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1.
Speleogenetic history of the Hungarian hydrothermal karst 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Y. V. Dublyansky 《Environmental Geology》1995,25(1):24-35
The hydrothermal karst of Hungary displays at least two principal stages of development in two differing environments. Caves of an early stage were formed within a deep zone of low thermal gradient. These caves (vugs) are small (tens of centimeters) and lined with scalenohedral crystals of calcite that are often in association with barite. Calcite yields fluid inclusion temperatures of 55–95°C and is depleted in18O (–11.2 to –17.6 per mil PDB). The caves were formed by ascending thermal waters charged with CO2. Solubility of CaCO3 in such a system gradually increases with the ascent of the fluid (solutional zone) but drops sharply at a depth of –250 m to –500 m below the water surface (depositional zone). Caves formed in the solutional zone may be shifted into the depositional zone due to tectonic uplift, and calcite lines their walls. Large caves (tens to thousands of cubic meters) of a late stage were formed within a shallow zone of high thermal gradient immediately below and above the thermal water table. The calcite of the phreatic crusts has a rhombohedral habit, displays lower fluid inclusion temperatures (35–55°C and less), and a depletion in18O of –9.5 to –14.6 per mil PDB. Several powerful cave-forming processes may operate there including convection, mixing/cooling corrosion, and condensation corrosion. Due to differences in the rate of tectonic uplift, rate of hydrothermal system decay, and hydrogeologic pattern, these caves were either filled with water for a long period of time (phreatic calcite crusts are formed) or partly dewatered early in their history (waterline and subaerial speleothems are formed). The zones of thermal cave formation recognized in Hungary may have a universal character. Very similar features are found in other hydrothermal karst areas of the world (Kirghizia, Algeria, South Dakota). 相似文献
2.
Adrian Immenhauser 《Geology Today》2009,25(1):29-33
Two main types of karst formation are commonly known: the surficial meteoric one and the subsurface (hypogenic) karst, related to both carbonic (H2 CO3 ) and sulphuric (H2 S) acids. Nevertheless, a third, less well studied type exists that is referred to here as CO2 -regime related karst. This article describes Pleistocene phreatic cave spar from the diapiric Jabal Madar dome in Northern Oman. These caverns and their precipitates probably represent examples of CO2 -related karsting and subsequent calcite precipitation. Phreatic calcites form at the interface between two fundamentally different diagenetic and hydrogeological domains: the deep-seated, hydrothermal and the near-surficial, meteoric–vadose one. Changes in the ratio between hydrothermal upwelling and meteoric influx are recorded in the geochemistry and mineralogy of these calcites making them uncommon archives of two contrasting realms. 相似文献
3.
The Wilde Kirche reef complex (Early-Late Rhaetian) grew as an isolated carbonate structure within the shallow Kössen Basin. At the Triassic/Jurassic boundary a single brief (c. 10–50 ka) period of subaerial exposure occurred. The preserved karst profile (70 m thick) displays a vadose zone, enhanced dissolution at a possible palaeo-watertable (5–15 m below the exposure surface), and a freshwater phreatic zone. Karst porosity was predominantly biomouldic. Primary cavities and biomoulds were enlarged and interconnected in the freshwater phreatic zone; cavity networks developed preferentially in patch reef facies. Resubmergence of the reef complex allowed minor modification of the palaeokarst surface by sea floor dissolution and Fe-Mn crust deposition on a sediment-starved passive margin. Fibrous calcite (FC). radiaxial fibrous calcite (RFC) and fascicular optic calcite (FOC) cements preserved as low Mg calcite (LMC) are abundant in primary and karst dissolution cavities. FC cement is restricted to primary porosity, particularly as a synsedimentary cement at the windward reef margin. FC, RFC and FOC contain microdolomite inclusions and show patchy non-/bright cathodoluminescence. δ18O values of non-luminescent portions (interpreted as near original) are − 1.16 to − 1.82%0 (close to the inferred δ18O of calcite precipitated from Late Triassic sea water). δ13C values are constant (+3 to + 2.2%0). These observations suggest FC, RFC and FOC were originally marine high Mg calcite (HMC) precipitates, and that the bulk of porosity occlusion occurred not in the karst environment but in the marine environment during and after marine transgression. The HMC to LMC transition may have occurred in contact with meteoric water only in the case of FC cement. The most altered (brightly luminescent) portions of RFC/FOC cements yield δ18O=−2.44 to − 5.8%0, suggesting HMC to LMC alteration at up to 34°C. in the shallow burial environment at depths of 180–250 m. Abundant equant cements with δ18O =−4·1 to −7.1%0 show crisp, uniform or zoned dull luminescence. They are interpreted as unaltered cements precipitated at 33–36°C at 200–290 m burial depth, from marine-derived fluids under a slightly enhanced geothermal gradient. Fluids carrying the equant cements may have induced the HMC to LMC transition in the fibrous cements. 相似文献
4.
