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1.
A method of seismic zonation based on deterministic modeling of rupture plane is presented in this work. This method is based
on the modeling of finite rupture plane along identified lineaments in the region using the semi-empirical technique, of Midorikawa
[(1993) Tectonophysics 218:287–295]. The modeling procedure follows ω2 scaling law, directivity effects, and other strong motion parameters. The technique of zonation is applied for technoeconomically
important NE part of Brahmaputra valley that falls in the seismic gap region of Himalaya. Zonation map prepared for Brahmaputra
valley for earthquakes of magnitude M > 6.0 show that approximately 90,000 km2 area fall in the highly hazardous zone IV, which covers region that can have peak ground accelerations of order more than
250 cm/s2. The zone IV covers the Tezu, Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Ziro, North Lakhimpur, Itanagar, Sibsagar, Jorhat, Golaghat, Wokha, Senapati,
Imphal, and Kohima regions. The Pasighat, Daring, Basar, and Seppa region belong to zone III with peak ground accelerations
of the order 200–250 cm/s2. The seismic zonation map obtained from deterministic modeling of the rupture is consistent with the historical seismicity
map and it has been found that the epicenter of many moderate and major earthquakes fall in the identified zones. 相似文献
2.
The assessment of local site effects on seismic ground motions is of great importance in earthquake engineering practice.
Several destructive earthquakes in the past have demonstrated that the amplification of ground motion and associated damage
to structures due to local site conditions is a significant consideration in earthquake hazard analysis. A recent paper published
in this journal highlights the hazard posed by earthquakes in the megacity of Kolkata in India due to its seismic and geological
settings. The seismic hazard assessment study speculates that the deep alluvial deposit in the city may increase the seismic
hazard probably due to the amplification of the seismic energies. This paper focuses on the seismic response studies of the
various soil strata (i.e. for local subsurface conditions) obtained from various construction sites in the city for predicted
earthquake. It is very well recognized that site response studies (a part of seismic microhazard zonation for urban areas)
are the first step towards performance-based foundation design or seismic risk analysis and mitigation strategy. One of the
problems for carrying out site-specific study in Kolkata is the lack of recorded strong motion data in the city. Hence, this
paper outlines a methodology to carry out site-specific study, where no strong motion data or seismic data are available.
The methodology uses wavelet-based spectrum compatibility approach to generate synthetic earthquake motions and equivalent
linear method for seismic site response analysis. The Mega City of Kolkata has been considered to explain the methodology.
Seismic hazard zonation map by the Bureau of Indian Standards classifies the City of Kolkata as moderate seismic zone (Zone
III) with a zone factor 0.16. On the other hand, GSHAP(Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program) map which is based on 10%
probability of exceedance in 50 years specifies a maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 1.6 m/s2 (0.163 g) for this region. In the present study, the seismic response has been carried out based on GSHAP. The results of
the analysis indicate the amplification of ground motion in the range of 4.46–4.82 with the fundamental period ranging from
0.81 to 1.17 s. Furthermore, the maximum spectral accelerations vary in the range of 0.78–0.95 g. 相似文献
3.
Sankar Kumar Nath Kiran Kumar Singh Thingbaijam Abhishek Raj 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(2):809-831
A comprehensive analytical as well as numerical treatment of seismological, geological, geomorphological and geotechnical concepts has been implemented through microzonation projects in the northeast Indian provinces of Sikkim Himalaya and Guwahati city, representing cases of contrasting geological backgrounds — a hilly terrain and a predominantly alluvial basin respectively. The estimated maximum earthquakes in the underlying seismic source zones, demarcated in the broad northeast Indian region, implicates scenario earthquakes of M W 8.3 and 8.7 to the respective study regions for deterministic seismic hazard assessments. The microzonation approach as undertaken in the present analyses involves multi-criteria seismic hazard evaluation through thematic integration of contributing factors. The geomorphological themes for Sikkim Himalaya include surface geology, soil cover, slope, rock outcrop and landslide integrated to achieve geological hazard distribution. Seismological themes, namely surface consistent peak ground acceleration and predominant frequency were, thereafter, overlaid on and added with the geological hazard distribution to obtain the seismic hazard microzonation map of the Sikkim Himalaya. On the other hand, the microzonation study of Guwahati city accounts for eight themes — geological and geomorphological, basement or bedrock, landuse, landslide, factor of safety for soil stability, shear wave velocity, predominant frequency, and surface consistent peak ground acceleration. The five broad qualitative hazard classifications — ‘low’, ‘moderate’, ‘high’, ‘moderate high’ and ‘very high’ could be applied in both the cases, albeit with different implications to peak ground acceleration variations. These developed hazard maps offer better representation of the local specific seismic hazard variation in the terrain. 相似文献
4.
