共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Understanding the complexity of store location in sprawling polycentric cities requires exploitation of new spatial analysis methods that can decipher patterns in georeferenced point data. This article shows how the intrametropolitan location of retailing is best understood as a series of interconnected spatial distributions with varying order-based characteristics. A scattered pattern, which initially appears random or chaotic, is a web of differentiated spatial regimes containing wide-ranging order. A variety of clustering and colocation methods are used to uncover spatial patterns of retailing in Phoenix, Arizona. The analysis simultaneously identifies establishment associations and disassociations within and across sectors. Results show that clothing and motor vehicles are the most likely to cluster next to establishments in the same sector. These sectors also have strong intersectoral relationships across retailing. We find limited evidence that the size of establishments significantly increases with distance from sectoral mean centers. Geospatial technologies are increasingly used by individual retailers to locate and manage their facilities. It is important that scholarly analysis of retailing spatial patterns keeps pace, especially as cities grow and land use and land value patterns become more complex. 相似文献
2.
A-Xing Zhu Wei Wang Wen Xiao Zhi-Pang Huang Ge-Sang Dunzhu 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):1864-1886
The vast accumulation of environmental data and the rapid development of geospatial visualization and analytical techniques make it possible for scientists to solicit information from local citizens to map spatial variation of geographic phenomena. However, data provided by citizens (referred to as citizen data in this article) suffer two limitations for mapping: bias in spatial coverage and imprecision in spatial location. This article presents an approach to minimizing the impacts of these two limitations of citizen data using geospatial analysis techniques. The approach reduces location imprecision by adopting a frequency-sampling strategy to identify representative presence locations from areas over which citizens observed the geographic phenomenon. The approach compensates for the spatial bias by weighting presence locations with cumulative visibility (the frequency at which a given location can be seen by local citizens). As a case study to demonstrate the principle, this approach was applied to map the habitat suitability of the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Yunnan, China. Sightings of R. bieti were elicited from local citizens using a geovisualization platform and then processed with the proposed approach to predict a habitat suitability map. Presence locations of R. bieti recorded by biologists through intensive field tracking were used to validate the predicted habitat suitability map. Validation showed that the continuous Boyce index (Bcont(0.1)) calculated on the suitability map was 0.873 (95% CI: [0.810, 0.917]), indicating that the map was highly consistent with the field-observed distribution of R. bieti. Bcont(0.1) was much lower (0.173) for the suitability map predicted based on citizen data when location imprecision was not reduced and even lower (?0.048) when there was no compensation for spatial bias. This indicates that the proposed approach effectively minimized the impacts of location imprecision and spatial bias in citizen data and therefore effectively improved the quality of mapped spatial variation using citizen data. It further implies that, with the application of geospatial analysis techniques to properly account for limitations in citizen data, valuable information embedded in such data can be extracted and used for scientific mapping. 相似文献
3.
This paper investigates the determinants of spatial knowledge and how our knowledge of space varies according to geographic location. By using data on U.S. city names recalled at 22 test locations, a multivariate model of the information surface specific to each test location is calibrated. This model links the probability of a city being recalled from memory to its distance from the test site, its population size, its location with respect to other cities, and whether or not it is a state capital. The paper then suggests that these recall data provide information on spatial knowledge surfaces from which large-scale spatial choices, such as migration destinations, are made. Results from the analysis lend further evidence to the idea that spatial knowledge is stored and processed hierarchically and that individuals underrepresent information in large clusters. Consequently, the results have important implications for modeling any spatial behavior based on individuals' spatial information surfaces. In particular, the results cast further doubt on the validity of traditional large-scale spatial choice frameworks and lend support to the competing destinations hypothesis. 相似文献
4.