Platform carbonates of the Upper Triassic Dachstein Limestone in Naszály Hill have been karstified extensively over the past 200 million years. They provide an excellent example of polyphase karstic diagenesis that is probably typical of many subaerially exposed carbonate sequences. Seven karstic phases are recognized in the area, each of which include polyphase karstic events. The first karst phase was associated with the Löfer cycles. Meteoric waters caused dissolution; enlarged fractures and cavities, were filled by marine and/or vadose silts and cement. The second karst phase was caused by local tectonic movements. Bedding-plane-controlled phreatic caves were formed, and filled by silts. The third karst phase lasted from the end of the Triassic to the Eocene. This was a regional, multiphase karstic event related to younger composite unconformities. Bauxitic fill is the most characteristic product of this phase. The karst terrain reached its mature or senile stage with very little porosity. Narrow veins and floating rafts of white calcite marks karst phase 4, which resulted from hydrothermal activity associated with Palaeogene magmatism. The early Rupelian phase of Alpine uplift caused large-scale rejuvenation of the former karst terrain (karst phase 5). Subsequently Naszály Hill was buried as an area of juvenile karst with significant porosity. A second period of hydrothermal activity in the area (karst phase 6) was induced by Miocene volcanism, which resulted in wide, pale green calcite veins. Finally karst phase 7 was of tectonic origin. Following the most recent, Miocene uplift of the Naszály Hill, the carbonates have again become the site of vadose karst development. 相似文献
5.
Recent caliche, including nodules, pisolites, crusts, internal sediment, speleothem deposits, and spherulites, has formed within the dolomitic Cretaceous Edwards Formation of central Texas. As weathering altered the host strata, rhombic crystals of calcite were precipitated concomitantly with dissolution of the dolomite, thereby forming nodules. The highly altered dolomite (i.e. pulverulite) was then removed and spar, internal sediment, and travertine accumulated in the internodular voids. Nodular masses of calcite and dolomite are the most prominent constituent of the caliche. Some of the nodules have a well developed concentric structure as well as other characteristics similar to hypersaline pisolites. Features which appear to be useful in distinguishing caliche from hypersaline pisolites are: regional geological setting, association with other caliche and palaeosoil deposits, types of fossils present, and the presence of rhombic calcite and/or bladed sparry calcite with triangular shaped cross-section. A brick-like calcite texture and relict aragonite rays characterize hypersaline pisolites. Incipient neomorphism of the nodules and pisolites has resulted in the development of a radial pattern of spar within these structures. Geopetal deposits of internal sediment, including terra rossa soil, inhibited spar growth in the upward direction; consequently, spar is much better developed on the undersides of pisolites. Crusts and travertine flowstone (speleothem) deposits are intimately associated with the nodular masses and internal sediment. The brecciated thin crusts and travertine flowstone are end products of the same processes. The crusts formed during times of periodic desiccation of the growing surface while the flowstone formed when water was relatively abundant. Spherulitic bodies within the caliche, commonly 1–2 mm in diameter, display a radial texture and yet are composed of single crystals of calcite. The structures are the product of neomorphosed Microcodium or Microcodium-like globular bodies. 相似文献
6.
