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1.
绿洲和绿洲所孕育的城镇与乡村聚落是西北干旱区人类生产、生活和生态的核心,探究绿洲与居民点的关系对干旱区新型城镇化建设与乡村振兴意义重大。研究通过Google Earth目视解译,识别提取河西走廊全域绿洲和城乡居民点空间特征信息,运用GIS空间分析、景观格局指数,系统地对河西走廊2016年城乡居民点的规模、形态结构与类型特征进行分析,并首次提出了干旱区居民点的绿洲孕育指数,进一步分析了城乡居民点的绿洲孕育程度。结果表明：（1） 河西走廊居民点规模与密度分异特征显著,居民点用地规模普遍偏小,平均规模仅为0.05 km2。居民点分布呈现高密度小规模和低密度大规模集聚分布的特征,居民点密度和集聚度均以城市为中心呈距离衰减规律。“热点”探测发现,山丹县以东是河西走廊地区居民点分布的热点区。（2） 居民点形态结构分析表明乡村聚落的连接性和稳定性自东向西逐渐减弱,居民点面积差异性从城市“中心—边缘”在逐渐的缩小,其中瓜州县、玉门市和金塔县等区域居民点的平均形状指数和平均分维数耦合度高,自然分布态势强,斑块形状复杂。（3） 绿洲孕育指数较高的嘉峪关“人—地”关系矛盾突出,城乡发展极大受绿洲规模限制;而凉州区、民勤县等绿洲腹地空间宽广有利于城乡居民点发展。 相似文献
2.
南京城市系统碳循环与碳平衡分析 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
城市是人类能源活动和碳排放的集中地,开展城市系统碳循环研究有助于深入了解城市在区域碳循环过程中的地位和作用。本文集成了城市碳储量和碳通量的核算方法,并以南京市为例开展了城市系统碳循环与碳平衡的实证研究。结论如下:① 南京市城市碳储量呈缓慢上升趋势,2009 年为6937 万t,其中自然碳储量占88%,且总量基本保持稳定;人为碳储量(特别是城市绿地和建筑物碳库) 呈大幅增长趋势;② 垂直碳输入通量以植物光合作用和水域碳吸收为主,历年来基本稳定;水平碳输入通量大幅增长,2009 年为3043 万t,其中能源和木材碳输入呈增长趋势,而食物碳输入则呈下降趋势;③ 垂直碳输出通量呈增长趋势,2009年为3295 万t,其中化石能源碳排放占近80%,自然过程仅占6%;水平碳输出通量以能源制品、水产品和含碳废弃物为主,其总量呈明显下降趋势;④ 南京市历年城市碳输出均高于碳输入,且两者的差额呈现扩大趋势。总体而言,“隐流碳和加工需求碳”的比重有所下降,说明碳的利用率有所提升;⑤ 南京市碳补偿率明显下降,这表明自然生态系统的碳吸收能力不足以补偿人为活动的碳排放,城市碳循环压力在不断加大。 相似文献
3.
基于人居环境系统理论,运用层次分析法构建了珠三角城市人居环境评价指标体系。选取1997年、2000年和2002年三个时间断面对珠三角城市人居环境进行测算。评估表明,珠三角城市人居环境系统工业化中期阶段特征明显,人居环境建设开始进入软环境主导时代,但发展的协调性和稳定性明显较差,同时人居环境的改善还面临着区域产业整合带来的严峻挑战。最后,对珠三角城市人居环境提出了一些相关的优化建议。 相似文献
4.
《Urban geography》2013,34(8):815-837
A comparison of the British and Dutch experience in the 20th century makes it possible to deepen our understanding of colonial urban housing policy, and hence of the colonial city in general. Both colonial powers expressed new concern about urban living conditions at the time when they began to promote colonial development. In the British case this began in the 1930s, largely in response to local unrest and partly because of international pressure. By the 1950s, British colonial governments used housing programs to placate nationalists and to help prepare colonial societies for self-rule. The Dutch undertook similar initiatives earlier, after 1901, by forming municipal governments, improving services in autonomous native settlements, and by bringing these kampongs under municipal control. Their initiatives were more a response to domestic considerations than to colonial unrest. The Dutch incurred expenditures beyond what Indonesians could afford, but were less active than the British in house-building. Their efforts flagged as nationalist sentiment grew. Neither colonial power responded directly to poor urban conditions. Although the colonial city might have existed, it did not shape colonial urban policy in a predictable way. 相似文献
5.
