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1.
JIANG Qiang 《湿地科学》2008,6(2)
As the consequence of climate change, water that is received in Australian Murray-Darling Basin wetlands is declining and agricultural water demands are increasing. In order to keep the water use balance between environment protection including wetland protection and irrigation water use, the Australian government adopted a series of reforms in Murray-Darling Basin to address the environmental water shortage problem and encourage irrigators to use water more efficiently and plant high economic value crop. The water trading and cap are two major reforms in this process.In order to match up the environmental water demand such as wetland water use, based on the seasonal rainfall, dam level and environmental water demand, the cap system seasonally allocate how much water the irrigators can access as per water licenses. As the cap dramatically reduced the water access for irrigators, the water trading is aiming to use limited agricultural water more efficiently. The water trading scheme separate the water use right from the land property right and allow Australian farmers to trade their water licenses in the market. Water trading encouraged farmers who plant low value crops such as wheat and canola transfer their water entitles to farmers who plant high value crops such as grape. In the drought seasons, The Australian government can purchase the water licenses from irrigators to increase the environmental flows.This Australian water management system represents the most complicated and effective environmental and agricultural water use management in this world. There are possible many lessons that will help China to better manage the water use for wetland protection and farming practices. 相似文献
2.
Assessing regional virtual water flows and water footprints in the Yellow River Basin, China: A consumption based approach 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Kuishuang Feng Yim Ling Siu Dabo GuanKlaus Hubacek 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):691-701
The Yellow River, the second longest river in China, is facing increasing water scarcity due to rising water consumption of a fast growing economy and an increasingly urbanized population with water-intensive consumption patterns. The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is divided into three regions: the upper, middle and lower reaches; each with very different characteristics in terms of water resources, economic structure and household income and consumption patterns. Virtual water has been recognised as a potentially useful concept for redistributing water from water-rich to water-poor regions. In this study, we develop a Multi-Regional Input-Output model (MRIO) to assess the regional virtual water flows between the three reaches of the basin and the rest of China distinguishing green and blue water, as well as rural and urban household water footprints. Results show that all three reaches are net virtual water exporter, i.e. production and consumption activities outside the basin also put pressure on the water resources in the YRB. The results suggest a reduction of the export of virtual blue water that could instead be used for producing higher value added but lower water-intensive goods. In particular, the lower reach as the most water scarce region in the basin should increase the import of water intensive goods, such as irrigated crops and processed food products, from other more water abundant regions such as the South of China. Thus, trading virtual water can help sustain the economic growth of the regions within the basin thus easing the pressure from water shortage. In addition, there is a huge gap between urban and rural household water footprints in the basin. The average urban household’s water footprint is more than double the water footprint of a rural household in the basin. This is due to the higher urban household consumption of water-intensive goods and services, such as processed food products, wearing apparel and footwear, hotel and catering services and electricity. 相似文献
3.
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4.
水资源经济政策CGE 模型及在北京市的应用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
水资源经济政策的研究对于解决突出的水问题具有重要意义,本文采用2002 年北京市投入产出表和有关 的水资源公报等数据,通过单列水行业和废污水行业建立了基于一般均衡理论的水资源经济CGE(Computable General Equilibrium)模型和相应的42×53 多部门水资源投入产出表,利用GEMPACK 软件包,对北京市水资源经济 政策进行了模拟和分析。模拟显示,当水价增加10%时,行业产出和销售量变化呈现不同的特点和变动趋势;当水 量增加10%时,造成行业产出的变化和销售量的变动也值得深虑。该成果可为制定和实施水资源政策提供决策参 考及模拟平台。 相似文献
5.
云南省水资源现状及可持续利用问题探析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
云南省是一个水资源总量丰富而又相对短缺的特殊省份。人口的增加、城市化进程的加快、社会经济的迅速发展进一步加剧了水资源的贫乏。在详细分析云南省水资源现状的前提下，针对云南省水资源的特点和现实问题，根据水资源在自然界水系统与社会水系统之间的循环理论，从开源和节流两个途径在提高全民水忧患意识、加强水工程建设、改善水生态环境、防污治污、节约生活生产用水、合理水定价以及健全水管理体制等7个方面提出了实现该省水资源可持续开发和利用的对策。 相似文献
6.
安祥生 《地理与地理信息科学》2001,17(2):16-19
山西城市以资源型缺水为主 ,同时存在着污染型缺水和工程型缺水。该文分析城市缺水现状 ,讨论山西节水型城市建设的指导思想和主要任务 ,提出建设节水型城市的对策 相似文献
7.