RUDY SWENNEN JULIE DEWIT ELS FIERENS PHILIPPE MUCHEZ MUMTAZ SHAH FADI NADER DAVID HUNT 《Sedimentology》2012,59(4):1345-1374
The Pozalagua Quarry in the Basque–Cantabrian Basin of northern Spain exposes a unique set of fault‐associated dolomites that can be studied on a decametre scale. The dolomites developed along the Pozalagua Fault system in slope‐deposited limestones of Albian age. Following marine phreatic diagenesis, the limestones were subject to meteoric karst formation. The resulting cavities were filled either by angular limestone fragments in a black clay‐rich matrix, or by cave floor/pond (now dolomitized) sediments. The subsequent diagenetic history reflects repeated periods of fracturing, fluid expulsion, dissolution and cementation. Contrasting fluid pulses resulted in the formation of a network of hydrothermal karst and the subsequent development of coarse‐crystalline calcite cement, zebra dolomite, recrystallized coarse‐crystalline dolomite, elongated blue–grey coarse‐crystalline dolomite cement in the open fault and, finally, coarse‐crystalline saddle dolomite. Decimetre‐size reworked host‐rock fragments present in the latter two dolomite phases probably reflect roof collapse fragments of a cave system that developed along the Pozalagua Fault system. However, there are also metre‐scale host‐rock fragments that apparently ‘float’ in the coarse‐crystalline saddle dolomites, implying that either fragment assimilation was a widespread process or violent expulsion of fluids occurred along the Pozalagua Fault system. The presence of pre‐dolomite and post‐dolomite stylolites, parallel to bedding, supports a linkage between the diagenetic events and the Late Albian tectonism that affected the region. 相似文献
7.
T. Clemens D. Hückinghaus R. Liedl M. Sauter 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1999,88(1):157-162
The evolution of a karst aquifer is modelled taking into account the karst groundwater flow as well as the dissolution kinetics
of calcite. In particular, infiltration of water from the epikarst is simulated which controls the temporal and spatial distribution
of recharge to the phreatic zone. The results show that the evolution of karst conduits is initiated in the spring. The existence
of preferential flow paths leads to the evolution of highly conductive so-called dendritic cave systems, i.e., single passages
which concentrate the flow and drain the catchment. With time, the amount of undersaturated water flowing directly into the
conduit system is increased leading to an acceleration of the conduits enlargement. Three phases are identified for the evolution
of karst aquifers: (a) an initiation stage; (b) an enlargement stage; and (c) a stagnation phase.
Received: 4 August 1997 / Accepted: 19 January 1998 相似文献
8.
轮南地区是塔里木盆地重点产油气地区之一,对其下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层性能及分布的研究具有重要的实际意义。通过对研究区岩溶、裂缝发育、沉积和洞穴充填物分析研究,认为具渗透可溶性碳酸盐岩及温暖潮湿、多大气降水是岩溶储层形成的必要条件,构造裂缝的发育为岩溶储层发育创造了有利条件。根据裂缝性质及充填程度,本区裂缝可分为方解石完全充填张裂缝、方解石半充填张裂缝、泥质充填扭压性裂缝、未充填微细裂缝和缝合线5种,其中方解石半充填裂缝和缝合线对储层岩溶发育起重要作用。本区岩溶具明显的垂直分带性,可分为垂直渗流岩溶带、水平潜流岩溶带和过渡带,其中垂直渗流带底部及水平潜流岩溶带上部储集物性最佳。轮南地区发育的两期岩溶与石炭纪两次较大的海侵时间相一致。作者还研究了充填物的沉积特征,探讨了储层的演化模式。 相似文献
9.