The seismically active Northwest (NW) Himalaya falls within Seismic Zone IV and V of the hazard zonation map of India. The
region has suffered several moderate (~25), large-to-great earthquakes (~4) since Assam earthquake of 1897. In view of the
major advancement made in understanding the seismicity and seismotectonics of this region during the last two decades, an
updated probabilistic seismic hazard map of NW Himalaya and its adjoining areas covering 28–34°N and 74–82°E is prepared.
The northwest Himalaya and its adjoining area is divided into nineteen different seismogenic source zones; and two different
region-specific attenuation relationships have been used for seismic hazard assessment. The peak ground acceleration (PGA)
estimated for 10% probability of exceedance in 50 and 10 years at locations defined in the grid of 0.25 × 0.25°. The computed
seismic hazard map reveals longitudinal variation in hazard level along the NW Himalayan arc. The high hazard potential zones
are centred around Kashmir region (0.70 g/0.35 g), Kangra region (0.50 g/0.020 g), Kaurik-Spitti region (0.45 g/0.20 g), Garhwal
region (0.50 g/0.20 g) and Darchula region (0.50 g/0.20 g) with intervening low hazard area of the order of 0.25 g/0.02 g
for 10% probability in 50 and 10 years in each region respectively. 相似文献
5.
In this study, stochastic finite fault modeling is used to simulate Uttarkashi (1991) and Chamoli (1999) earthquakes using all available source, path, and site parameters available for the region. These two moderate earthquakes are recorded at number of stations of a strong motion network. The predicted peak ground accelerations at these stations are compared with the observed data and the ground motion parameters are constrained. The stress drop of Uttarkashi and Chamoli earthquakes is constrained at 77 and 65?bars, respectively, whereas the quality factor Q C is 112 $ f^{0.97} $ and 149 $ f^{0.95} $ for these two regions. The high-frequency attenuation parameter Kappa is in the range 0.04?C0.05. The constrained ground motion parameters are then used to simulate Mw 8.5 earthquake in central seismic gap region of Himalaya. Two scenarios are considered with epicenter of future great earthquake at locations of Uttarkashi and Chamoli earthquakes using above constrained parameters. The most vulnerable towns are the towns of Dehradun and Almora where expected PGA is in excess of 600?cm/s2 at VS30 520?m/s when the epicenter of the great earthquake is at the location of Uttarkashi (1991) earthquake. The towns of Shimla and Chandigarh can expect PGA close to 200?cm/s2. Whereas when the epicenter of the great earthquake is at the location of Chamoli (1999) earthquake, the towns of Dehradun and Almora can expect PGA of around 500 and 400?cm/s2, respectively, at VS30 620?m/s. The National Capital Region, Delhi can expect accelerations of around 80?cm/s2 in both the cases. The PGA contour maps obtained in this study can be used to assess the seismic hazard of the region and identify vulnerable areas in and around central Himalaya from a future great earthquake. 相似文献
6.
