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1.
利用2003年8月23日-9月3日我国第二次北极科学考察队在北冰洋浮冰站探测的50次大气廓线及相关资料,对北冰洋的大气边界层垂直结构进行了研究。结果显示,观测期间北冰洋(78°N附近,143°-148°W)浮冰区白天的对流边界层高度大于夜间的稳定边界层高度。大气边界层可分为稳定型、不稳定型和多层结构等几种类型。个例分析表明来自高空较强的暖湿气流与冰面近地层冷空气强烈相互作用,会形成强风切变和逆温、逆湿过程,有时100m高度内的风切变达10m/s,逆温达8℃。此种过程会导致北冰洋高纬度地区的大块海冰破裂,形成新的无冰海域,加强了海/冰/气的相互作用。该观测事实将有助于进一步提高对北冰洋高纬度边界层特征及其影响的认识。 相似文献
2.
利用中国首次北极科学考察队观测的气象资料 ,初步分析研究了 1 999年 8月 1 9～ 2 4日北冰洋浮冰 ( 75°N,1 60°W)上的温、压、湿、风、云量、辐射、海表温度、冰面及冰中温度等气象要素变化特征 ,并结合 50 0 h Pa高度场分析了该期间的天气过程。结果表明 :在考察期间海面与冰面温度日变化差异明显。除晴天夜间出现逆温外 ,气温随高度增大而减小 ,冰面为热源 ,不断有向上的热量输送。海温则稳定少变。冰中热交换主要发生在冰下 0～ 40 cm深度。由于有海上湿平流等影响 ,存在“逆湿”现象。晴天反射率具有明显日变化 ,早晚大 ,中午小。海冰表面平均反射率约为 0 .76。辐射与云量特别是低云量的关系密切 相似文献
3.
本文用了 1 999年夏季中国首次北极科学考察队对海冰、大气和海洋进行的同步和准同步的综合立体观测所获取的资料 ,研究海冰在海 气相互作用中扮演的角色。发现海冰的种类、分布、冰厚等变化对海气热交换都有重要影响。在浮冰区海洋以潜热的形式向大气输送热量 ,潜热通量与浮冰密集度的大小密切有关 ,浮冰越少潜热通量越大 ,潜热通量约为2 1～ 2 3 .6W /m2 ,潜热通量大于感热通量 ;在冰盖和大浮冰块上 ,大气以感热的形式向冰雪面上输送热量。新生的浮冰区或冰间湖是海气热交换最激烈的地方 ,是气候最敏感的区域 ,是北冰洋蒸汽雾生成的重要条件。用层结大气整体动力学输送法 ,计算了一次大范围的蒸汽雾过程的海气热交换 ,海洋向大气输送的热量总功率约为 1 4 8亿千瓦 ,相当于中国发电能力的 69倍 ,相当于大西洋向北冰洋输送热量平均功率的 1 / 2 0。北冰洋的夏季能够形成各种类型的海雾 :辐射雾、蒸汽雾和平流雾 ,其重要原因就是因为海冰的存在 ,使下垫面的性质复杂化 ,海气交换复杂化。 相似文献
4.
应用西北干旱区沙尘暴源地甘肃省民勤县1971-2008年共1 811个大风/沙尘暴个例的逐日08：00和20：00高空资料、降水、日最高气温以及沙尘暴实时资料,详细探讨了不同月份和季节干湿变化、沙尘暴强度、沙尘暴出现时间和持续时间的大气边界层垂直结构变化特征。结果表明：（1）沙尘暴发生时4-5月最大混合层较厚,在2 500 m以上;而强沙尘暴发生时6-7月较厚,7月最厚为2 530 m。3-8月沙尘暴发生时最大混合层厚度低于大风发生时的200～400 m;4-5月下午沙尘暴发生时最大混合层较深厚,在2 700 m左右。沙尘暴持续时间与最大混合层厚度成反比。（2）沙尘暴发生时扰动和锋面逆温频次多而强,扰动逆温明显较强,达2.5 ℃/100m,锋面逆温高度在700～1 000 m,扰动逆温高度在150～400 m之间;而大风发生时辐射和锋面辐射逆温频次多而强,强沙尘暴发生时锋面逆温明显较强,这说明沙尘暴多由风场的剧烈扰动和锋面过境引起。（3）白天800 hPa以上有干气层存在,夜间干暖和逆湿现象显著。近地层越干冷、西北风越强,强沙尘暴持续时间越长。 相似文献
5.