鄱阳湖湿地水位与洲滩淹露模型构建 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
水是控制湿地生态过程的一个重要因子,为了研究洲滩变化和湿地草洲生长发育规律,以便更好地监测和保护湿地生态系统,有必要研究鄱阳湖水体变化特征,分析湿地洲滩水位的时空动态变化和洲滩淹露规律。本文以鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区为例,在对鄱阳湖多年水位进行分析的基础上,利用多时相遥感影像和DEM提取湿地洲滩特征;并在GIS支持下综合考虑地形、鄱阳湖水位、湖泊缓冲区等因素,建立了湿地水位及洲滩淹露模型。时空验证结果表明,该模型具有较好的模拟效果,精度在85%以上。同时,本文根据研究区特点及水体在TM2、7波段的特征差异,构建了一个新的水体指数FDWI,提取水体精度达到98%,特别是对潮湿的沙地、植被和云有很好的区分能力。 相似文献
8.
Stable isotope techniques in plant water sources：a review 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes widely exist in various kinds of natural water.Plants have to cope with various water sources:rainwater,soil water,groundwater,sea water,and mixtures.These are usually characterized by different isotopic signatures (18O/16O and D/H ratios).Because there are relative abundance variations in water,and plant roots do not discriminate against specific water isotopes during water uptake,hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of water within plants provide new information on water sources,interactions between plant species and water use patterns under natural conditions.At present,the measurement of δD,δ18O composition of various potential water sources and stem water has become significant means to identify plant water sources.Based on previous studies,this review highlights recent advances such as theory basis,methodology,as well as different spatial and temporal scales,and existed questions and prospects.Stable isotope techniques for estimating plant water sources have provided valuable tools for conducting basic and applied research.Future studies emphasize the modification of preparing methods,isotope technique combined with other measurements,and aerial organs of plant water source should be en-couraged. 相似文献
9.
10.
F. Andrew Schoolmaster 《The Professional geographer》1991,43(3):292-304
Water marketing, which involves the purchase or transfer of water supplies or rights between a willing buyer and seller, represents on strategy for redistributing water resources among competing users. Most frequently, municipalities purchase agricultural water rights to augment their existing supply and help meet projected water demand. In Texas, the most active water market is in the lower Rio Grande Valley where the cities of Brownsville, Harlingen, and McAllen have acquired surface water rights for converting water from agricultural to municipal and industrial uses. The existence of the Rio Grande Watermaster simplifies the procedure for transferring surface water rights, helps address problems such as the maintenance of instream flow and protection of senior water rights holders, and serves as an administrative model for water resource management. 相似文献
11.
12.
哈萨克斯坦水资源利用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
哈萨克斯坦水资源总量丰富,但分布差异较大。在低地平原河网较密集,并从北向南逐步递减,东部山区降水丰富,河流分布也较多。常年大型河流多分布在边远地区,中部则多为季节性河流。在开发利用方面,该国引水量主要来自河流等地表水,农业用水占据了总用水量中的绝大部分,是影响全国用水变化的主要因素。由于水资源分布不均、气候变化和地表水过度开发、耕地面积增加、浪费等自然与人为因素,哈萨克斯坦存在着水资源供应相对紧张、局部水体面积缩小、污染状况严重以及与跨境水资源分配等亟待解决的问题。 相似文献
13.
Water resources insufficiency is one of the bottlenecks that restrict sustainable socio-economic development in Ningbo city. Good handling of the relationship between water resources utilization and development is of great significance for the realization of continuous economic growth and sustainable socio-economic development. This study systematically evaluated water resources utilization with respect to water supply and demand. Water resources development and utilization prospects and regional differences were then assessed at multiple scales, at both county/district and city level in Ningbo city, using the water resources carrying index. Results showed that: (1) The volume of water resources supply and consumption gradually rose each year, with surface water as the primary source and groundwater as the secondary source. Regarding consumption, industrial water consumption was the primary element, and domestic and environmental water consumption were the secondary elements. Even though the use of water resources for irrigation, secondary and, tertiary industry were becoming more efficient, comprehensive per capita water consumption was gradually increasing. (2) The water resources carrying index for Ningbo city fluctuated in the range of 4.51-23.35 during 2001-2015; the degree of water resource utilization and potential exploitation evaluation of water resources were not stable. The average value of the water resources carrying index was 11.68; the degree of utilization of water resources was very high, and the introduction of water from external water bodies was necessary, to the extent external source were available. (3) Future water resources exploitation will be quite difficult in Ningbo city, especially in Cixi county, Ningbo municipal district and Yuyao county. So the introduction of external water as a supplemental source will be required. 相似文献
14.