Infant mortality is a sensitive indicator of urban environmental conditions, and investigating the geography of such an indicator provides insight into variables affecting public health in urban North America in 1880 and 1920. Geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial analysis now provide a means by which to view past infant mortality distributions from a new perspective, one not available at the time. This study makes use of data collected from the 1880 and 1920 Vital Statistics Death Records for Baltimore, Maryland - mapping each infant death to his or her place of residence. Previous work with the 1880 data indicates an uneven distribution of infant deaths with some degree of spatial clustering. The current study takes these findings a step further through the use of the local spatial autocorrelation statistic, Gi*, to identify the locations of clusters in one or both years. The aim of the comparison is to determine whether the location of infant mortality clusters remained the same over time indicating persistent environmental, and possibly demographic, challenges in certain neighborhoods. The data indicated hotspots of infant mortality in both years with persistence in the Fells Point area of Baltimore. The significant clusters appeared in neighborhoods with large African American and/or immigrant populations in both years. The hotspots in the primarily African American neighborhood were only significant in 1880 despite presenting some intriguing questions about what caused such a change, particular when the population in that part of the city did not change. This work offers insights into the spatial distribution of infant mortality in the past and clues regarding which parts of the city need additional investigation to better understand their social and environmental characteristics. 相似文献
5.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(1):15-18
Abstract This article introduces the development and validation of the spatial thinking ability test (STAT). The STAT consists of sixteen multiple-choice questions of eight types. The STAT was validated by administering it to a sample of 532 junior high, high school, and university students. Factor analysis using principal components extraction was applied to identify underlying spatial thinking components and to evaluate the construct validity of the STAT. Spatial components identified through factor analysis only partly coincided with spatial concepts used to develop the questions that compose the STAT and with the components of spatial thinking hypothesized by other researchers. 相似文献
6.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):227-239
This paper investigates the determinants of spatial knowledge and how our knowledge of space varies according to geographic location. By using data on U.S. city names recalled at 22 test locations, a multivariate model of the information surface specific to each test location is calibrated. This model links the probability of a city being recalled from memory to its distance from the test site, its population size, its location with respect to other cities, and whether or not it is a state capital. The paper then suggests that these recall data provide information on spatial knowledge surfaces from which large-scale spatial choices, such as migration destinations, are made. Results from the analysis lend further evidence to the idea that spatial knowledge is stored and processed hierarchically and that individuals underrepresent information in large clusters. Consequently, the results have important implications for modeling any spatial behavior based on individuals' spatial information surfaces. In particular, the results cast further doubt on the validity of traditional large-scale spatial choice frameworks and lend support to the competing destinations hypothesis. 相似文献
7.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(2):70-76
This study investigates the location and varying spatiality of questions in geography textbooks. The results show that study questions posed in page margins address the three components of spatial thinking—concepts of space, using tools of representation, and processes of reasoning—more than questions in other locations within the text. Three practices are particularly recommended to help students develop spatial thinking skills through answering textbook questions: (1) utilize page-margin questions; (2) select questions around spatial representations; and (3) focus on higher-level cognitive processes. 相似文献
8.
浙江省入境旅游发展势头强劲,但省内各地市间入境旅游发展却参差不齐,非均衡性空间特征显著。通过分析浙江省11个地市1999—2008年共10年的入境旅游外汇收入指标,引入标准差、相对发展率和波士顿矩阵等分析方法,归纳浙江省入境旅游发展空间非均衡基本特征,同时,对影响非均衡产生的经济社会条件、区位条件、资源环境等因子的变化趋势进行深入探究,提出浙江省入境旅游可以由非均衡发展逐步向均衡化方向发展的观点。最后,从浙江省资源整合、区域联动角度,提出了浙江省入境旅游均衡化发展的对策思路。 相似文献
9.