中小城市家庭生活用能碳排放空间分异——以开封市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2015年开封市居民家庭生活用能的大样本问卷调查数据,采用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）和标准差椭圆（SDE）方法,探索城市居住区家庭生活用能碳排放空间分布特征。结果表明：① 家庭生活用能碳排放存在以热点区为主的空间正相关特性,碳排放高值集聚发生在城市新建开发区和建成区向外扩张较快区域,以2000年以后新建高档商品房小区和机关事业单位家属院为主,低值集聚区则发生在建成时间长、后续开发力度小的区域,以老商品房小区和胡同社区为主;② 开封市家庭电力消耗碳排放占生活用能总碳排放的67%,但人均生活用能碳排放空间格局由供暖碳排放决定,且人均供暖碳排放空间格局又由集中供暖碳排放空间格局决定,故降低集中供暖能耗、缩小居民供暖用能差异成为居民生活用能碳减排工作的重中之重;③ 家庭经济状况、集中供暖设施分布和城市发展的空间格局是家庭生活用能碳排放空间依赖性和空间异质性形成的主要驱动因素。 相似文献
6.
城市交通效率的多目标评价方法研究——以北京市城六区为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
高速城镇化和机动化阶段,面临与日剧增的环境压力,城市交通的多目标发展成为交通可持续发展的关键。在提升居民出行满意度的同时,降低交通碳排放是目前及未来城市交通可持续发展关注的核心目标,是城市交通效率的主要内涵。由此,本文从交通出行便捷与交通碳减排双目标综合评估的角度,提出基于中观尺度的城市交通出行满意度和交通碳排放的定量测算方法;并利用数据包络分析(Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA)法探讨城市交通综合效率评价方法。对北京市城六区的实证结果显示,在三环以内地区,城市交通综合效率较高,五环以外大部分地区较差。交通综合效率较高的地区集中分布于：①西三环至西四环万寿路街道的公主坟-五棵松地区。②北三环和平里街道安贞桥附近地区。③东北三环的三里屯地区。而综合效率较差的地区大多位于城市外围,例如西北六环周边,西南五环至西南六环部分地区,以及东五环外常营地区等,交通碳排放较高是这些地区交通效率较差的主要原因。此外,交通效率的空间差异与地理空间环境的差异性呈现高度的相关。例如,交通效率较差的地区大多是高档别墅区集聚的地区,以及城市五环周边公共交通不完善的部分居住区。通勤中机动化比例较高和通勤距离较长是碳排放强度较高的主要原因。 相似文献
7.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(4):154-165
Abstract Conventional geographical approaches to the city tend to place the study of urban form and urban space squarely within the political-economic and cultural branches of geography. Geographic pedagogy has tended to assume, therefore, that nature is absent from the city or exists only as a backdrop or stage on which urban economic and cultural activities take place. In contrast, there has been a recent groundswell of interest—originating in places as diverse as environmental activism, environmental history, landscape architecture, and environmental education—in reinterpreting the city as a space intimately connected with nature. This article examines the possibilities for integrating this rethinking of the relationship between city and nature into undergraduate education. Specifically, it outlines the rationale, objectives, and design of a course on urban ecology and examines the benefits and challenges of doing urban ecology as part of geographic education. 相似文献
8.
城市边缘区人居环境与城市化关系研究——以大连市甘井子区为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
城市边缘区是城市地域结构的一个重要组成部分,是城市向乡村转化的过渡地带,也是土地与空间利用方式最富于变化的地域实体,其在城市化进程中最具经济、社会和环境的敏感性特征。城市人居环境是指在一定的地理系统背景下,进行着居住、工作、教育、卫生、娱乐等活动从而在城市立体式推进的过程中创造的环境。它是自然要素、人文要素和空间要素的统一体。首先,构建城市边缘区人居环境指标体系,利用层次分析法,得到边缘区人居环境的发展指数,然后,根据最近几年的数据对人居环境发展指数进行预测,最后,对边缘区人居环境发展和城市化之间的关系进行相关分析,利用回归模型可以对城市化水平进行预测研究。 相似文献
9.
