2 was inundated. Modelling results showed that, along short reaches, stream-power values exceeded 11,000 W m?2; such energy conditions would have allowed boulders up to 10-m in diameter to be mobilised by the jökulhlaup. Unsteady flow was simulated along a 22-km reach of the flood tract and it revealed strong spatial and temporal variations in flood power. Besides providing insight into the erosional and depositional effects of a volcanogenic jökulhlaup, the modelling results enable estimates of the relative timing and location of likely flooding hazards.  相似文献   

11.
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposited a sheet of sand with surficial bedforms at the Andaman coast of Thailand. Here we show the recognition of bedforms and the key internal sedimentary structures as criteria of the tsunami supercritical flow condition. The presence of well‐preserved capping bedforms implied a dominant tsunami inflow. Sets of internal sedimentary structures including parallel lamination, seaward and landward inclined‐laminations, and downstream dipping laminae indicated antidune structures that were generated by a supercritical flow current in a depositional stage during the inflow. A set of seaward dipping cross‐laminations containing sand with mud drape on the surface of one depositional layer are a unique indication of an outflow structure. A majority of deposits show normal grading, but in some areas, localized reverse grading was also observed. The recognition of these capping bedforms and determination of the internal sedimentary structures provides new key criteria to help derive a better understanding of tsunami flow conditions.  相似文献   

12.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(2):540-560
Bedforms related to Froude‐supercritical flow, such as cyclic steps, are increasingly frequently observed in contemporary fluvial and marine sedimentary systems. However, the number of observations of sedimentary structures formed by supercritical‐flow bedforms remains limited. The low number of observations might be caused by poor constraints on criteria to recognize these associated deposits. This study provides a detailed quantification on the mechanics of a fluvial cyclic step system, and their depositional signature. A computational fluid‐dynamics model is employed to acquire a depth‐resolved image of a cyclic step system. New insights into the mechanics of cyclic steps shows that: (i) the hydraulic jump is, in itself, erosional; (ii) there are periods over which the flow is supercritical throughout and there is no hydraulic jump, which plays a significant role in the morphodynamic behaviour of cyclic steps; and (iii) that the depositional signature of cyclic steps varies with rate of aggradation. Previous work has shown that strongly aggradational cyclic steps, where most of the deposited sediment is not reworked, create packages of backsets, bound upstream and downstream by erosive surfaces. Here, the modelling work is focussed on less aggradational conditions and more transportational systems. The depositional signature in such systems is dominated by an amalgamation of concave‐up erosional surfaces and low‐angle foresets and backsets creating lenticular bodies. The difference between highly aggradational cyclic steps and low‐aggradation steps can be visible in outcrop both by the amount of erosional surfaces, as well as the ratio of foreset to backset, with backsets being indicative of more aggradation.  相似文献   

13.
Gravel antidunes in the tropical Burdekin River, Queensland, Australia   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
The geological record is punctuated by the deposits of extreme event phenomena, the identification and interpretation of which are hindered by a lack of data on contemporary examples. It is impossible to directly observe sedimentary bedforms and grain fabrics forming under natural particle-transporting, high-velocity currents, and therefore, their characteristics are poorly documented. The deposits of such flows are exposed however, in the dry bed of the Burdekin River, Queensland, Australia following tropical cyclone-induced floods. Long wave-length (up to 19 m) gravel antidunes develop during short (days) high-discharge flows in the upper Burdekin River (maximum recorded discharge near the study reach over 25 600 m3 s?1 in February 1927). Flood water levels fall quickly (metres in a day) and flow is diverted away from raised areas of the river bed into subchannels, exposing many of the high-stage bedforms with little reworking by falling-stage currents. Gravel bedforms were observed on the dry river bed after the moderate flows of February 1994 (max. 7700 m3 s?1) and January 1996 (max. 3200 m3 s?1). The bedforms had wave-lengths in the range 8–19 m, amplitudes of up to 1 m with steeper stoss than lee faces and crest lines generally transverse to local peak-discharge flow direction. The gravel fabric and size sorting change systematically up the stoss and down the lee faces. The antidune deposits form erosive based lenses of sandy gravel with low-angle downstream dipping lamination and generally steep upstream dipping a-b planes. The internal form and fabric of the antidune gravel lenses are distinctly different from those of dune lee gravel lenses. The erosive based lenses of low-angle cross-bedded gravel with steep upstream dipping a-b planes are relatively easy to recognize and may be diagnostic of downstream migrating antidunes. The antidune gravel lenses are associated with thick (to 1 m) high-angle cross bed sets. Ancient antidune gravel lenses may be diagnostic of episodic high-discharge conditions and particularly when they are associated with high-angle cross-bedded gravelly sand they may be useful for palaeoenvironmental interpretation.  相似文献   

