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1.
为研究花岗岩在三轴循环加卸载条件下气体渗透率的演化规律,利用岩石多场耦合三轴试验仪分别对花岗岩进行三轴恒下限分级循环加卸载试验和气体渗透试验。试验结果表明：加载曲线与上一次循环卸载曲线形成塑性滞回环,随着循环次数的增加,每个循环应力下限的轴向应变也随之增加;前期几个循环试样体积压缩明显,以轴向压缩变形为主,后期轴向应力达到一定数值时体积由压缩转为扩容,裂纹发展方向偏向于轴向方向,均呈剪切脆性破坏;气体渗透率变化分为稳定下降阶段、缓慢增加阶段、急剧上升阶段3个阶段,试样脆性破坏后气体渗透率均上升2～3个数量级;体积应变曲线拐点与横向应变曲线结合起来可以作为研究岩石渗透率变化规律的一个重要参考因素。 相似文献
2.
Investigating the Effect of Cyclic Loading on the Indirect Tensile Strength of Rocks 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments during the investigation of the stress–strain characteristics of
Brisbane tuff disc specimens under diametral compressive cyclic loading. Two different cyclic loading methods were used: namely,
sinusoidal cyclic loading and cyclic loading with increasing mean level. The first method applied the S–N curve approach to the indirect tensile strength (ITS) of rock specimens for the first time in the literature, and the second
method investigated the effect of increasing cyclic loading on the ITS of rock specimens. The ITS of Brisbane tuff disc specimens
was measured using the Brazilian tensile strength test. The reduction in ITS was found to be 33% with sinusoidal loading tests,
whereas increasing cyclic loading caused a maximum reduction of 37%. It is believed that the fracturing under cyclic loading
starts at contact points between strong grains and weak matrices, and that contact points at grain boundaries are the regions
of stress concentration (i.e., indenters). Transgranular cracks emanate from these regions and intergranular cracks sometimes
pass through the contact points. Once cracking begins, there is a steady progression of damage and a general ‘loosening’ of
the rock, which is a precursor to the formation of intergranular cracks. 相似文献
3.
Summary Rock mechanical tests and subsequent investigations in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been carried out on samples
retrieved from the Late Cretaceous Springar Fm offshore Mid-Norway. Mineralogical and petrophysical analyses pertinent to
this study have been conducted according to standard methods. The Springar Fm has a clay content of 45–50%, with smectite
rich mixed-layer illite/smectite as the dominating clay mineral. Consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial tests show a geomechanically
brittle behaviour at all test conditions. The brittle behaviour is mainly due to diagenetic siderite cement. During the rock
mechanical consolidation phases only minor reductions in the pore volumes took place. During the induced shear deformation
local orientation of small mica grains parallel to the direction of shear occurred in the vicinity of the failure zone. The
small fabric changes observed in the SEM are in agreement with the low deformations seen from the CU triaxial test data of
the Springar Fm. 相似文献
4.
矽卡岩单轴循环加卸载试验及声发射特性研究 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
利用MTS岩石力学试验系统和PAC声发射信号采集系统,研究了单轴循环加卸载作用下矽卡岩强度变化及声发射特征。在矽卡岩循环加卸载过程中,若加载过程中岩样没有明显局部破坏,则随着循环次数的增加,弹性模量逐渐增大,岩样强度略有提高;若加载过程中岩样内部已经出现明显的局部破坏,产生了不可恢复的宏观裂纹,则循环加卸载会促进宏观裂纹层面间的滑移,从而加速岩样失稳破坏。矽卡岩在单轴压缩作用下声发射曲线大体可分为压密、弹性、塑性、峰后屈服4个阶段,并伴随有不同的声发射情况。此外,矽卡岩在循环加卸载作用下具有反凯塞效应,并且随着加卸载循环次数的增加,费拉西蒂比逐渐变小;岩样卸载阶段仍然有大量声发射产生。 相似文献
5.
碎屑砂岩三轴压缩下强度和变形特性试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于碎屑岩组织结构疏松、含水率较高、物理力学性能较差、呈孔隙式胶结接触等特点,对碎屑砂岩首先开展了物理特性试验分析,认为其微、细观结构复杂、内部破坏严重,矿物成分为石英、长石、绢云母等,化学成分以SiO2为主,属微透水、小孔隙率砂岩,且渗水化学侵蚀并不显著。其次,开展了静水压力、单轴压缩和三轴压缩试验,研究了碎屑砂岩的强度和变形破坏特性。最后,初步探索了物理特性与强度变形特性的关系。结果表明,静水压力为2.6 MPa时,岩样内部微缺陷压密完成;单轴压缩曲线呈明显6阶段特征,峰值应力达0.98 MPa,属脆-延性破坏;三轴压缩条件下,岩样呈压缩为主的延性扩容破坏,轴向压缩和环向体积扩容达6%和4%;曲线无明显破坏荷载,呈现非线性、塑性硬化、存在屈服平台和体积由压缩向扩容过渡等特性。且体积扩容破损应力与屈服应力基本相同,扩容转折点随围压增加而增大,围压可增强岩样抵抗变形破坏的能力。试验结果旨在为岩石工程稳定分析及本构模型构建提供可靠的依据。 相似文献
6.