Urban carbon footprint reflects the impact and pressure of human activities on urban environment.Based on city level,this paper estimated carbon emissions and carbon footprint of Nanjing city,analyzed urban carbon footprint intensity and carbon cycle pressure and discussed the influencing factors of carbon footprint through LMDI decomposition model.The main conclusions are as follows:(1) The total carbon emissions of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000,in which the carbon emission from the use of fossil energy was the largest.Meanwhile,carbon sinks of Nanjing presented a declining trend since 2000,which caused the decrease of carbon compensation rate and the increase of urban carbon cycle pressure.(2) The total carbon footprint of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000,and the carbon deficit was more than ten times of total land areas of Nanjing in 2009,which means Nanjing confronted high carbon cycle pressure.(3) Generally,carbon footprint intensity of Nanjing was on decrease and the carbon footprint productivity was on increase.This indicated that energy utilization rate and carbon efficiency of Nanjing was improved since 2000,and the policy for energy conservation and emission reduction taken by Nanjing's government received better effects.(4) Economic development,population and industrial structure are promoting factors for the increase of carbon footprint of Nanjing,while the industrial carbon footprint intensity was inhibitory factor.(5) Several countermeasures should be taken to decrease urban carbon footprint and alleviate carbon cycle pressure,such as:improvement of the energy efficiency,industrial structure reconstruction,afforestation and environmental protection and land use control.Generally,transition to low-carbon economy is essential for Chinese cities to realize sustainable development in the future. 相似文献
10.
ZHAO Rongqin HUANG Xianjin LIU Ying ZHONG Taiyang DING Minglei CHUAI Xiaowei 《地理学报》2014,24(1):159-176
Urban carbon footprint reflects the impact and pressure of human activities on urban environment. Based on city level, this paper estimated carbon emissions and carbon footprint of Nanjing city, analyzed urban carbon footprint intensity and carbon cycle pressure and discussed the influencing factors of carbon footprint through LMDI decomposition model. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The total carbon emissions of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, in which the carbon emission from the use of fossil energy was the largest. Meanwhile, carbon sinks of Nanjing presented a declining trend since 2000, which caused the decrease of carbon compensation rate and the increase of urban carbon cycle pressure. (2) The total carbon footprint of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, and the carbon deficit was more than ten times of total land areas of Nanjing in 2009, which means Nanjing confronted high carbon cycle pressure. (3) Generally, carbon footprint intensity of Nanjing was on decrease and the carbon footprint productivity was on increase. This indicated that energy utilization rate and carbon efficiency of Nanjing was improved since 2000, and the policy for energy conservation and emission reduction taken by Nanjing's government received better effects. (4) Economic development, population and industrial structure are promoting factors for the increase of carbon footprint of Nanjing, while the industrial carbon footprint intensity was inhibitory factor. (5) Several countermeasures should be taken to decrease urban carbon footprint and alleviate carbon cycle pressure, such as: improvement of the energy efficiency, industrial structure reconstruction, afforestation and environmental protection and land use control. Generally, transition to low-carbon economy is essential for Chinese cities to realize sustainable development in the future. 相似文献
11.
Manja H. Andreasen Jytte Agergaard Robert B. Kiunsi Ally H. Namangaya 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2017,117(2):93-104
AbstractUrban growth is a significant trend in Africa. Scholarly attention and urban planning efforts have focused disproportionately on the challenges of big cities, while small and medium-sized urban settlements are growing most rapidly and house the majority of urban residents. Small towns have received some attention, but very few studies have focused on secondary cities. This paper offers a study of urban transformations, migration and residential mobility patterns in Arusha, a rapidly growing secondary city of Tanzania. Arusha functions as a major attraction for migrants and in-migration is a central dynamic shaping transformation processes in central areas characterized by high population turnovers, vibrant rental markets and widespread landlordism. There is also a considerable degree of intra-urban residential mobility within and between central areas. Intra-urban residential mobility is the most important dynamic shaping transformation processes in peripheral areas characterized by long-term urban residents moving from central parts of the city as part of a process of establishing themselves as homeowners. Overall, the paper provides crucial insights on how migration and residential mobility patterns influence processes of urban growth and transformation in the context of large secondary city, and thereby contributes to fill a significant knowledge gap on secondary cities in Africa. 相似文献
12.
社区人居环境吸引力研究——以大连市为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
城市人居环境研究中一个重要的理论问题就是人居环境吸引力。本文提出人居环境吸引力和引力场的概念,构建了社区人居环境满意度指标体系,运用引力势能模型计算出184个社区的人居环境引力势能,借助MapInfo软件中的Vertical Mapper工具得到大连市人居环境引力势能等值线图和空间分布图,研究表明:(1)运用引力场理论对人居环境评价研究,是一种有效的评价方法;(2)大连市社区人居环境供求关系在空间上形成了"两心一带"分布格局;(3)大连市社区人居环境引力势能空间分异明显,大致呈东北西南向"带状"分布,在中心广场、西安路锦辉商场等值线由同心圆状向外逐渐递减;(4)社区人居环境供求关系与引力势能成正比,与社区与引力势能中心的距离呈反比,城市空间发展结构、海岸带是大连人居环境引力势能空间分布的驱动机制。 相似文献
13.