最近研究证明 ,近半个世纪来 ,北极地区正在发生迅速变化。部分地区温度上升了 2- 3°C ,北冰洋海冰退缩 5 %,中心地区海冰厚度变薄 ,海面压力降低 ,中上层水淡化和变暖 ,吸收CO2 能力增加 ,臭氧耗损和紫外线辐射增强。中国于 1 999年开展了“中国首次北极科学考察” ,在楚科奇海、加拿大海盆、白令海以及临近海域开展了海冰气相互作用的多学科综合考察 ,对北极的区域特征及其在全球变化中的作用研究获得一些新的认识。观测到加拿大海盆中层水持续增暖的现象 ,揭示了西北冰洋与白令海水体交换的途径和次表层暖水结构 ,发现了加拿大海盆是北冰洋河水的主要储存区。利用联合冰站观测数据 ,模拟了北冰洋夏季大气边界层结构和下垫面能量平衡的变化特征 ,定量给出了北冰洋夏季海 /气和冰 /气之间湍流通量和边界层参数的差异。海 /气CO2 的通量观测表明 ,考察区的大部分海域均为大气CO2 汇区 ;西北冰洋海冰区具有较高的生物泵运转效率 ,楚科奇海陆架是一个高效的有机碳“汇”区 ,寒冷水体中微生物活动并未受到明显抑制。沉积物的地球化学过程研究表明 ,海底表层沉积物中碘含量存在着由低纬度到高纬度增加趋势 ,北极地区可能是碘的汇区 ,碘可作为极区古海洋中的地球化学元素变化的重要指标。楚科奇海、白令海 相似文献
6.
Using the boundary layer observation data collected by "Arctic Upper Air Observation 1999" in Chinese Arctic Research Expedition 1999, a strong temperature inversion in summer is studied. It shows that the intensity (6.3℃/(100 m)) is much stronger than the climatology average value in summer and winter. The temperature inversion took on a remarkable diurnal variation. The intensity of inversion gradually weakened from night to daytime. 相似文献
7.
民勤大气边界层特征与沙尘天气的气候学关系研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了更好地理解西北干旱区大气混合层(ML)厚度的变化特征及其对当地沙尘气候形成的影响, 利用民勤2006—2008年3—6月逐日08时和20时探空资料、降水和日最高气温,计算和分析了最大混合层厚度、逆温层特征和垂直风场及其对沙尘气候形成的影响。结果表明,民勤沙尘天气的大气边界层有显著的昼夜变化,白天厚、逆温强而多;沙尘天气的最大混合层厚度在2 600 m左右,介于无降水与有降水天气之间;扬沙主要由锋面中的冷空气引起,而沙尘暴主要由低层风场的剧烈扰动和500 m以上高层冷锋入侵引起。沙尘暴发生前近地面风场有明显的扰动,沙尘暴发生时在500 hPa以下有显著的冷空气活动,白天较强。能见度小于100 m的强沙尘暴夜间风速大,冷空气较强。 相似文献
8.
Recently observed changes in the Arctic have highlighted the need for a better understanding of Arctic dynamics. This research addresses that need and is also motivated by the recent finding of two regimes of Arctic ice - ocean wind-driven circulation. In this paper, we demonstrate that during 1946-1997 the Arctic environmental parameters have oscillated with a period of 10-15 years. Our results reveal significant differences among atmosphere, ice, and ocean processes during the anticyclonic and cyclonic regimes in the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas. The oscillating behaviour of the Arctic Ocean we call the Arctic Ocean Oscillation (AOO). Based on existing data and results of numerical experiments, we conclude that during the anticyclonic circulation regime the prevailing processes lead to increases in atmospheric pressure, in ice concentration and ice thickness, river runoff, and surface water salinity - as well as to decreases in air temperature, wind speed, number of storms, precipitation, permafrost temperatures, coastal sea level, and surface water temperature. During the cyclonic circulation regime the prevailing processes lead to increased air and water temperatures, wind speed, number of storms,open water periods, and to decreases in ice thickness and ice concentration, river runoff, atmospheric pressure, and water salinity. The two-climate regime theory may help answer questions related to observed decadal variability of the Arctic Ocean and to reconcile the different conclusions among scientists who have analysed Arctic data obtained during different climate states. 相似文献
9.