利用2003年1月至2012年12月120个月的GRACE数据,基于高斯平滑和平滑滤波手段,辅以TRMM降水量、河网分布、蒸散发、径流等数据,反演了新疆陆地水储量,分析了10年间陆地水储量的时空变化情况.结果表明:2003—2012年新疆地区陆地水储量持续减少,但后半期水储量的减幅有所减缓;陆地水储量具有明显降低趋势的地区范围逐步向新疆东部迁移,水储量具有上升趋势的面积有逐渐增加的倾向,但是这种显著上升趋势所涵盖的面积没有占据研究区的主导地位;GRACE的年周期值和陆地水储量深度值的波动趋势一致;TRMM降水变化趋势与GRACE反演的陆地水变化趋势相辅相成,相互验证.该项研究可为新疆合理用水及缺水地区水资源合理的开发等提供理论依据. 相似文献
15.
本文利用中国第 1 5次南极科学考察普里兹湾及邻近水域观测的 CTD资料 ,研究并分析了普里兹湾及其邻近洋域上层的水团分布。确定了普里兹湾夏季近岸水 ,普里兹湾夏季表层水 ,普里兹湾陆架水和南极绕极深层水的范围、深度和温盐特性。在此基础上 ,进一步发现了普里兹湾陆架水的北向扩展。讨论了其北向扩展的热力学和动力学特征。这些特征涉及到逆温层的厚度、垂向温度和温度梯度最小值的存在 ,以及陆架水北向运动的斜压性和科氏力的作用 相似文献
16.
为了解各部门在生产链中水资源的具体消耗路径和在消耗路径中所发挥的作用以及维持生产链中水资源消耗的关键部门,论文基于2017年投入产出表和相关气象数据,在农业用水中加入绿水资源消耗量,利用投入产出模型和结构路径分析(structural path analysis, SPA)法分析中国42个部门水资源消耗的总量和结构,以及水资源在生产链中消耗的具体路径。结果表明：① 城镇居民消费和进口的水足迹最高,其次为农村居民消费,大多数水足迹较高的部门,都是以居民消费为主,进口水资源弥补了国内部分生产用水的消耗,但水资源短缺的形势仍然严峻;② 生产链前5个层级的水足迹消耗占比为95%左右,其中部门内部消耗占比最大,水足迹随层级数的增加而下降,水资源反馈循环程度较弱;③ 从部门生产链看,部门内部的水足迹占比最大,部门流入和流出水足迹差值较大,部门之间普遍存在单向依赖特征,关联网络不够稳定;④ 从最终消费角度看,农业部门内部水足迹占比最大,是生产链中重要的衔接结点,多样化的消费需求增加上游部门的水资源压力。研究为调整节水政策和提升水资源配置与管理能力提供了一定的理论基础。 相似文献
17.
论水权的性质及构成 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
水权的客体、性质和权能结构可从其自然属性、经济属性、法律属性三方面进行分析。水权是自然资源产权,水权的客体是水资源而非水产品,即生态用水之外的部分水资源。水权是具有公权色彩的私权,是符合物权属性基本前提下的准物权。我国水资源为国家所有,在水权权系构成中,水资源所有权是第一位的权利。水资源所有权的派生权利如占有权、使用权、部分收益权、部分处分权等可与所有权相分离并进行流转,从而形成水权市场和水权交易制度。在我国,水资源使用权即是取水权,根据取水方式的差异,包括汲水权、引水权、蓄水权等;根据水资源使用方式的差异,则包括灌溉权、经营权、饮用权等。本文认为,水域(水面)使用权、排水权、水资源分配权等不属于水权的范畴。 相似文献
18.
中国内陆河流域尺度的水资源利用率提高研究--黑河流域水-生态-经济管理试验示范 总被引：10，自引：15，他引：10
水资源是人类生存和社会发展中最重要的成分，中国内陆河的可持续发展所面临的生态问题源自有限的水资源和高的人口压力这两个方面的不协调。通过总结“黑河流域水-生态-经济系统试验示范研究”项目近几年在涵养水源、绿洲尺度的水利用率提高和流域水-生态-经济系统中的水资源配置的部分试验成果和研究进展，以实际事例展示了在流域尺度上提高水资源利用率的可行性和潜力。加强基础研究、引入“虚拟水”等创新意识、通过专家和管理层的结合可进一步提高流域水资源利用率。 相似文献
19.
本文主要讨论了从长江向黄淮海平原调水对自然环境的影响。研究水分循环和水资源的变化及与之有关的物质循环的关系,是研究跨流域调水对自然环境影响的核心问题。调水对环境影响的过程,大体可归结为如下的模式:调水→改变原有的水文情势→自然环境的变化→社会经济的变化。任何调水工程对环境的影响,均可按地理分区方法分为水量输出区、输水通过区和水量输入区。南水北调对水量输出区的影响主要在枯水期发生在输水点附近及其下游。输水通过区主要使输水渠两侧和蓄水体周围环境受到影响。大量长江水调入黄准海平原,在一定程度上将引起黄淮海平原生态系统的变化。 相似文献