ZHAO Rongqin HUANG Xianjin LIU Ying ZHONG Taiyang DING Minglei CHUAI Xiaowei 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(1):159-176
Urban carbon footprint reflects the impact and pressure of human activities on ur- ban environment. Based on city level, this paper estimated carbon emissions and carbon footprint of Nanjing city, analyzed urban carbon footprint intensity and carbon cycle pressure and discussed the influencing factors of carbon footprint through LMDI decomposition model. The main conclusions are as follows： （1） The total carbon emissions of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, in which the carbon emission from the use of fossil energy was the largest Meanwhile, carbon sinks of Nanjing presented a declining trend since 2000, which caused the decrease of carbon compensation rate and the increase of urban carbon cycle pressure. （2） The total carbon footprint of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, and the carbon deficit was more than ten times of total land areas of Nanjing in 2009, which means Nanjing confronted high carbon cycle pressure. （3） Generally, carbon footprint intensity of Nanjing was on de- crease and the carbon footprint productivity was on increase. This indicated that energy utilization rate and carbon efficiency of Nanjing was improved since 2000, and the policy for energy conservation and emission reduction taken by Nanjing＇s government received better effects. （4） Economic development, population and industrial structure are promoting factors for the increase of carbon footprint of Nanjing, while the industrial carbon footprint intensity was inhibitory factor. （5） Several countermeasures should be taken to decrease urban carbon footprint and alleviate carbon cycle pressure, such as： improvement of the energy efficiency, industrial structure reconstruction, afforestation and environmental protection and land use control. Generally, transition to low-carbon economy is essential for Chinese cities to realize sustainable development in the future. 相似文献
14.
开封古城相对完整的黄泛沉积序列为探索历史时期碳密度及储量提供了难得的研究载体。以开封城区（师专、医专和明伦）和郊区（金明）4个25 m岩芯为研究对象,通过对861个岩芯样品的容重、有机碳和黑碳分析测试,开展地层有机碳和黑碳密度及储量分析。结果表明：地层有机碳和黑碳含量垂直分布特征基本一致,高值主要集中在地表1 m范围内,其次是各朝代文化层附近,城区地层含量明显高于郊区。地层0~25 m黑碳密度均值为24.67 kg/m2,黑碳储量为11.30 Tg,分别占总有机碳密度和储量的24.26%和21.75%。表明地层黑碳碳库在总有机碳库中占有较大比例,在计算土壤或沉积物碳密度和碳储量时,应将黑碳也考虑在内。老城区0~25 m地层黑碳储量占比高出新区10%以上,主要与老城区受历朝人类活动影响强度较大及煤炭的广泛使用有关。研究结果可为寻找“遗失的碳”、精确计算碳循环和平衡提供参考。 相似文献
15.
城市绿地土壤呼吸与土壤温度土壤水分的关系研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用LICOR-6400便携式光合作用仪连接6400-09土壤叶室,对山西大学校园内的三种绿地(黑麦草、紫叶小檗和日本黄杨)的土壤呼吸进行了一年的测定.结果表明:土壤呼吸速率具有较明显的季节变化,冬春季较低,盛夏秋初较高,最大值出现在8月,最低值出现在12月.土壤呼吸速率与0～10 cm深度的土壤温度关系显著,黑麦草、紫叶小檗和日本黄杨土壤温度变化分别解释土壤呼吸季节变化的57.3%、65.4%、46.6%(线性函数)和60.6%、71.3%、50.7%(指数函数);黑麦草地土壤呼吸与土壤水分的关系均为极显著(p<0.01);用土壤温度和土壤水分的复合方程可以解释土壤呼吸变化的52%～84%.黑麦草、紫叶小檗和日本黄杨的年土壤呼吸总量分别为1.246 kg C·m-2、1.822 kg C·m-2、1.806 kg C·m-2. 相似文献
16.