This study presents the future seismic hazard map of Coimbatore city, India, by considering rupture phenomenon. Seismotectonic
map for Coimbatore has been generated using past earthquakes and seismic sources within 300 km radius around the city. The
region experienced a largest earthquake of moment magnitude 6.3 in 1900. Available earthquakes are divided into two categories:
one includes events having moment magnitude of 5.0 and above, i.e., damaging earthquakes in the region and the other includes
the remaining, i.e., minor earthquakes. Subsurface rupture character of the region has been established by considering the
damaging earthquakes and total length of seismic source. Magnitudes of each source are estimated by assuming the subsurface
rupture length in terms of percentage of total length of sources and matched with reported earthquake. Estimated magnitudes
match well with the reported earthquakes for a RLD of 5.2% of the total length of source. Zone of influence circles is also
marked in the seismotectonic map by considering subsurface rupture length of fault associated with these earthquakes. As earthquakes
relive strain energy that builds up on faults, it is assumed that all the earthquakes close to damaging earthquake have released
the entire strain energy and it would take some time for the rebuilding of strain energy to cause a similar earthquake in
the same location/fault. Area free from influence circles has potential for future earthquake, if there is seismogenic source
and minor earthquake in the last 20 years. Based on this rupture phenomenon, eight probable locations have been identified
and these locations might have the potential for the future earthquakes. Characteristic earthquake moment magnitude (M
w
) of 6.4 is estimated for the seismic study area considering seismic sources close to probable zones and 15% increased regional
rupture character. The city is divided into several grid points at spacing of 0.01° and the peak ground acceleration (PGA)
due to each probable earthquake is calculated at every grid point in city by using the regional attenuation model. The maximum
of all these eight PGAs is taken for each grid point and the final PGA map is arrived. This map is compared to the PGA map
developed based on the conventional deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) approach. The probable future rupture earthquakes
gave less PGA than that of DSHA approach. The occurrence of any earthquake may be expected in near future in these eight zones,
as these eight places have been experiencing minor earthquakes and are located in well-defined seismogenic sources. 相似文献
7.
A seismic hazard map of India and adjacent areas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We have produced a probabilistic seismic hazard map showing peak ground accelerations in rock for India and neighboring areas having a 10% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. Seismogenic zones were identified on the basis of historical seismicity, seismotectonics and geology of the region. Procedures for reducing the incompleteness of earthquake catalogs were followed before estimating recurrence parameters. An eastern United States acceleration attenuation relationship was employed after it was found that intensity attenuation for the Indian region and the eastern United States was similar. The largest probabilistic accelerations are obtained in the seismotectonic belts of Kirthar, Hindukush, Himalaya, Arakan-Yoma, and the Shillong massif where values of over 70% g have been calculated. 相似文献
8.
Iranian strong motion records as well as detailed conditions of their instrument sites and the characteristics of their causative seismic sources are compiled and processed. The dataset consists of 2286 three-component records from 461 Iranian earthquakes with at least two high-quality records having moment magnitude from 3.9 to 7.3. These records are about 20% of the Iranian database and are suitable for seismic hazard analysis and engineering applications. Perhaps for the first time in the literature, the distance to the surface projection of the fault is reported for a great number of records corresponding to earthquakes with M > 6.0. The raw accelerations are processed using the wavelet de-noising method. Having corrected and filtered these raw data, the pseudospectral accelerations are calculated for each of the three components of time series, separately. In addition to the ground motion parameters, a large and comprehensive list of metadata characterizing the recording conditions of each record is also developed. Moreover, careful revision of the characteristics of the earthquakes such as location, magnitude, style of faulting and fault rupture plane geometry, if available, is carried out using the best available information in a scientifically sound manner. Finally, we also focus on special ground motion records including records with peak ground acceleration (PGA) >300 cm/s2 and distances less than 30 km. These are “exceptional” records in the Iranian dataset and include less than 2% of the selected dataset. 相似文献
9.
Estimation of seismic hazard in Gujarat region, India 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Sumer Chopra Dinesh Kumar B. K. Rastogi Pallabee Choudhury R. B. S. Yadav 《Natural Hazards》2013,65(2):1157-1178
The seismic hazard in the Gujarat region has been evaluated. The scenario hazard maps showing the spatial distribution of various parameters like peak ground acceleration, characteristics site frequency and spectral acceleration for different periods have been presented. These parameters have been extracted from the simulated earthquake strong ground motions. The expected damage to buildings from future large earthquakes in Gujarat region has been estimated. It has been observed that the seismic hazard of Kachchh region is more in comparison with Saurashtra and mainland. All the cities of Kachchh can expect peak acceleration in excess of 500?cm/s2 at surface in case of future large earthquakes from major faults in Kachchh region. The cities of Saurashtra can expect accelerations of less than 200?cm/s2 at surface. The mainland Gujarat is having the lowest seismic hazard as compared with other two regions of Gujarat. The expected accelerations are less than 50?cm/s2 at most of the places. The single- and double-story buildings in Kachchh region are at highest risk as they can expect large accelerations corresponding to natural periods of such small structures. Such structures are relatively safe in mainland region. The buildings of 3?C4 stories and tall structures that exist mostly in cities of Saurashtra and mainland can expect accelerations in excess of 100?cm/s2 during a large earthquake in Kachchh region. It has been found that a total of 0.11 million buildings in Rajkot taluka of Saurashtra are vulnerable to total damage. In Kachchh region, 0.37 million buildings are vulnerable. Most vulnerable talukas are Bhuj, Anjar, Rapar, Bhachau, and Mandvi in Kachchh district and Rajkot, Junagadh, Jamnagar, Surendernagar and Porbandar in Saurashtra. In mainland region, buildings in Bharuch taluka are more vulnerable due to proximity to active Narmada-Son geo-fracture. The scenario hazard maps presented in this study for moderate as well as large earthquakes in the region may be used to augment the information available in the probabilistic seismic hazard maps of the region. 相似文献
10.