14.
Glacial outburst floods or ‘jökulhlaups’ are a key part of deglaciation of both alpine mountains and of ice sheet margins. They produce widespread and intense landscape change through erosion and deposition and are a hazard to populations and infrastructure. This article reviews these aspects with an emphasis on the current ‘state of play’ of research on the phenomena. Three case studies are presented: the 2010 Eyafjallajökull and 2007 Mt Ruapehu events, and the recent jökulhlaups in western Greenland. These illustrate that, where there is sufficient lead‐in time for the development of projects, the application of modern technology and of multi‐disciplinary research teams enables unprecedented acquisition quality, resolution and extent of data to be gained. These exciting data should enable development of new insights towards jökulhlaup impacts and flow phenomena.  相似文献   

15.
A consideration of the dune:antidune transition in fine gravel   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Hydraulic data defining the dune:antidune transition in fine gravel are compared with potential flow theory, and information is drawn from published experiments and field‐based studies. Attention is given to both transitional bedforms and the development of downstream‐migrating antidunes. In the latter case, most data pertain to sand beds and not to gravel. Empirical data provide some weak support for the theoretical notion that the transition occurs at progressively lower Froude numbers at greater relative depths. Although a critical Froude number of 0·84 may reasonably be applied for the beginning of the dune to antidune transformation, lag effects (and a possible depth limitation) ensure that transitional bedforms may persist across a broad range of Froude numbers from 0·5 to 1·8. This latter observation has great relevance for palaeohydraulic estimates derived from outcrop data. Whereas the application of theoretical bedform existence fields, based upon potential flow theory, to fine gravel was previously purely speculative, the addition of experimental and field data to these plots provides a degree of confidence in applying stability theory to practical geological problems. For the first time, laboratory data pertaining to downstream‐migrating gravel antidunes are compared with theory. These bedforms have been reported from certain experimental near‐critical flows above sand or gravel beds, but have been observed infrequently in natural streams. However, there are no detailed studies from natural rivers and only a few contentious identifications from outcrops. Nevertheless, the limited hydraulic data conform to theoretical expectations.  相似文献   

16.
Morris  Kenyon  Limonov  Alexander 《Sedimentology》1998,45(2):365-377
Side-scan sonar, seismic and core data are used to identify mega-flutes, transverse and ‘V’ shaped bedforms in turbidites around the Valencia channel mouth, north-west Mediterranean. Long-range side-scan sonar data reveal a broad, curved, asymmetric, channel, that widens and terminates downfan. The western channel bank near the channel mouth has been partly eroded by turbidity currents that spilled out of the channel. Transverse bedforms on the east of the channel floor are interpreted as antidunes and, if this interpretation is correct, they indicate that the flow was probably supercritical at least locally within the channel. Trains of mega-flutes, are incised into coarse-grained sediments of the channel floor near the channel mouth. The association of mega-flutes and antidunes is thought to be diagnostic of channel–lobe transitions on deep-sea fans. The mega-flutes pass downfan into an area of streaks that diverge at up to 45° and indicates flow expansion from the channel mouth. About 75 km downfan from the channel mouth, deep-towed side-scan data record transverse bedforms (interpreted as antidunes) passing downfan into an area covered by ‘V’ shaped bedforms with upflow pointing apices (named chevrons here). The chevrons are commonly c. 200 m from limb to limb and c. 2 m in amplitude with flow-parallel wavelengths of c. 400 m. We propose that chevrons were formed by a strong, probably supercritical (or near critical) turbidity current spreading from the channel mouth and flowing towards the Balearic Abyssal Plain. Thinning of the turbidity current, resulting from flow spreading would allow the Froude number to remain high up to 100 km from the channel mouth and could explain the observed reduction in antidune wavelength.  相似文献   

17.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(1):96-122
This paper characterizes the detailed sedimentology of a fluvial sandbody on Mars for the first time and interprets its depositional processes and palaeoenvironmental setting. Despite numerous orbital observations of fluvial landforms on the surface of Mars, ground‐based characterization of the sedimentology of such fluvial deposits has not previously been possible. Results from the NASA Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover provide an opportunity to reconstruct at fine scale the sedimentary architecture and palaeomorphology of a fluvial environment on Mars. This work describes the grain size, texture and sedimentary facies of the Shaler outcrop, reconstructs the bedding architecture, and analyses cross‐stratification to determine palaeocurrents. On the basis of bedset geometry and inclination, grain‐size distribution and bedform migration direction, this study concludes that the Shaler outcrop probably records the accretion of a fluvial barform. The majority of the outcrop consists of large‐scale trough cross‐bedding of coarse sand and granules. Palaeocurrent analyses and bedform reconstruction indicate that the beds were deposited by bedforms that migrated towards the north‐east, across the surface of a bar that migrated south‐east. Stacked cosets of dune cross‐bedding suggest aggradation of multiple bedforms, which provides evidence for short periods of sustained flow during Shaler deposition. However, local evidence for aeolian reworking and the presence of potential desiccation cracks within the outcrop suggest that fluvial deposition may have been intermittent. The uppermost strata at Shaler are distinct in terms of texture and chemistry and are inferred to record deposition from a different sediment dispersal system with a contrasting provenance. The outcrop as a whole is a testament to the availability of liquid water on the surface of Mars in its early history.  相似文献   