Effects of Grain Size on the Initiation and Propagation Thresholds of Stress-induced Brittle Fractures 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：8
Summary The microstructure of rock is known to influence its strength and deformation characteristics. This paper presents the results
of a laboratory investigation into the effects of grain size on the initiation and propagation thresholds of stress-induced
brittle fracturing in crystalline rocks with similar mineralogical compositions, but with three different grain sizes. Strain
gauge and acoustic emission measurements were used to aid in the identification and characterization of the different stages
of crack development in uniaxial compression. Results indicate that grain size had only a minor effect on the stress at which
new cracks initiated. Crack initiation thresholds were found to be more dependent on the strength of the constituent minerals.
Grain size did have a significant effect, however, in controlling the behaviour of the cracks once they began to propagate.
The evidence suggests that longer grain boundaries and larger intergranular cracks, resulting from increased grain size, provide
longer paths of weakness for growing cracks to propagate along. This promoted degradation of material strength once the longer
cracks began to coalesce and interact. Thus, rock strength was found to decrease with increasing grain size, not by inducing
crack initiation at lower stresses, but through a process where longer cracks propagating along longer planes of weakness
coalesced at lower stresses. 相似文献
7.
新庄煤矿立井采用冻结法施工技术,在井筒开挖的过程中,由于侧向卸荷作用导致围岩产生卸荷变形。从新庄煤矿立井现场采集白垩系中粒砂岩,对加工后的岩样进行饱水处理,然后利用GCTS电液伺服控制高低温高压岩石三轴测试系统进行冻结（-10 ℃）条件下的恒轴压、卸围压三轴试验,模拟在井筒开挖过程中围岩的应力变化路径,探索冻结砂岩的变形特性。研究表明：侧向卸荷条件下冻结砂岩表现出弹-脆性特征,轴向表现为压缩变形,径向表现为膨胀变形,径向变形量约为轴向变形量的2倍;当卸荷速率一定时,岩样的卸荷变形随初始围压的增大而增大,尤其是径向变形最为显著,这可能与卸荷回弹变形及岩样内部聚集的能量大小有关;围压卸荷到同一应力水平时,高卸荷速率下岩样的卸荷变形量较小,而变形速率较大;卸荷作用导致岩样变形模量减小,横向应变与纵向应变之比增大,卸荷速率越小,初始围压越大,应变之比变化越大。 相似文献
8.
Experimental study of mechanical and hydraulic properties of bedded rock salt from the Jintan location 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wei Xing Juan Zhao Uwe Düsterloh Dieter Brückner Zhengmeng Hou Lingzhi Xie Jianfeng Liu 《Acta Geotechnica》2014,9(1):145-151
A series of triaxial compression tests, triaxial extension tests, and triaxial compression creep tests were conducted to evaluate the strength, deformability, and permeability of rock salt from the Jintan location. Based on a previous analysis, the measured data can be physically modeled very well as shown by the constitutive model Hou/Lux and indicate that China’s representative bedded rock salt from the Jintan location is characterized by good ductility and deformation properties, similar to the European high-purity rock salt. Based on a comparison of compression as well as extension failure strength determined at rock salt from Jintan location, a similarity of compression and extension failure strength could be demonstrated. Permeation flow seems to be an anisotropic process because the permeability measured at samples prior to failure by compression tests differs to those measured at samples prior to failure by extension tests. The anisotropy of damage and destruction of rock salt has a significant influence on permeability. In case of triaxial compression tests, the measured permeability increases two to six orders of magnitude because of consistent direction of injection and cracks. In case of triaxial extension tests, however, the permeability increases less with a maximum of two orders in magnitude. The test results are significant for understanding the load-bearing behavior of rock salt from Jintan location and investigations with reference to the stability and tightness of underground caverns. 相似文献
9.