Exhumed fault zones offer insights into deformation processes associated with earthquakes in unparalleled spatial resolution; however it can be difficult to differentiate seismic slip from slow or aseismic slip based on evidence in the rock record. Fifteen years ago, Cowan (1999) defined the attributes of earthquake slip that might be preserved in the rock record, and he identified pseudotachylyte as the only reliable indicator of past earthquakes found in ancient faults. This assertion was based on models of frictional heat production (Sibson, 1975, 1986) providing evidence for fast slip. Significant progress in fault rock studies has revealed a range of reaction products which can be used to detect frictional heating at peak temperatures less than the melt temperature of the rock. In addition, features formed under extreme transient stress conditions associated with the propagating tip of an earthquake rupture can now be recognized in the rock record, and are also uniquely seismic. Thus, pseudotachylyte is no longer the only indicator of fossilized earthquake ruptures.We review the criteria for seismic slip defined by Cowan (1999), and we determine that they are too narrow. Fault slip at rates in the range 10−4−101 m/s is almost certainly dynamic. This implies that features reproduced in experiments at rates as low as 10−4 m/s may be indicators of seismic slip. We conclude with a summary of the rock record of seismic slip, and lay out the current challenges in the field of earthquake geology. 相似文献
11.
Indrajit Pal Sankar Kumar Nath Khemraj Shukla Dilip Kumar Pal Abhishek Raj K. K. S. Thingbaijam B. K. Bansal 《Natural Hazards》2008,45(3):333-377
An earthquake hazard zonation map of Sikkim Himalaya is prepared using eight thematic layers namely Geology (GE), Soil Site
Class (SO), Slope (SL), Landslide (LS), Rock Outcrop (RO), Frequency–Wavenumber (F–K) simulated Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA),
Predominant Frequency (PF), and Site Response (SR) at predominant frequencies using Geographic Information System (GIS). This
necessitates a large scale seismicity analysis for seismic source zone classification and estimation of maximum earthquake
magnitude or maximum credible earthquake to be used as a scenario earthquake for a deterministic or quasi-probabilistic seismic
scenario generation. The International Seismological Center (ISC) and Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) catalogues have
been used in the present analysis. Combining b-value, fractal correlation dimension (Dc) of the epicenters and the underlying tectonic framework, four seismic source zones
are classified in the northeast Indian region. Maximum Earthquake of M
W 8.3 is estimated for the Eastern Himalayan Zone (EHZ) and is used to generate the seismic scenario of the region. The Geohazard
map is obtained through the integration of the geological and geomorphological themes namely GE, SO, SL, LS, and RO following
a pair-wise comparison in an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Detail analysis of SR at all the recording stations by receiver
function technique is performed using 80 significant events recorded by the Sikkim Strong Motion Array (SSMA). The ground
motion synthesis is performed using F–K integration and the corresponding PGA has been estimated using random vibration theory
(RVT). Testing for earthquakes of magnitude greater than M
W 5, a few cases presented here, establishes the efficacy and robustness of the F–K simulation algorithm. The geohazard coverage
is overlaid and sequentially integrated with PGA, PF, and SR vector layers, in order to evolve the ultimate earthquake hazard
microzonation coverage of the territory. Earthquake Hazard Index (EHI) quantitatively classifies the terrain into six hazard
levels, while five classes could be identified following the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) PGA nomenclature for the seismic
zonation of India. EHI is found to vary between 0.15 to 0.83 quantitatively classifying the terrain into six hazard levels
as “Low” corresponding to BIS Zone II, “Moderate” corresponding to BIS Zone III, “Moderately High” belonging to BIS Zone IV,
“High” corresponding to BIS Zone V(A), “Very High” and “Severe” with new BIS zones to Zone V(B) and V(C) respectively. 相似文献
12.