18.
Sediment waves are commonly observed on the sea floor and often vary in morphology and geometry according to factors such as seabed slope, density and discharge of turbidity currents, and the presence of persistent contour currents. This paper documents the morphology, internal geometry and distribution of deep‐water (4000 to 5000 m) bedforms observed on the sea floor offshore eastern Canada using high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry data and seismic stratigraphy. The bedforms have wavelengths of >1 km but fundamentally vary in terms of morphology and internal stratigraphy, and are distinguished into three main types. The first type, characterized by their long‐wavelength crescentic shape, is interpreted as net‐erosional cyclic steps. These cyclic steps were formed by turbidity currents flowing through canyons and overtopping and breaching levées. The second type, characterized by their linear shape and presence on levées, is interpreted as net‐depositional cyclic steps. These upslope migrating bedforms are strongly aggradational, indicating high sediment deposition from turbidity currents. The third type, characterized by their obliqueness to canyons, is observed on an open slope and is interpreted as antidunes. These antidunes were formed by the deflection of the upper dilute, low‐density parts of turbidity currents by contour currents. The modelling of the behaviour of these different types of turbidity currents reveals that fast‐flowing flows form cyclic steps while their upper parts overspill and are entrained westward by contour currents. The interaction between turbidity currents and contour currents results in flow thickening and reduced sediment concentration, which leads to lower flow velocities. Lower velocities, in turn, allow the formation of antidunes instead of cyclic steps because the densiometric Froude number (Fr′) decreases. Therefore, this study shows that both net‐erosional and net‐depositional cyclic steps are distributed along channels where turbidity currents prevail whereas antidunes form on open slopes, in a mixed turbidite/contourite system. This study provides insights into the influence of turbidity currents versus contour currents on the morphology, geometry and distribution of bedforms in a mixed turbidite–contourite system.  相似文献   

19.
高流态尤其是超临界流动的水动力学机制及其床沙底形演化的研究相较于次临界流动具有一定的差距。季节性河流以高流态为主要沉积搬运过程,为超临界流的形成与保存提供了有利条件,是研究超临界流沉积的重要载体。在季节性河流沉积体系研究进展调研基础上,明确了其基本定义、判别标准及沉积特征。通过对内蒙古岱海湖北部典型季节性冲积体系——半滩子河流发育的沉积构造进行研究表明:随着低流态向高流态演化,沙丘底形(Dune)逐步向上部平坦床沙底形(Upper plane bed)过渡,形成了低角度/S型交错层理;在高流态初期,形成了上部平坦床沙成因的平行层理;随着流动强度逐渐增大,流动机制演变为超临界流,平坦床沙逐渐向逆行沙丘(Antidune)过渡,形成了与平行层理伴生的逆行沙丘交错层理;当流动强度进一步增大,携带沉积物的流体发生较强的水力跳跃,形成了流槽与冲坑(Chute-and-Pool)。半滩子河流现代沉积中发育的高流态沉积与区域内气候变化具有明确的响应关系,表明河流沉积中广泛发育的高流态沉积构造指示了强烈季节性变化的气候特征。  相似文献   

20.
Grey tuffs of late Pleistocene age form broad fans radiating from the Laacher See basin. They were derived from phreatomagmatic outbursts, and transported in turbulent pyroclastic flows, in contrast with the underlying white pumice tuffs of air fall origin. Flow origin of the grey tuffs is inferred from the well-bedded plane parallel to cross-bedded tephra characteristic of base surge deposits, and a variety of other sedimentary structures, as well as grain size distributions. We recognize a tentative sequence of five main kinds of dune structures or cross-bedded strata. With some reservations these may be compared with the high flow-regime alluvial bedforms produced experimentally in flumes. Most of the cross-bedded structures in the Laacher See deposits resemble antidunes, with steep stoss sides and very low-dipping lee sides. Upcurrent migration of antidune crests is dominant close to the source, but changes to downcurrent migration at greater distances, presumably because of decay in flow energy. The most spectacular cross-bedding is somewhat similar to chute and pool structures formed under experimental condition in alluvial flumes, but not recognized in ancient sedimentary rocks. We suggest that these structures of the Laacher See tuffs formed during deposition from phreatic pyroclastic flows of very high flow energy and high sediment concentration. The antidunes apparently formed at lesser flow velocity than chute and pool structures, although interpretation of velocity conditions by examination of the deposits is difficult because of other factors such as the cohesiveness of wet material erupted by explosive phreatic volcanic activity. The large wave lengths of the dune-like structures, however, suggest unusually high velocities. The Laacher See magmas were of phonolitic to tephritic composition, and may have erupted with greater explosive energy and in greater volume than comparable basaltic eruptions.  相似文献   

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