为研究盐岩在循环荷载作用下的疲劳特性和微观结构变化,对盐岩试件展开了不同上限应力下的单轴疲劳试验;同时,利用SEM和NMR设备观测了盐岩试验前后的微观结构。结果表明：循环荷载作用下,盐岩内部裂纹发育以晶间裂纹的生成为主,且裂纹数量随上限应力比（上限应力与单轴抗压强度的比值）增大而增加。循环荷载作用后（12 000次循环）,盐岩内部大孔隙和总孔隙数量增加,小孔隙数量减少,且大孔隙和总孔隙增加的数量及小孔隙减少的数量均随上限应力比增大而增加。上限应力比为0.40且荷载循环次数N≤2 000次时,盐岩内部小孔隙、大孔隙和总孔隙数量均随荷载循环次数增加而增加;但小孔隙数量的增长速率大于大孔隙,此时盐岩孔隙结构变化以小孔隙萌生为主。上限应力比为0.40且荷载循环次数N >2 000次时,盐岩内部大孔隙和总孔隙数量仍随荷载循环次数增加而增加,而小孔隙数量不断减少,此时盐岩孔隙结构变化以大孔隙生成为主。通过求解S形函数反函数的方法,建立了一个形式简单、参数少,且能够描述盐岩累计不可逆变形发展全过程的经验疲劳模型,并利用盐岩疲劳试验结果验证了模型的合理性。 相似文献
10.
Ioannis Rigopoulos Basilios Tsikouras Panagiotis Pomonis Konstantin Hatzipanagiotou 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(5):1061-1072
This paper investigates the influence of the petrographic characteristics of mafic ophiolitic rocks on the initiation and propagation of microcracks during uniaxial compression. The microcrack patterns of a troctolite and a diorite, collected from the Pindos and Othrys ophiolites (Greece), respectively, were analysed. Thorough observation and quantification of microcracks before and after the uniaxial compression test were conducted. Combined fluorescent and polarised microscopy of polished thin sections, together with digital image analysis, indicated that the intragranular microcracks are the dominating crack type in both loaded and unloaded specimens, only in terms of their total number and length. On the other hand, the intergranular and transgranular cracks seem to grow more readily compared to the intragranular cracks, implying that the longer microcracks grow more extensively under stress. The orientation of most of the newly formed intragranular and transgranular microcracks is nearly parallel to the loading direction; however, some of the randomly oriented transgranular cracks have probably been formed during the propagation of intergranular cracks. In the troctolite, the frequency of the intragranular microcracks decreases in the olivine crystals after the uniaxial compression test due to their partial serpentinisation, which increases their resistance to brittle deformation. In the plagioclase crystals of the troctolite, microcracks are often oriented parallel to the cleavage planes, implying that such crystallographic orientations act as planes of weakness. On the contrary, the plagioclase crystals of the diorite are mainly crossed by randomly oriented microcracks, presumably due to their high degree of alteration. In the diorite, the evolution of microcracks is substantially controlled by the two perfect cleavages of amphibole. The failure of a rock occurs as a result of the growth, interaction and coalescence of a great number of pre-existing and newly formed intragranular and transgranular microcracks. The petrographic and microcrack analysis may assist in the selection of the most suitable rock type for various construction applications. 相似文献
11.
层状岩体单轴和双轴压缩蠕变特性的数值试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以绿片岩和大理岩组成的层状岩体为研究对象,采用FLAC3D对互层状岩体进行了单轴和双轴压缩蠕变试验的数值分析,在数值分析中考虑荷载方向与层理之间的几何关系、大理岩夹层的体积分数、应力水平等的影响。研究结果表明:单轴和双轴压缩条件下,随着夹层倾角由0°增加至90°,轴向和夹层倾斜方向的应变绝对值均呈先增大后减小的变化规律;随着大理岩夹层体积分数的增加,轴向压缩变形和2个侧向方向的膨胀变形量均有所减小。单轴压缩条件下,当轴向荷载方向垂直于层理时,轴向压缩变形均大于轴向荷载方向平行于层理时的轴向压缩变形;双轴压缩条件下,当轴向荷载方向垂直于层理、侧向荷载方向平行于层理时,轴向压缩变形最大,当轴向荷载方向平行于层理、侧向荷载方向垂直于层理时,轴向压缩变形最小。 相似文献
12.
Xianda Shen Jihui Ding Chlo Arson Judith S. Chester Frederick M. Chester 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2021,45(1):28-44
The dependence of rock behavior on the deformation rate is still not well understood. In salt rock, the fundamental mechanisms that drive the accumulation of irreversible deformation, the reduction of stiffness, and the development of hysteresis during cyclic loading are usually attributed to intracrystalline plasticity and diffusion. We hypothesize that at low pressure and low temperature, the rate‐dependent behavior of salt rock is governed by water‐assisted diffusion along grain boundaries. Accordingly, a chemo‐mechanical homogenization framework is proposed in which the representative elementary volume (REV) is viewed as a homogeneous polycrystalline matrix that contains sliding grain‐boundary cracks. The slip is related to the mass of salt ions that diffuse along the crack surface. The relationship between fluid inclusion‐scale and REV‐scale stresses and strains is established by using the Mori–Tanaka homogenization scheme. It is noted from the model that a lower strain rate and a larger number of sliding cracks enhance stiffness reduction and hysteresis. Thinner sliding cracks (i.e., thinner brine films) promote stiffness reduction and accelerate stress redistributions. The larger the volume fraction of the crack inclusions, the larger the REV deformation and the larger the hysteresis. Results presented in this study shed light on the mechanical behavior of salt rock that is pertinent to the design of geological storage facilities that undergo cyclic unloading, which could help optimize the energy production cycle with low carbon emissions. 相似文献
13.