Bihong Fu Pilong Shi Huadong Guo Satoshi Okuyama Yoshiki Ninomiya Sarah Wright 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2011,40(4):805-824
The 12 May 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, China, was one of largest continental thrusting events worldwide. Based on interpretations of post-earthquake high-resolution remote sensing images and field surveys, we investigated the geometry, geomorphology, and kinematics of co-seismic surface ruptures, as well as seismic and geologic hazards along the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt. Our results indicate that the Wenchuan earthquake occurred along the NE–SW-trending Yingxiu–Beichuan and Guanxian–Anxian faults in the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt. The main surface rupture zones along the Yingxiu–Beichuan and Guanxian–Anxian fault zones are approximately 235 and 72 km in length, respectively. These sub-parallel ruptures may merge at depth. The Yingxiu–Donghekou surface rupture zone can be divided into four segments separated by discontinuities that appear as step-overs or bends in map view. Surface deformation is characterized by oblique reverse faulting with a maximum vertical displacement of approximately 10 m in areas around Beichuan County. Earthquake-related disasters (e.g., landslides) are linearly distributed along the surface rupture zones and associated river valleys.The Wenchuan earthquake provides new insights into the nature of mountain building within the Longmen Shan, eastern Tibetan Plateau. The total crustal shortening accommodated by this great earthquake was as much as 8.5 m, with a maximum vertical uplift of approximately 10 m. The present results suggest that ongoing mountain building of the Longmen Shan is driven mainly by crustal shortening and uplift related to repeated large seismic events such as the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Furthermore, rapid erosion within the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt occurs along deep valleys and rupture zones following the occurrence of large-scale landslides triggered by earthquakes. Consequently, we suggest that crustal shortening related to repeated great seismic events, together with isostatic rebound induced by rapid erosion-related unloading, is a key component of the geodynamics that drive ongoing mountain building on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
13.
Attenuation relationships are commonly used for engineering studies to estimate the peak ground acceleration values. This
paper presents the role of attenuation relationship in defining the seismic hazard in an area. It is seen that the seismic
hazard in an area, which is calculated using attenuation relationships, is mostly controlled by the type of attenuation relationship
used in the study. The present work aims to study the effect of attenuation relationship on seismic hazard study. In the present
work, seismic hazard maps have been prepared in the seismically very active northeast Himalaya using the approach given by
Joshi and Patel (Tectonophysics 283:289–310, 1997). The attenuation relationships of Jain et al. (2000), Sharma (2000), Joyner and Boore (Bull Seism Soc Am 71:2011–2038, 1981) and Abrahamson and Litehiser (Bull Seism Soc Am 79:549–580, 1989) have been considered in the present study. Among all considered attenuation relationships, the Abrahamson and Litehiser
(Bull Seism Soc Am 79:549–580, 1989) attenuation relationship gives the least root mean square error between the recorded and calculated peak ground acceleration
values. Therefore, the same has been used to define attenuation characteristic of the region. The mean and standard deviation
of peak ground acceleration values at all the observation points due to above-mentioned attenuation relationships in the NE
Himalayas are calculated. The study shows that the Zone III covers an area of 81,000 km2 and Zone II of 96,000 km2 in the map prepared using the mean peak ground acceleration values, whereas the area of Zone IV increases by 40,000 km2 when the map is prepared by adding the standard deviation values in the mean peak ground acceleration values, and only Zone
II is left with 183,000 km2 when the standard deviation values are subtracted from the mean. This high standard deviation is due to the difference in
the peak ground acceleration values obtained from different events. This study shows that a rigorous test needs to be done
for selecting attenuation relationship for any hazard study in a given area. 相似文献
14.