沙漠地区春季近地层气象要素分布规律的观测研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
利用2005年1月至2006年4月朱日和地区20 m气象塔的风向、风速、气温、相对湿度的观测资料,分析沙漠地区春季近地层气象要素的分布规律。结果表明: 春季温度回升,风速最大,相对湿度最小,利于起沙,故沙尘天气频繁。风速满足幂指数率分布规律,并且幂指数m能够很好的反映出风速梯度的变化情况;在沙尘暴、扬沙、背景、浮尘的天气条件下,春季近地面层风速梯度依次增大,湍流动量、热量交换系数依次减小;风向以西南为主。浮尘、扬沙天气各气层平均增温率分别大于或小于同时段的背景大气;沙尘暴期间温度下降,平均降温率为0.61 ℃\5h-1。春季相对湿度的平均递减率(递增率)与平均增温率(降温率)的大小正相关。浮尘天气相对湿度的平均递减率大于同时段的背景大气;扬沙天气相对湿度的平均递减率小于同时段的背景大气;沙尘暴天气相对湿度增大,平均增大率为2.80%\5h-1。 相似文献
10.
利用“沙尘气溶胶辐射模型及气候环境生态效应研究”项目加强观测期在二连浩特气象站进行的温、风、湿探空观测资料及架设在朱日和气象站的气象激光雷达资料,采用综合评定法分析了内蒙古半干旱荒漠草原地区大气边界层的厚度、结构特征和变化规律,同时利用气象激光雷达回波资料及气溶胶消光系数在垂直高度上的分布特征,确定了朱日和地区边界层的高度及日变化特征。结果显示,用探空资料综合评定得到的二连浩特地区大气边界层总体厚度偏大,边界层最大厚度达到2 300 m,稳定边界层高度在300 m左右;1 000 m附近为风向的转变高度,其下全为偏东风,其上全为偏西风,边界层风速切变较大;午后到夜间,近地层有东风急流出现,急流最强可达12 m·s-1,急流高度在300 m;在600 m高度附近出现逆湿,低层逆湿现象夜间比白天显著。气象激光雷达资料显示,朱日和地区春季晴日混合层最大厚度可达2 400 m,出现在16:00左右。 相似文献
11.
以中国风沙高发区河西走廊为研究对象，应用河西走廊敦煌、酒泉、张掖和民勤4站2006—2017年逐日19：00每50 m加密高空资料和07：00规定层、特性层高空资料，分别采用平滑位温法、T-LnP法，统计分析了该区边界层高度的变化特征及其影响因子、边界层高度与风沙强度的关系，得出边界层高度与风沙强度成正比。进一步从地面风速、相对湿度、地气温差日变化得到春季午后风沙天气多发和强发的主要成因，得到了沙尘暴不同环流形势下的边界层高度持征，以及高空风速≥15 m·s-1的最低高度与风沙强度的关系，从而为风沙天气预报提供技术帮助。结果表明：河西走廊年均边界层高度1 700~2 200 m，4—6月较高，在3 000 m以上，敦煌4—5月在3 500 m以上。边界层高度与最高气温、最低气温和0 cm最高地温较密切，与最高气温、极大风速成正比。边界层高度随着风沙强度的增强而增高，4月强沙尘暴和大风的边界层高度均大于3 100 m。春季风速随着风沙强度的增强而增大，最大风速集中时间在12：00—18：00，春季13：00—14：00风速最大、相对湿度最小、地气温差最大，因而也是风沙天气出现最多和强度最强的时段。沙尘暴持续时间越短，边界层越高，4—6月下午的沙尘暴较高，为2 800~3 100 m。沙尘暴不同环流形势的边界层高度中西风槽型整体较低；平直西风型4、6月和8月较高，均达3 100 m以上，8月为3 580 m；而西北气流型高于西风槽型，5—6月大于3 200 m。不同风沙强度高空风速≥15 m·s-1的最低高度，冬春季较低，夏秋季高；浮尘较高为4 884 m，大风伴沙尘最低为2 471 m，大风沙尘暴07：00较19：00高600 m左右，明显较边界层高1 000~2 000 m。 相似文献
12.