湘西花垣李梅铅锌矿区古热液卡斯特特征及其成因研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
发育于湘西花垣县李梅铅锌矿区内下寒武统清虚洞组藻灰岩中的一套角砾岩,具古卡斯特特征。溶蚀洞穴、溶蚀崩解、溶蚀变形构造以及特殊的洞穴充填角砾和洞穴矿物可作为鉴别和区分不同于一般沉积角砾岩的主要特征。X衍射、包体测温、包体成分及氢氧同位素组合分析表明:本区古卡斯特为一种低温(150℃±)、高盐度(14.89～39.24％)、弱酸性(pH=5.75.t=150℃)至弱碱性(pH=6.88、t=150℃)、还原型(Eh:-0.7721～-0.8699)的CaCl型深层热卤水的溶蚀作用所造成。 相似文献
10.
冰洲石系透明如水的方解石,CaCO_3含量达99.95％,县高折射率,用于制作各种偏光仪器,是现代高科技工业的重要矿物原料。我省碳酸盐岩分布地区赋存岩溶型、脉型、裂隙破碎带型冰洲石矿床。在古岩溶与节理裂隙相结合地段及方解石脉膨胀部位于成矿有利,光学材料晶体获得率较高。冰洲石的精选是以台灯聚光,在暗室里重点鉴定节瘤、管道、包体、剔出缺陷部分,获取商品晶体。四川地区现已发现有待勘查开发的冰洲石矿点30余处,建议加强地质勘查工作,对冰洲石资源进行保护性开采。 相似文献
11.
Several drill cores were obtained from a laminated, actively forming flowstone from a shallow cave in Austria. Highly resolved petrographic and geochemical analyses combined with multi‐annual cave monitoring reveal a distinct sensitivity of flowstone growth and composition to late Holocene meteoric precipitation. The regular sub‐millimetre‐scale lamination consists of thicker, translucent laminae and thinner (organic) inclusion‐rich laminae. There is also a macroscopic millimetre‐scale banding of darker and lighter bands comprising several laminae. Stable isotope analyses of drill cores and modern calcite precipitates show a pronounced positive covariation of δ13C and δ18O values indicative of kinetic isotope effects. Comparing the isotope values with petrography shows gradual changes across several of the annual laminae, i.e. changes of several per mille on a multi‐annual to decadal timescale. The stable isotope and trace‐element composition, as well as the flowstone petrography, are mainly controlled by the variable drip‐water discharge controlling the water‐film thickness and water residence time on the flowstone surface and consequently the intensity of CO2‐degassing, kinetic isotope enrichment and concomitant calcite precipitation. Drill core PFU6 provides an isotope record of the last ca. 3000 years at near‐annual resolution. A distinct phase of low C and O isotope values – interpreted as increased discharge and hence higher meteoric precipitation – occurred from ca. 300 to 140 a b2k (second half of the Little Ice Age) and another wet interval occurred around 700 a, corresponding to reported Medieval glacier advances. The Roman Warm Period was also dominated by relatively wet conditions, although significant decadal variability prevailed. Increased precipitation further characterized the intervals from ca. 2480 to 2430 and 2950 to 2770 a. Dry conditions persisted during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, although this trend towards reduced precipitation started earlier. The highest C isotope values of the last 2 ka are recorded around 750 a and another dry phase is centred at 1480 a. This new record shows that inter‐annual to decadal oscillations are a dominant mode of variation during the last 3 ka in the Alps. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
喀斯特洞穴旅游研究综述 总被引：11，自引：9，他引：2