The Vienna Basin Transfer Fault (VBTF) is a slow active fault with moderate seismicity (I
max~8–9, M
max~5.7) passing through the most vulnerable regions of Austria and Slovakia. We use different data to constrain the seismic
potential of the VBTF including slip values computed from the seismic energy release during the 20th century, geological data
on fault segmentation and a depth-extrapolated 3-D model of a generalized fault surface, which is used to define potential
rupture zones. The seismic slip of the VBTF as a whole is in the range of 0.22–0.31 mm/year for a seismogenic fault thickness
of 8 km. Seismic slip rates for individual segments vary from 0.00 to 0.77 mm/year. Comparing these data to geologically and
GPS-derived slip velocities (>1 mm/year) proofs that the fault yields a significant seismic slip deficit. Segments of the
fault with high seismic slip contrast from segments with no slip representing locked segments. Fault surfaces of segments
within the seismogenic zone (4–14 km depth) vary from 55 to 400 km2. Empirical scaling relations show that these segments are sufficiently large to explain both, earthquakes observed in the
last centuries, and the 4th century Carnuntum earthquake, for which archeo-seismological data suggest a magnitude of M ≥ 6. Based on the combination of all data (incomplete earthquake catalog, seismic slip deficits, locked segments, potential
rupture areas, indications of strong pre-catalog earthquakes) we argue, that the maximum credible earthquake for the VBTF
is in the range M
max = 6.0–6.8, significantly larger than the magnitude of the strongest recorded events (M = 5.7). 相似文献
15.
Probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the sultanate of Oman 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
I. El-Hussain A. Deif K. Al-Jabri N. Toksoz S. El-Hady S. Al-Hashmi K. Al-Toubi Y. Al-Shijbi M. Al-Saifi S. Kuleli 《Natural Hazards》2012,64(1):173-210
This study presents the results of the first probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) in the framework of logic tree for Oman. The earthquake catalogue was homogenized, declustered, and used to define seismotectonic source model that characterizes the seismicity of Oman. Two seismic source models were used in the current study; the first consists of 26 seismic source zones, while the second is expressing the alternative view that seismicity is uniform along the entire Makran and Zagros zones. The recurrence parameters for all the seismogenic zones were determined using the doubly bounded exponential distribution except the zones of Makran, which were modelled using the characteristic distribution. Maximum earthquakes were determined and the horizontal ground accelerations in terms of geometric mean were calculated using ground-motion prediction relationships developed based upon seismic data obtained from active tectonic environments similar to those surrounding Oman. The alternative seismotectonic source models, maximum magnitude, and ground-motion prediction relationships were weighted and used to account for the epistemic uncertainty. Hazard maps at rock sites were produced for 5?% damped spectral acceleration (SA) values at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0 and 2.0?s spectral periods as well as peak ground acceleration (PGA) for return periods of 475 and 2,475?years. The highest hazard is found in Khasab City with maximum SA at 0.2?s spectral period reaching 243 and 397?cm/s2 for return periods 475 and 2,475 years, respectively. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the choice of seismic source model and the ground-motion prediction equation influences the results most. 相似文献
16.
The Andaman-Sumatra subduction zone is seismically one of the most active and complex subduction zones that produced the 26
December 2004 mega thrust earthquake (Mw 9.3) and large number of aftershocks. About 8,000 earthquakes, including more than
3,000 aftershocks (M ≥ 4.5) of the 2004 earthquake, recorded during the period 1964–2007, are relocated by the EHB method. We have analysed this
large data set to map fractal correlation dimension (Dc) and frequency-magnitude relation (b-value) characteristics of the seismogenic structures of this ~3,000-km-long mega thrust subduction zone in south-east Asia.
The maps revealed the seismic characteristics of the Andaman-Sumatra-Java trenches, West Andaman fault (WAF), Andaman Sea
Ridge (ASR), Sumatra and Java fault systems. Prominent N–S to NW–SE to E–W trending fractal dimension contours all along the
subduction zone with Dc between 0.6 and 1.4 indicate that the epicentres mostly follow linear features of the major seismogenic
structures. Within these major contours, several pockets of close contours with Dc ~ 0.2 to 0.6 are identified as zones of
epicentre clusters and are inferred to the fault intersections as well as asperity zones along the fault systems in the fore
arc. A spatial variation in the b-value (1.2–1.5) is also observed along the subduction zone with several pockets of lower b-values (1.2–1.3). The smaller b-value zones are corroborated with lower Dc (0.5–0.9), implying a positive correlation. These zones are identified to be the
zones of more stress or asperity where rupture nucleation of intermediate to strong magnitude earthquakes occurred. 相似文献
17.