Estimates of near surface layer parameters over 78°N drifting ice in ice camp over the Arctic ocean are made using bulk transfer methods with the data from the experiments operated by the Chinese Arctic Scientific Expedition in August 22-September 3,2003.The results show that the net radiation received by the snow surface is only 3.6 W/m2,among which the main part transported into atmosphere in term of sensible heat and latent heat,which account for 52% and 31% respectively,and less part being transported to deep ice in the conductive process.The bulk transfer coefficient of momentum is about 1.16×10-3 in the near neutral layer,which is a little smaller than that obtained over 75°N drifting ice.However,to compare with the results observed over 75°N drifting ice over the Arctic Ocean in 1999,it can be found that the thermodynamic and momentum of interactions between sea and air are significant different with latitudes,concentration and the scale of sea ice.It is very important on considering the effect of sea-air-ice interaction over the Arctic Ocean when studying climate modeling. 相似文献
13.
利用2003年8月22日-9月3日中国北极科学考察队在北冰洋78°N浮冰站获得的近地层观测资料,采用整体输送法对北冰洋浮冰近地层特征参数进行了分析研究。结果表明,在考察期间,雪面吸收的净辐射仅为3.6 W/m2,其中以感热和潜热向大气输送的能量分别占52%和31%,向海冰深层传导的热量很少;近中性层结条件下的平均拖曳系数Cdn为1.16×10-3,略小于75°N北冰洋浮冰上近中性层结的Cdn。与1999年75°N附近冰站观测结果的对比表明,当海冰密度及冰站所在浮冰的尺度不同时,海冰与大气相互作用的热力学和动力学过程的差异显著,在研究北冰洋地区海/冰/气相互作用对气候过程影响时,应考虑这一问题。 相似文献
14.
Synchronous or quasi-synchronous stereoscopic sea-ice-air comprehensive observation was conducted during the First China Arctic Expedition in summer of 1999. Based on these data, the role of sea ice in sea-air exchange was studied. The study shows that the kinds, distribution and thickness of sea ice and their variation significantly influence the air-sea heat exchange. In floating ice area, the heat momentum transferred from ocean to atmosphere is in form of latent heat; latent heat flux is closely related to floating ice concentration; if floating ice is less, the heat flux would be larger. Latent heat flux is about 21 23 6 W·m -2, which is greater than sensible heat flux. On ice field or giant floating ice, heat momentum transferred from atmosphere to sea ice or snow surface is in form of sensible heat. In the floating ice area or polynya, sea-air exchange is the most active, and also the most sensible for climate. Also this area is the most important condition for the creation of Arctic vapor fog. The heat exchange of a large-scale vapor fog process of about 500000 km 2 on Aug. 21 22,1999 was calculated; the heat momentum transferred from ocean to air was about 14 8×10 9 kW. There are various kinds of sea fog, radiation fog, vapor fog and advection fog, forming in the Arctic Ocean in summer. One important cause is the existence of sea ice and its resultant complexity of both underlying surface and sea-air exchange. 相似文献
15.