自20世纪80年代以来,国内外对喀斯特洞穴的研究主要集中在洞穴景观形成机理、洞穴景观旅游价值评价、旅游洞穴类型划分、旅游活动对喀斯特洞穴环境影响、喀斯特洞穴景观保护等方面,并主要取得了几个重要认识: ( 1)喀斯特洞穴的发育以溶蚀作用为基础,但也存在着机械侵蚀、生物侵蚀、空气与气蚀以及各种沉积作用。( 2)按照洞穴成因,洞穴可分为渗流带洞穴、地下水位洞穴、潜流带洞穴和深潜流带洞穴,以及一些特殊成因的洞穴。( 3)对喀斯特洞穴旅游价值的评价可采用定性与定量相结合的方法进行,定性评价考虑的主要因素有区位、知名度、规模、景观的丰度、价值和功能、容量等; 定量评价则多采用层次分析法和模糊数学模型。( 4)旅游活动对洞内环境有很大的影响,洞穴温度、CO2 含量与客流量呈正相关关系; 灯光植物滋生主要源自洞穴灯光照明、游客带进的孢子及细菌。( 5)实行游客分批进入制,将有利于保护洞穴环境和保育洞穴景观。( 6)实行区域旅游组合开发、增加喀斯特洞穴型旅游目的地的旅游产品、加大景区保护力度与市场营销力度、加强从业人员培训等,可延长喀斯特洞穴旅游地的生命周期。已有研究大多从地学和旅游学的角度入手,且偏重于开发和评价方面。今后,应加强现代技术在洞穴旅游开发中的应用、洞穴旅游的管理、洞穴医疗旅游、洞穴旅游环境容量量测、洞穴旅游形象塑造和洞穴旅游开发时序等方面的研究。 相似文献
13.
方解石充填物对于深层古岩溶洞穴保存的独特意义--以塔河地区奥陶系为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶洞穴埋藏深度之大在世界范围内罕见,但对其为何没有垮塌殆尽的原因却知之甚少。为了探究其保存机制,对比了Fort Worth盆地奥陶系深埋洞穴,发现大量缝、洞充填方解石是塔河地区洞穴中常见且特有的充填物。在统计和综合分析缝洞方解石充填物地球化学数据的基础上,以洞穴充填方解石成因类型为切入点,详细分析了构造运动背景、热液活动、油气充注、方解石的产状以及洞穴受力情况,通过与Fort Worth盆地深埋洞穴埋藏史的对比和分析,提出塔河地区深埋岩溶洞穴的一种保存机制。研究区岩溶洞穴方解石主要是长期浅埋阶段,以大气淡水成因为主,海水成因为辅形成,深埋过程还受到了溶蚀性流体（岩浆热液和有机酸）后期改造。方解石充填物增加了洞穴的抗压性,岩溶洞穴内部充填的方解石在埋藏过程中支撑了洞穴;岩溶洞穴顶部裂纹中充填的方解石还“愈合”了洞穴周边的裂纹,强化了洞穴的顶板,增加了洞穴整体的稳定性。充填的方解石在垮塌前占据了部分洞穴空间,在埋藏后,高温有机酸、CO2、H2S和岩浆热液沿着深大断裂等通道对奥陶系碳酸盐岩改造溶蚀作用明显,也对处于优势通道和良好储集性能的洞穴充填方解石进行了改造,恢复了部分洞穴空间。因而认为地表、近地表方解石充填过程是碳酸盐岩洞穴型储层的“保持性成岩作用”。 相似文献
14.
Quartz and calcite microfabric transitions in a pressure and temperature gradient,Sivrihisar, Turkey
Nicholas C.A. Seaton Christian Teyssier Donna L. Whitney Matthew T. Heizler 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(3-4):191-206
Interlayered quartzite and marble in the southern Sivrihisar Massif, Turkey, record metamorphic conditions ranging from high-pressure/low-temperature through a Barrovian overprint from chlorite- to sillimanite-zone conditions. This sequence was exhumed under transtension, producing macroscopic constrictional fabrics (L-tectonites) during crustal thinning. Quartz microstructures consist of dynamically recrystallized aggregates in the dislocation creep regime dominated by grain boundary migration. Quartz microstructures are relatively constant across the high metamorphic gradient, and crystallographic fabric patterns transition from plane strain to constriction strain. Calcite fabrics are characterized by progressive overprinting of a columnar texture inherited from the high-pressure polymorph aragonite. In the low-temperature Barrovian domain (<400?°C), shearing of calcite rods produced a very strong c-axis point maximum. At moderate temperature, calcite rods were partially to totally recrystallized and the strong preferred orientation maintained. At temperature >500?°C and high constriction strain, marble has no crystallographic fabric, likely reflecting a transition from dislocation creep to diffusion creep. Phengite in high-pressure/low-temperature marble and quartzite yields relatively simple age spectra with Late Cretaceous (88–82 Ma) 40Ar/39Ar ages. Barrovian muscovite records significantly younger ages (63–55 Ma). The transtension system and associated metamorphism may have occurred above a subduction zone in Paleocene–Eocene time as a precursor to intrusion of Eocene (~53 Ma) arc plutons. 相似文献
15.