The Indian subcontinent is characterized by various tectonic units viz., Himalayan collision zone in North, Indo-Burmese arc in north-east, failed rift zones in its interior in Peninsular Indian shield and Andaman Sumatra trench in south-east Indian Territory. During the last about 100 years, the country has witnessed four great and several major earthquakes. Soon after the occurrence of the first great earthquake, the Shillong earthquake (M w: 8.1) in 1897, efforts were started to assess the seismic hazard in the country. The first such attempt was made by Geological Survey of India in 1898 and since then considerable progress has been made. The current seismic zonation map prepared and published by Bureau of Indian Standards, broadly places seismic risk in different parts of the country in four major zones. However, this map is not sufficient for the assessment of area-specific seismic risks, necessitating detailed seismic zoning, that is, microzonation for earthquake disaster mitigation and management. Recently, seismic microzonation studies are being introduced in India, and the first level seismic microzonation has already been completed for selected urban centres including, Jabalpur, Guwahati, Delhi, Bangalore, Ahmadabad, Dehradun, etc. The maps prepared for these cities are being further refined on larger scales as per the requirements, and a plan has also been firmed up for taking up microzonation of 30 selected cities, which lie in seismic zones V and IV and have a population density of half a million. The paper highlights the efforts made in India so far towards seismic hazard assessment as well as the future road map for such studies. 相似文献
18.
Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Sumatra, Indonesia and across the Southern Malaysian Peninsula 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mark D. Petersen James Dewey Stephan Hartzell Charles Mueller Stephan Harmsen ArthurD. Frankel Ken Rukstales 《Tectonophysics》2004,390(1-4):141-158
The ground motion hazard for Sumatra and the Malaysian peninsula is calculated in a probabilistic framework, using procedures developed for the US National Seismic Hazard Maps. We constructed regional earthquake source models and used standard published and modified attenuation equations to calculate peak ground acceleration at 2% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years for rock site conditions. We developed or modified earthquake catalogs and declustered these catalogs to include only independent earthquakes. The resulting catalogs were used to define four source zones that characterize earthquakes in four tectonic environments: subduction zone interface earthquakes, subduction zone deep intraslab earthquakes, strike-slip transform earthquakes, and intraplate earthquakes. The recurrence rates and sizes of historical earthquakes on known faults and across zones were also determined from this modified catalog. In addition to the source zones, our seismic source model considers two major faults that are known historically to generate large earthquakes: the Sumatran subduction zone and the Sumatran transform fault. Several published studies were used to describe earthquakes along these faults during historical and pre-historical time, as well as to identify segmentation models of faults. Peak horizontal ground accelerations were calculated using ground motion prediction relations that were developed from seismic data obtained from the crustal interplate environment, crustal intraplate environment, along the subduction zone interface, and from deep intraslab earthquakes. Most of these relations, however, have not been developed for large distances that are needed for calculating the hazard across the Malaysian peninsula, and none were developed for earthquake ground motions generated in an interplate tectonic environment that are propagated into an intraplate tectonic environment. For the interplate and intraplate crustal earthquakes, we have applied ground-motion prediction relations that are consistent with California (interplate) and India (intraplate) strong motion data that we collected for distances beyond 200 km. For the subduction zone equations, we recognized that the published relationships at large distances were not consistent with global earthquake data that we collected and modified the relations to be compatible with the global subduction zone ground motions. In this analysis, we have used alternative source and attenuation models and weighted them to account for our uncertainty in which model is most appropriate for Sumatra or for the Malaysian peninsula. The resulting peak horizontal ground accelerations for 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years range from over 100% g to about 10% g across Sumatra and generally less than 20% g across most of the Malaysian peninsula. The ground motions at 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years are typically about 60% of the ground motions derived for a hazard level at 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The largest contributors to hazard are from the Sumatran faults. 相似文献
19.