信息技术对服务业创新影响的空间计量分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
信息技术成为服务业创新的关键因素,并受到国内外学术界的普遍关注,但鲜有从省域及市域层面探索信息技术对服务业创新影响的研究成果。以广东省地级市(域) 为例,运用因子分析、探索性空间数据分析、空间计量模型等实证研究方法,深入分析信息技术和服务业创新的空间分布特征和两者之间的关系。结果表明,服务业创新和信息技术均存在空间正相关性,形成全域空间的核心—边缘模式和局域空间的"俱乐部"模式。高值簇集聚区(珠三角) 的扩散效应只局限在局域"俱乐部"里面,而低值簇亦形成集聚区(粤北、粤东和粤西),体现出珠三角同东西两翼与粤北山区之间巨大的差距。在空间差异和扩散效应的影响下,信息技术和服务业创新在空间上均出现"俱乐部"内趋同、"俱乐部"间趋异的现象。空间计量回归表明,服务业创新在市域空间上具有相互促进作用,信息技术对服务业创新具有明显的促进作用,当信息技术水平每提高1%,服务业创新水平就将提高0.7158%,证明了信息技术是影响服务业创新的重要因素。 相似文献
10.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(5):208-219
ABSTRACTGeography textbooks contain chapter or review questions that may engage students in spatial thinking. This research used Jo and Bednarz’s (2009) Taxonomy of Spatial Thinking to evaluate the percentage of spatial thinking questions in four university-level world geography course textbooks. The results from this study were then compared to the findings in Jo and Bednarz’s (2009) analysis of high school geography textbooks. Thirty-five percent of university level textbook questions are related to spatial thinking compared to twenty-four percent in high school geography textbooks. The results provide information useful to stakeholders, such as teachers, administrators, and textbook writers and may help these stakeholders to consciously incorporate the three components of spatial thinking as defined by the National Research Council (2006). A simplified taxonomy for identifying spatial-thinking concepts in textbook review questions is also suggested. 相似文献
11.
In a competitive business environment, retailers brand themselves using unique location strategies. New retailers, especially, use their location strategy to construct a different brand concept from that of the first mover. Therefore, retail chains in the same industry show different location patterns. This article aims to investigate how a new retailer uses its location strategy to differentiate itself from the first mover by comparing the location patterns of two coffee chains. The location patterns of Starbucks Coffee (a “first mover” that employs a premium brand concept) and Ediya Coffee (a “new retail chain” that promotes an economical brand concept) are analyzed for the study. We use a Bayesian spatial model to explore the two retailers' location patterns in Seoul, Korea. Considerable differences are found in the spatial distribution patterns of the two coffee franchises. Starbucks has formed store groupings in prime areas such as the city center based on its cluster location strategy, reflecting its premium brand concept. Conversely, many Ediya Coffee shops have been located in less desirable areas such as fringe areas with low land prices, reflecting their economical brand concept and differentiating the company from Starbucks. These findings lead to a useful marketing implication for a retail startup formulating its location strategy for differentiation. Furthermore, this study's company-level analysis of retail location patterns provides a better understanding of complex retail geography. 相似文献
12.
LUTI模型的概念结构、实现方法及发展趋势 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
回顾了LUTI模型概念、起源和发展过程,对模型的一般架构和实现技术方法进行了系统的总结分析,在此基础上讨论了LUTI模型发展所面临的问题与挑战。研究发现,作为模拟城市空间发展过程常用的数学模型,LUTI模型是基于城市土地利用-交通相互作用规律,从社会经济活动空间分布的角度模拟城市空间演化过程。根据LUTI模型,城市空间演化过程是土地利用系统和交通系统不断的相互作用过程,其中交通模型根据城市活动空间分布及交通设施评价城市交通状况,而土地利用模型根据交通可达性和其他影响因素预测城市空间发展趋势;城市发展过程中城市活动空间分布在交通的作用下发生改变后,将改变城市房租、交通状况等因素,进而再次导致城市活动空间分布随之变化,如此不断相互作用、趋于平衡。LUTI在国外被广泛用于城市空间政策检验、辅助决策。就LUTI模型的发展而言,已有研究更多地侧重要解决的现实问题,而对模型的理论结构关注较少,导致模型的发展滞后于城市的发展。应用中面临的诸多问题要求LUTI模型理论上的进一步突破。将LUTI的工作原理植入城市研究的背景中,旨在让读者对LUTI模型原理、结构、实现技术及面临的问题有深入了解,推进LUTI模型在中国应用与发展。 相似文献
13.