碳酸盐岩表生岩溶作用控制着塔河油田奥陶系油藏缝洞系统的发育及分布。塔河油田奥陶系油藏经历了加里东期和海西早期两次岩溶作用,造成了储层极强的非均质性。通过塔河油田岩溶作用演化及发育期次的研究,将塔河油田奥陶系垂向岩溶带划分为地表岩溶带、纵向渗滤岩溶带和水平潜流岩溶带,平面上发育岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶洼地3个地貌单元。通过对野外露头、岩心、钻井、测井、地震及生产动态资料的综合研究,认为溶洞、溶蚀裂缝及蜂窝状孔洞等连续孔隙是该区有效储集空间,基质作为不渗透（低渗）层对缝洞系统有一定的隔挡作用。结合表生岩溶洞穴的原理及对孔隙状态的控制作用,将塔河油田溶洞储集体根据不同成因分为落水洞、潜流洞和小溶洞,按溶洞充填物类型分为垮塌充填洞、机械充填洞和化学充填洞,同时建立了不同类型孔洞系统的识别特征及地质模式。结合塔河油田洞穴储层发育特征及生产实际,最终建立了塔河油田岩溶储集空间展布模式。 相似文献
16.
武汉地区天兴洲碳酸盐岩条带岩溶发育的异常性及其成因探讨 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了研究武汉地区中北部紧邻襄樊—广济断裂的天兴洲碳酸盐岩条带岩溶发育的异常特性,将该条带的岩石化学成份、矿物成份、岩性以及岩溶发育程度、溶洞规模、溶洞顶板在基岩面下的埋深、岩溶垂向分带和溶洞充填物等与其南侧的大桥和白沙洲碳酸盐岩条带进行对比分析,发现它们之间存在很大的差异。天兴洲碳酸盐岩条带岩溶发育的异常性与襄樊—广济断裂活动有关:晚三叠世—侏罗纪,襄樊-广济断裂发生挤压逆冲推覆活动使上、下碳酸盐岩组出露地表,发生第一期岩溶作用;白垩—古近纪,以襄樊—广济断裂为主体的断裂发生伸展活动,张性断裂和裂隙为基性岩浆喷溢和构造热液活动提供了通道,构造热液白云岩化和硅化作用对天兴洲碳酸盐岩条带的原岩进行改造,形成以白云岩为主、含硅质岩的具弱溶蚀性的岩石组合,同时,由于红层的广泛覆盖,这一时期岩溶作用间断;新近纪—早更新世,武汉地区整体隆升,各碳酸盐岩条带再次出露地表,发生第二期岩溶作用,而天兴洲条带由于岩性发生改变,可溶性减弱,与其它条带相比岩溶作用较弱。 相似文献
17.