The evolution of the seismogenic process associated with the Ms 5.8 Sangro Valley earthquake of May 1984 (Abruzzo, central Italy) is closely controlled by the Quaternary extensional tectonic pattern of the area. This pattern is characterised by normal faults mainly NNW striking, whose length is controlled by pre-existing Mio–Pliocene N100±10° left-lateral strike-slip fault zones. These are partly re-activated as right-lateral normal-oblique faults under the Quaternary extensional regime and behave as transfer faults.Integration of re-located aftershocks, focal mechanisms and structural features are used to explain the divergence between the alignment of aftershocks (WSW–ENE) and the direction of seismogenic fault planes defined by the focal mechanisms (NNW–SSE) of the main shock and of the largest aftershock (Ms=5.3).The faults that appear to be involved in the seismogenic process are the NNW–SSE Barrea fault and the E–W M. Greco fault. There is field evidence of finite Quaternary deformation indicating that the normal Barrea fault re-activates the M. Greco fault as right-lateral transfer fault. No surface faulting was observed during the seismic sequence. The apparently incongruent divergence between aftershocks and nodal planes may be explained by interpreting the M. Greco fault as a barrier to the propagation of earthquake rupturing. The rupture would have nucleated on the Barrea fault, migrating along-strike towards NNW. The sharp variation in direction from the Barrea to the M. Greco fault segments would have represented a structural complexity sufficient to halt the rupture and subsequent concentration of post-seismic deformation as aftershocks around the line of intersection between the two fault planes.Fault complexities, similar to those observed in the Sangro Valley, are common features of the seismic zone of the Apennines. We suggest that the zones of interaction between NW–SE and NNW–SSE Plio-Quaternary faults and nearly E–W transfer faults, extending for several kilometres in the same way as M. Greco does, might act as barriers to the along-strike propagation of rupture processes during normal faulting earthquakes. This might have strong implications on seismic hazard, especially for the extent of the maximum magnitude expected on active faults during single rupture episodes. 相似文献
20.
Nuclear power plants are designed to prevent the hazardous effects of the earthquakes and any external events to keep the safety of the plant. Ninety-one shallow seismic refraction profiles were performed to determine shear wave velocity of the engineering layers at the site of El Dabaa area that is situated to the northern coastline of Egypt for seismic hazard microzonation evaluation according to hazard index values. A microzonation is a procedure of delineating an area into individual zones having different ranks of numerous seismic hazards. This will aid in classifying areas of high seismic risk which is vigorous for industrial design of nuclear structures. The site response analysis requires the characterization of subsurface materials considering local subsurface profiles of the site. Site classification of the area under investigation was undertaken using P- and S-waves and available borehole data. The studied nuclear power plant site has been characterized as per NEHRP site classification using an average velocity of transverse wave (V s 30 ) of depth 30 m which acquired from seismic survey. This site was categorized into two site classes: the major one is “site class B,” and the minor one is “site class A.” The attenuation coefficient, the damping ratio and the liquefaction potential are geotechnical parameters which were derived from P- and S-waves, and have their major effects on the seismic hazard contribution. 1D ground response analysis was carried out in the places of seismic profiles inside the site for estimating the amount of ground quaking using peak ground acceleration (PGA), site amplification, predominant frequency and spectral accelerations on the surface of ground by the DEEPSOIL software package. Seven factors (criteria) deliberated to assess the earthquake hazard index map are: (1) the peak ground acceleration at the bedrock, (2) the amplification of the site, (3) the liquefaction potential, (4) the main frequency of the earthquake signal, (5) the average V s of the first 30 m from the ground surface, (6) the depth to the groundwater and (7) the depth to the bedrock. These features were exemplified in normalized maps after uniting them to 0–1 scores according to some criteria by the minimum and maximum values as linear scaling points. Multi-criteria evaluation is an application of multi-criteria decision analysis theory that used for developing a seismic hazard index map for a nuclear power plant site at El Dabaa area in ArcGIS 10.1 software. Two models of decision making were used in this work for seismic hazard microzonation. The analytic hierarchy process model was applied to conduct the relative weights of the criteria by pairwise comparison using Expert Choice Software. An earthquake hazard index map was combined using Weighted Linear Combination model of the raster weighted overlay tool of ArcGIS 10.1. The results indicated that most of the study site of the nuclear power plant is a region of low to moderate hazard; its values are ranging between 0.2 and 0.4. 相似文献