CHRIS GIBSON 《The Australian geographer》2003,34(2):239-257
This paper examines social and spatial inequalities in personal usage of information technologies, drawing on data made available recently as part of Australia's national census, undertaken by the Bureau of Statistics in 2001. Data on both computer and Internet use are analysed in a number of ways: patterns of use and non-use of the technology are examined across New South Wales in relation to a number of variables, including age, place of birth, indigeneity, income and educational status. Selected results are mapped for State-wide trends and within Sydney, revealing spatial inequalities both across and among regions. Correlation and regression analysis are used to demonstrate the strength of association between computer and Internet use and other socio-economic variables. The results suggest that there is a strong class as well as spatial dimension to Australia's digital divides. Educational status and income mediate use of computers and Internet technologies, in addition to factors associated with location, indigeneity and birthplace. Such observations reinforce those made elsewhere regarding the uneven geometries of power apparent in information economies, and suggest interventions in public policy debates, particularly in the areas of telecommunications provision, resourcing of public schools, and regional economic development. 相似文献
14.
农牧交错带边界判定方法的研究进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
农牧交错带是我国传统农业区域与牧业区域相交汇的地带, 是我国生态环境的一条过渡带和生态安全的 重要屏障, 为此国内外学者对农牧交错带做了大量的研究, 但是迄今为止对于农牧交错带边界的认识尚未达成共 识。不同学者划分方法不一, 划分标准和指标不一致, 导致划分的农牧交错带在空间上差异很大, 因此有必要对农 牧交错带的边界做进一步的研究。农牧交错带的分布主要受降水等自然因素的限制, 但也与人类对土地利用的方 式密切相关, 因此它更是作为一种土地利用/土地覆被现状存在的。本文在总结以前农牧交错带边界判定研究中主 要用到的方法及存在不足的基础上, 建议从土地利用的角度考虑农牧交错带, 并就边界确定的研究方法做了探讨。 相似文献
15.
Guofeng Cao Phaedon C. Kyriakidis Michael F. Goodchild 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(11):1773-1791
Categorical spatial data, such as land use classes and socioeconomic statistics data, are important data sources in geographical information science (GIS). The investigation of spatial patterns implied in these data can benefit many aspects of GIS research, such as classification of spatial data, spatial data mining, and spatial uncertainty modeling. However, the discrete nature of categorical data limits the application of traditional kriging methods widely used in Gaussian random fields. In this article, we present a new probabilistic method for modeling the posterior probability of class occurrence at any target location in space-given known class labels at source data locations within a neighborhood around that prediction location. In the proposed method, transition probabilities rather than indicator covariances or variograms are used as measures of spatial structure and the conditional or posterior (multi-point) probability is approximated by a weighted combination of preposterior (two-point) transition probabilities, while accounting for spatial interdependencies often ignored by existing approaches. In addition, the connections of the proposed method with probabilistic graphical models (Bayesian networks) and weights of evidence method are also discussed. The advantages of this new proposed approach are analyzed and highlighted through a case study involving the generation of spatial patterns via sequential indicator simulation. 相似文献
16.
Bret Wallach 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):568-571
The movements of ideas and content between locations and languages are unquestionably crucial concerns to researchers of the information age, and Twitter has emerged as a central, global platform on which hundreds of millions of people share knowledge and information. A variety of research has attempted to harvest locational and linguistic metadata from tweets to understand important questions related to the 300 million tweets that flow through the platform each day. Much of this work is carried out with only limited understandings of how best to work with the spatial and linguistic contexts in which the information was produced, however. Furthermore, standard, well-accepted practices have yet to emerge. As such, this article studies the reliability of key methods used to determine language and location of content in Twitter. It compares three automated language identification packages to Twitter's user interface language setting and to a human coding of languages to identify common sources of disagreement. The article also demonstrates that in many cases user-entered profile locations differ from the physical locations from which users are actually tweeting. As such, these open-ended, user-generated profile locations cannot be used as useful proxies for the physical locations from which information is published to Twitter. 相似文献
17.