Contrasting diagenesis of two Carboniferous Oolites from South Wales: a tale of climatic influence 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Two oolites in the Dinantian (Mississippian/Lower Carboniferous) of Glamorgan, SW Britain, were deposited in similar depositional environments but have contrasting diagenetic histories. The Brofiscin and Gully Oolites occur in the upper parts of shallowing-upward sequences, formed through strandplain progradation and sand shoal and barrier growth upon a southward-dipping carbonate ramp. The Brofiscin Oolite is characterized by a first-generation cement of equant calcite spar, preferentially located at grain-contacts and forming non-isopachous fringes around grains, interpreted as meteoric vadose and phreatic in origin. Isopachous fibrous calcite fringes of marine origin are rather rare and occur only at a few horizons. Burial compaction was not important and porosity was occluded by poikilotopic calcite spar. Fitted grain-grain contacts locally occur and could be the result of near-surface vadose dissolution-compaction. Syntaxial overgrowths on echinoderm debris are common. Pre-compaction overgrowths are cloudy (inclusion-rich) and probably of meteoric origin, and post-compaction overgrowths are inclusion-free. By contrast, the Gully Oolite has little first-generation cement. However, marine fibrous calcite is common in oolitic intraclasts, as isopachous fringes of acicular calcite crystals closely associated with peloidal internal sediment; and early equant, drusy calcite spar occurs in the uppermost part of the Gully, beneath a prominent palaeokarst where pedogenic cements also occur. The major feature of Gully diagenesis is burial compaction, resulting in extensive grain-grain dissolution and microstylolitic grain contacts, and post-compaction poikilotopic spar occluded remaining porosity. The Brofiscin Oolite is pervasively dolomitized up-dip but the Gully Oolite for the most part only contains scattered pre-compaction dolomite rhombs and late veins of baroque dolomite, with less pervasive dolomitization. The difference in diagenetic style of the two Dinantian oolites is attributed to prevailing climate. The paucity of early meteoric cements in the Gully is a result of an arid climate, and this is supported by the nature of the capping palaeokarst. The abundant meteoric cements in the Brofiscin reflect a more humid climate, and effective meteoric recharge also resulted in up-dip pervasive mixing-zone dolomitization. The style of early diagenesis in these two oolites exerted a major control on the later burial diagenesis: in the Brofiscin, the early cements inhibited grain-grain dissolution and pressure solution, while these processes operated extensively in the Gully Oolite. Thus, prevailing climate can influence a limestone's diagenetic history from near-surface through into deep burial. 相似文献
18.
STEPHEN T. SOLOMON 《Sedimentology》1989,36(3):399-418
Dark mottles are a prominent and widespread feature of the regressive, cyclic, shallow marine limestones which form the late Asbian succession in many parts of Britain. The colour difference which defines mottles in outcrop is caused by distinct but often subtle petrographic differences in the limestone fabric. Specifically, mottles contain a light brown coloured opaque inclusion-rich calcite spar with characteristic dull brown luminescence; ‘mottle spar’. Outside mottle margins this calcite spar is absent, with clear inequant blocky cements forming the pore filling phase. ‘Mottle spar’ comprises a fabric of irregular crystals predominantly 5–40 μm in diameter, with more regular crystals up to 100 μm diameter often occurring in intraparticle and large interparticle pores. Under cathodoluminescence, ‘mottle spar’ displays crystal morphologies and growth patterns which indicate that both localized neomorphism and patchy cementation contributed to mottle formation. Cathodoluminescence cement stratigraphy shows that ‘mottle spar’ pre-dates all other major pore filling cements in the local Asbian succession, but post-dates marine micritization. ‘Mottle spar’ sharply defines the moulds of former aragonitic allochems which are now filled by the later clear, inequant spar cements. This shows that aragonite dissolution occurred after the formation of ‘mottle spar’. Mottles in calcretes contain unaltered allochems which have been protected from the effects of subaerial micritization by ‘mottle spar’, although mottles are often affected by subaerial brecciation. This evidence shows that mottles formed during early diagenesis; after marine micritization, but before dissolution of aragonite, subaerial exposure and meteoritic phreatic cementation. Mottles represented lithified patches of very low porosity which are interpreted to have formed in the marine/freshwater mixing zone, during the repeated phases of regression and emergence in the late Asbian. 相似文献
19.