2010年4月24日民勤出现黑风天气,给当地经济和社会造成严重影响。利用民勤黑风发生前后2010年4月24日08时~25日08时的探空观测资料,对大气不稳定能量、热力参数“V—3θ”和动力参数“相对风暴水平螺旋度”进行了计算分析。结果表明：黑风发生时,民勤近地面存在正不稳定能量,促使黑风在近地面层爆发性发展,使沙尘粒子在正不稳定能量区聚积,形成黑风墙。民勤黑风爆发前和爆发时大气温湿结构呈现出上湿下干的分布特征,低层湿度较小不利于降水产生,为沙尘扬起提供了较好的垂直方向的环境场条件;黑风爆发前大气层结500 hPa以下风场的垂直分布形成顺时针滚流,为对流性不稳定层结,气层有利于黑风生成和发展;黑风过境后,风场的垂直分布顺时针滚流下降至700 hPa以下,说明大气层结的对流不稳定层结变薄、减弱,700～500 hPa存在逆时针滚流,抑制上升运动,预示黑风将减弱。黑风爆发期间在河西走廊中部存在一个相对风暴水平螺旋度负值中心,中心值达到-870 m2 /s2,远小于强沙尘暴发生的临界值-600 m2 /s2,沙尘暴的强度与相对风暴水平螺旋度负值中心存在很好的对应关系。当民勤测站的相对风暴水平螺旋度＜0,其上游存在≤-600 m2 /s2的最小中心时,民勤测站将出现强沙尘暴;当民勤测站的螺旋度＜0,其上游存在正值中心时,下游存在负值中心时,民勤测站的沙尘暴结束,能见度好转。 相似文献
16.
The winter land breeze (WLB) was studied in an area with complex topography on the Swedish West Coast (58°N). Methods used were mapping directions of smoke plumes, temperature soundings by tethered balloon and helicopter, three years of monitoring temperature and wind at three levels on a suspension bridge and on a mast, and meteorological observations from three stations located at different distances from the coast. To initiate the development of the WLB, the necessary temperature difference between sea and land was 5°C, but the magnitude of the difference appeared to have little influence. The direction of the typical WLB was at an oblique angle to the coast. The WLB started with a sudden wind shift as a result of frictional decoupling from the prevailing synoptic wind caused by increased stability. The flow, with a depth of about 100 m, developed within the nocturnal inversion at the level of the plateau-shaped mountains and overrode the cold air in the valleys and followed the uplifted inversion over the city of Göteborg. The different layers in the inversion were tilted toward the sea with an inclination similar to the slope of the terrain. In a layer above the WLB but also within the inversion, there was an onshore wind that might be the return flow to the WLB. [Key words: winter land breeze (WLB), decoupling, overriding, urban heat island circulation (UHIC), high latitude, Sweden.] 相似文献
17.
Simulation of currents, ice melting, and vertical mixing in the Barents Sea using a 3-D baroclinic model 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A baroclinic. 3-D model is described. It is adapted to the Barents Sea and includes thermodynamics and atmospheric input. The freezing and melting of ice is allowed for in the model. The main task of the study is to look at the development of the ice cover, the vertical mixing, and the vertical and horizontal density gradients.
Despite simple approximations in the air temperature input, realistic ice-cover is produced in the model area during simulation of a "freezing period" (winter). This intermediate result is briefly discussed and also forms the start of a "melting period" simulation (spring/summer). Atmospheric input data (wind, air pressure, and heat flux) from the spring and summer 1983 is used, and details about vertical mixing, temperature, and salinity are discussed. The simulation results demonstrate the temporal variation of the thermocline depth, the variation of the ice cover, and the horizontal changes of density. The conclusion is that despite often simplified input, the model seems to produce a physical picture characteristic of the Barents Sea. 相似文献
Despite simple approximations in the air temperature input, realistic ice-cover is produced in the model area during simulation of a "freezing period" (winter). This intermediate result is briefly discussed and also forms the start of a "melting period" simulation (spring/summer). Atmospheric input data (wind, air pressure, and heat flux) from the spring and summer 1983 is used, and details about vertical mixing, temperature, and salinity are discussed. The simulation results demonstrate the temporal variation of the thermocline depth, the variation of the ice cover, and the horizontal changes of density. The conclusion is that despite often simplified input, the model seems to produce a physical picture characteristic of the Barents Sea. 相似文献
18.