城市人居环境与经济协调发展不确定性定量评价 ——-以长沙市为例 总被引：30，自引：3，他引：27
城市人居环境是城市经济持续发展的重要基础和载体,城市经济是人居环境发展的坚实保障和前提。只有实现两者的协调,才是实现城市可持续发展的必由之路。城市人居环境与经济发展的协调性定量评价,是测度两者发展状态的工具,对城市健康发展具有重要的指 示功能。城市人居环境与经济系统存在于整个城市生态系统中,由于系统的复杂性,其中存 有多种不确定性的因素。因此,考虑不确定性因素影响下,如何建立评价体系,采用什么样 的方法进行评价是当前研究的难点之一,也是学术界面临的一项迫切需要解决的问题。本文尝试对城市人居环境与经济协调发展评价中所面临的不确定性问题进行了分析,提出评价体系构建的原则,引入模糊数学方法,提出了一套基于不确定性的综合评价方法与模型,并将该方法应用于长沙市的实证研究中。评价结果与实际情况大体吻合。该方法不仅能反映城市发展整体协调状况,而且能模糊辨别系统间相互作用的模式与演进方式,具有一定的理论价值和可操作性。 相似文献
17.
在科学设计城市CO2排放、城市低碳水平数理模型基础上,结合BP神经网络法,综合考虑各种不确定因素的影响,通过1995~2008年京津沪渝4市CO2排放结构和低碳水平测度以及BP神经网络模型预测,可以发现:4城市CO2排放量逐年递增,但存在较大差异;城市CO2排放量和发展态势取决于4城市CO2排放结构及变化;低碳水平测度结果表明4城市的经济增长仍然依赖于碳基能源消耗,但产业结构的优化升级对提高低碳水平的作用是显著的;基于BP神经网络法的短期预测比传统预测法更为合理和精确。 相似文献
18.
中国城市体检评估的理论基础和方法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
城市体检评估是中国城市新发展阶段下,城市规划、建设和管理工作的重要创新,是推进城市人居环境建设的系统化、精准化和科学化的重要工作方式,也是建设更健康、更安全、更宜居的城市,为人民群众提供高品质生活环境的重要抓手。从地理学的系统性思维、经济学的规模经济、城市规划关于密度与空间的匹配以及城市宜居性等视角分析了城市体检评估的理论基础,并提出了城市体检评估的基本导则。在此基础上对体检评估的指标设计、数据采集、评估分析方法和整体技术流程进行了系统的构建。得出结论：城市体检评估必须建立理论框架和方法体系,形成综合和系统评价体系、科学数据采集手段、分析和模拟方法、诊断和反馈机制等全流程的体检评估机制,全面推进中国人居环境的高质量发展。 相似文献
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Renfeng Ma Tengfei Wang Wenzhong Zhang Jianhui Yu Dai Wang Li Chen Yanpeng Jiang Gequn Feng 《地理学报(英文版)》2016,26(8):1159-1175
Increasing Chinese urbanization and industrialization has prompted greater attention to the study of human settlement and the human-land relationship in the fields of geography, architecture, and urban planning. We used bibliometric methods and statistical software to review 180 articles on human settlement in 16 Chinese geographical journals. We found that Chinese geographical human settlement research is characterized by the following: (1) Most research focuses on human settlement extension, valuation indicators, models for urban and rural settlements, theoretical exploration and the planning practices of single-factor, human settlement and complex, geographical livability in macro-scale, urban settlement differentiation and ideal patterns in medium scale, the comprehensive evaluation of settlement environment, and the planning of community units in micro-scale, community settlements; socio-cultural investigation and warnings about advancing human settlement. (2) No progress has been made in synthesizing and integrating method systems. PSR models and DPSIR models are used for targeting mechanisms, while the standard settlement evaluation system was composed of physical & economic indicators by questionnaire surveys. On the other hand, spatial clustering based on GIS has been a frequent focus in recent years. Pioneering research on human settlement and theoretical systems within the context of China’s urbanization and industrialization will provide guidance on the sustainability of Chinese cities and regions. The following five aspects require greater attention: (1) Natural suitability research on human settlement, and a survey of human settlement demands to reflect the range of different demands concerning ecologically suitable settlements in urban environments, the corresponding valuation indicators, systems, and evolution, and the impact of the residents’ socio-economic attributes. (2) Spatial-temporal evaluation and sustainability research on urban and rural human settlement at various scales, focusing on evolution and spatial differentiation at various scales such as city clusters and comparisons between cities, within the cities and communities. (3) Development of theory and technology for human settlement evolution research, including detection technology and methods, data mining measures, and forecasting and emulation of regional and urban human settlement evolution processes, mechanisms and patterns. (4) Research on the control of human settlement that focuses on optimization, patterns, and policies for effective management and development. (5) Estimating the human settlement system service value and establishing suitable human settlement systems, including social, economic, cultural and ecological service values. 相似文献