山东莱芜盆地碳酸盐岩热液溶蚀特征及水文地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
鲁中山区莱芜盆地在燕山期发生大规模岩浆侵入活动,岩浆岩体外围碳酸盐岩区分布有水源地、富水块段等岩溶发育富水区,且靠近岩体含水层多发生大理岩化。富含CO2、H2S等酸性成分的岩浆热液流体,能对碳酸盐岩产生明显的溶蚀作用。基于岩石样品化学组分分析、水文地质调查及数据统计分析、热液溶蚀地质点详细观测,构建热液溶蚀模式,对莱芜盆地及外围热液溶蚀特征及机理进行研究。结果表明:高温高压岩浆侵入使得接触带碳酸盐岩发生热液变质大理岩化;沿渗透性断裂、裂缝以及不整合面等运移的热液流体,对碳酸盐岩地层产生酸性热液溶蚀和混合溶蚀作用,形成不同规模溶蚀孔洞,构成地下水富集空间,为寻找城镇地下水后备水源地提供新方向。 相似文献
20.
The Duocaima carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit is a newly found large deposit in the southern area of Qinghai Province.In this paper, the characteristics, genesis, significance to Pb-Zn mineralization of the widely developed breccias, and the ore-forming process have been carefully studied based on geological documentation of drilling holes, microscopic observations of petrography and microstructure and some stable isotope measurements.Based on the compositions of the clast and matrix, the breccias can be classified into three types: limestone clasts cemented by marl; limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials; and limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite.The mineralization in the first type of breccia is weak, whereas it is strong in the latter two types of breccias.According to the locations of occurrence and structural characteristics of the breccias along with the relationship between the breccias and mineralization, part of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and outcrop in the contact zone between the Wudaoliang Formation(Nw) and the underlying Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to synsedimentary fault-genetic breccia, whereas the last of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and developed in the Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to the breccia generated by karst cave collapse; the limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials and the limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite are attributed to breccia formed by hydrothermal dissolution.The breccia formed by karst collapse had consistently evolved for a long period of time, while the breccias with other origins were formed around the period of mineralization(i.e., about or slightly later than 20–16 Ma).The breccia generated by karst cave collapse and hydrothermal dissolution are somewhat related; the formation of the breccia from karst cave collapse provided open space for the later mineralization and reaction between hydrothermal fluids and host rocks, and the subsequent strong dissolution by hydrothermal fluids transformed some of the breccia formed earlier by karst cave collapse.Meanwhile, carbonate host rocks with breccias and brecciaed mineralization can be a potential sign of Mississippi Valley Type(MVT) deposits and important indicators for regional mineral exploration.The δ13CV-PDB, δ18OVSMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite in the Duocaima deposit range from 4.3‰ to 7.1‰, 14.9‰ to 20.1‰, and 0.707494 to 0.708185, respectively; the δ13CV-PDB, δ18OV-SMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of the host limestones of the Jiushidaoban Formation range from 3.6‰ to 5.3‰, 18.0‰ to 20.5‰, and 0.707372 to 0.707945, respectively.The δ13CV-PDB and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite and limestone are similar, indicating single sources of C and Sr in this deposit, with the likely source being the limestone of the Jiushidaoban Formation.The minor scattering of the δ18OV-SMOW values suggests that different O isotope fluids underwent the isotope exchange reaction.The C-O-Sr isotope characteristics indicate that the host limestones experienced a dissolution and precipitation process during mineralization, which is beneficial to improving the porosity of host rocks and promoting the precipitation of metal sulfides.The δ34SV-CDT value of the breccia-type mineralization sulfides ranges from-30.4‰ to-0.3‰; that is, the δ34SV-CDT value is negative with considerable variation, illustrating that during the breccia-type mineralization process, the bacteriogenic reduction of sulfates provided the vast majority of sulfur, whereas the thermochemical reduction of sulfates was relatively unimportant.The brecciation that occurred as a result of karst cave collapse was mainly generated by the dissolution of groundwater; however, the brecciation related to hydrothermal dissolution and mineralization processes were caused by mixing of different fluids. 相似文献