京津冀地区低空环境复杂多变,低空飞行安全受到雷暴、风切变、能见度、温度和湿度等气象因子的影响,准确地模拟和预报无人机低空航路上的气象要素是一个难题。基于中尺度天气预报模式(WRF)及其先进的三维变分同化系统(3D-Var),论文以2016年华北“7·20”特大暴雨作为研究案例,对京津冀地区无人机低空航路上的温度场、湿度场和风场进行资料同化与数值模拟,对比地面观测资料和数值模拟结果,分析其结构及特征,以期为京津冀地区无人机航路飞行安全保障提供参考。结果表明：WRF模式能够较好地模拟出该地区近地面温度、湿度和风速的日变化趋势。平原站点(天津和密云)模拟值与观测值的均方根误差(RMSE)和偏差(Bias)较小,风速在山区的模拟值偏大,平原地区的模拟效果优于北部和西部山区。强降水发生时,平原地区和山区的温度相差15 ℃左右,相对湿度达95%以上,边界层高度低于500 m,强烈的温差、较高的湿度和较低的边界层都会影响无人机的飞行安全。900 hPa高空,沿117°E经线在河北省廊坊—衡水一线出现超过10 m·s-1的风速值,形成强劲的东北风,区域北部(39°N~40.5°N)出现了明显的上升气流,1000 m高度处垂直风速也超过2 m·s-1。强烈的上升气流极不利于无人机的飞行,会对无人机飞行姿态和飞行高度产生重大影响,造成安全隐患。 相似文献
19.
Dynamics of plankton growth in the Barents Sea: model studies 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1-D and 3-D models of plankton production in the Barents Sea are described and a few simulations presented. The 1-D model has two compartments for phytoplankton (diatoms and P. pouchelii) , three for limiting nutrients (nitrate, ammonia and silicic acid), and one compartment called "sinking phytoplankton". This model is coupled to a submodel of the important herbivores in the area and calculates the vertical distribution in a water column. Simulations with the 3-D model indicate a total annual primary production of 90-120g C m−2 yr−1 in Atlantic Water and 20-50g C m−2 yr−1 in Arctic Water, depending on the persistence of the ice cover during the summer.
The 3-D model takes current velocities, vertical mixing, ice cover, and temperature from a 3-D hydrodynamical model. Input data are atmospheric wind, solar radiation, and sensible as well as latent heat flux for the year 1983. The model produces a dynamic picture of the spatial distribution of phytoplankton throughout the spring and summer. Integrated primary production from March to July indicates that the most productive area is Spitsbcrgenbanken and the western entrance to the Barents Sea. i.e. on the northern slope of Tromsøflaket. 相似文献
The 3-D model takes current velocities, vertical mixing, ice cover, and temperature from a 3-D hydrodynamical model. Input data are atmospheric wind, solar radiation, and sensible as well as latent heat flux for the year 1983. The model produces a dynamic picture of the spatial distribution of phytoplankton throughout the spring and summer. Integrated primary production from March to July indicates that the most productive area is Spitsbcrgenbanken and the western entrance to the Barents Sea. i.e. on the northern slope of Tromsøflaket. 相似文献
20.
巴丹吉林沙漠夏季大气边界层结构 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用国家自然科学基金项目“巴丹吉林沙漠陆-气相互作用观测试验和研究”于2009年7—9月在巴丹吉林沙漠取得的系留气球、GPS探空等加强观测资料,分析了沙漠夏季大气边界层位温、比湿及风等的日变化特征。研究表明：（1）巴丹吉林沙漠近地面气温日较差较大,比湿的变化与气温相反,白天风速变化大。（2）昼（夜）不平衡能量差额Rd>0（Rd<0）,莫宁-奥布霍夫长度L<0（L>0）,大气层结趋于不稳定（稳定）;白天大部分净辐射能量转换为感热通量,为深厚大气边界层的发展提供热力条件。（3）午前稳定边界层经历了从重建到消退的过程,其上残留层较厚;午后混合层打通残留层发展迅速,近地面层出现明显的超绝热递减层;夜间稳定边界层迅速发展,最大厚度达900 m;（4）从整个边界层来看,午前出现的5层结构在午后变为3层,稳定边界层消失,混合层迅速发展,厚度达到3 000 m。夹卷层厚度最大值为1 500 m,近地面的超绝热层最大达200 m。 相似文献