在华跨国公司研发投资集聚的空间溢出效应及区位决定因素——基于中国省市数据的空间计量经济研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
研发投资的空间集聚有利于溢出知识、节约成本、降低风险、共享资源。以中国省市为空间样本,采用空间自相关Moran指数及集聚分析的空间计量经济学方法,研究了在华跨国公司研发投资的空间溢出效应及区位决定因素。结果发现,在溢出空间性等集聚内生因素作用下,中国省域跨国公司研发投资行为在空间分布上存在交互作用,表现为明显的区域投资集聚现象;在形成空间集聚的各因素中,除市场规模、人才资源等需求和供给因素外,集聚因素本身也有重要影响。 相似文献
18.
Beyond the Amazonian cities, distinct spatial units arranged in networks compose an extended urban space, usually invisible to government agencies and public polities. This article empirically reveals this space by studying the localities’ characteristics and connections. In southwestern Pará, Brazil, 236 communities were sampled using field expeditions. Variables related to the locality organization, history, health and education services, urban infrastructure, and land use were explored in a fuzzy cluster analysis. Local production and consumption flows were considered in the locality network analysis. The fuzzy analysis allowed identifying a hierarchy of localities for which the geographical location influences the spatial distribution patterns of five groups. On the other hand, consumption and production networks identified different locality's articulations, with persistent dependence on cities. These results characterize extensive urbanization at the local level and highlights the participation of the local populations configuring the Amazonian territory. 相似文献
19.
Ping Yin 《The Professional geographer》2018,70(3):363-373
Understanding the effect of spatial accessibility on service utilization is essential to facilitate prenatal care delivery. Previous studies suggest that mothers with better spatial access are more likely to receive adequate prenatal care. Their conclusions, however, are limited by use of small samples and inappropriate spatial accessibility measurements. This article examines the role of spatial accessibility in explaining the variation of prenatal care utilization among 202,377 mothers in Georgia from 2009 to 2011. Specifically, we use geographic information systems and spatial analysis methods to explore the spatial pattern of inadequate prenatal care utilization. A two-transportation-mode, two-step floating catchment area method is used to measure the spatial access to prenatal care by census tract. The effects of spatial accessibility, combined with the influences of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and medical factors, on the adequacy of prenatal care utilization are investigated with statistical models at the individual level. The results show that mothers with better spatial access are less likely to have adequate prenatal care. The inconsistency of this finding with other existing evidence suggests that the effects of spatial accessibility on health service utilization could be complicated and context specific. 相似文献
20.
The worldwide surge of the location-based game Pokémon Go since mid-2016 has raised debates among online gaming communities and the general public on the unique phenomenon of location spoofing. Location spoofing enables gamers to engage in remote activities by using simulated locational information. This has been largely considered a threat to the underlying fairness of the game and thus to the social order of both online game communities and the real world. This article takes up location spoofing as a unique case to engage the spatial data quality issue, an ever more fundamentally important issue in geography in today’s era of big data. Unlike the well-examined systematic error, outliers, and uncertainty in spatial data, our understanding of user-generated spatial data from location spoofing is rather limited. To fill this gap and advance the debates on the spatial data quality issue, we collected a data set of Pokémon and applied actor–network theory to examine the various human and nonhuman agents involved, including gamers, spoofers, game developers, bots, and hackers. We argue that location spoofing in mobile games and other increasingly location-based services (e.g., Uber) should not be merely interpreted as fake data but should be taken seriously as real human geographic data in new spatial (re)assemblages proliferating nowadays. We encourage scholars in geography and neighboring fields to investigate this emerging issue in location-based services, with the goal of promoting a more critical and holistic understanding of geospatial big data. 相似文献