在软土地基的压缩性评价和变形计算中,压缩模量是一个重要的土性参数,目前一般是通过室内侧限压缩试验曲线得到,通常是一个常数。实际上,压缩模量在地基固结过程中会随着土体固结度的增加而逐渐增大,因此,探讨外荷载作用下软土压缩模量的变化规律显得十分必要。以珠江三角洲地区某高速公路代表性软土地基为研究对象,采集天然状态和超载预压后两种状态的淤泥质土样,分别开展不同压力条件下的室内固结试验,通过分析比较两种状态土样的试验数据,得出了两种状态下淤泥质土压缩模量随压力变化的定量关系和压缩模量随压力及时间演化的规律。在此基础上,结合天然状态和超载预压后的淤泥质土样在室内再压缩前后的微观结构图像,分析了两种状态下淤泥质土压缩模量随压力和时间演化的机理。从而为软土变形计算的参数合理取值提供了有用的参考,且对软基堆载预压过程中控制加荷速率和分级荷载的大小具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
14.
Rock mechanical behaviors and deformation characteristics are associated with stress history and loading path. Unloading conditions occur during the formation of a salt cavity as a result of washing techniques. Such conditions require an improved understanding of the mechanical and deformation behaviors of rock salt. In our study, rock salt dilatancy behaviors under triaxial unloading confining pressure tests were analyzed and compared with those from conventional uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The volume deformation of rock salt under unloading was more than under triaxial loading, but less than under uniaxial loading (with the same deviatoric stress). Generally, under the same axial compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate decreased as the confining compression increased, and under the same confining compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate increased as the axial compression increased. The dilatancy boundary of the unloading confining pressure test began with unloading. This is different from the dilatancy of the uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The accelerated dilatancy point boundary stress value was affected by confining and axial compressions. The specimens entered into a creep state after unloading. The associated creep rate depends on the deviatoric stress and confining compression values at the end of the unloading process. Based on unloading theory and the experimental data, we propose a constitutive model of rock salt damage. Our model reflects the dilatancy progression at constant axial stress and reduced lateral confinement. 相似文献
15.
Summary A pillar failure at shallow depth of overburden, featuring the recent formation of subvertical open cracks in the rock was
observed. An extensive laboratory test program including Brazilian tests, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests for obtaining
strength and deformation characteristics of the limestone was executed. Strength from single and multiple failure triaxial
compression tests on intact rock and from tests on small scale rock mass specimens were obtained. Classification of the rock
mass was conducted for use with the Hoek-Brown strength criterion. Numerical analysis shows that the strength of the rock
mass exceeds by far the applied stress, suggesting a stable pillar. This typical rock engineering approach to assess rock
mass stability is shown to be inadequate. 相似文献
16.
An understanding of crack propagation is critical for the development of rock mechanic models. To study the propagation of internal cracks in situ and determine their formation mechanism, a series of uniaxial compression tests on shale specimens were conducted using a novel setup that combines X-ray micro-computed tomography (X-ray micro-CT) with a uniaxial loading apparatus, which allows CT scans to be performed during compression. Macro- and micro-scale internal cracks were extracted from CT images collected after various stages of deformation through image thresholding segmentation, providing a record of the evolution of damage within the specimens, characterized by crack closure, generation, growth, and penetration. In addition, macroscopic cracks with two distinct orientations were observed and their formation mechanism was further determined. Furthermore, test results show that the distribution of pyrite grains influences the formation of cracks at the meso- and macro-scales. These results are significant for understanding crack propagation and the failure of shale. 相似文献
17.
This study explores the link between the monotonic and cyclic undrained behaviour of sands using the discrete element method (DEM). It is shown that DEM can effectively capture the flow deformation of sands sheared under both monotonic and cyclic undrained loading conditions. When subjected to cyclic shearing, flow-type failure is observed for a loose sample, while cyclic mobility is observed for a dense sample. A strong correlation between the monotonic and cyclic loading behaviour that has been revealed experimentally is also confirmed in DEM simulations: (a) flow deformation occurs in the compressive loading direction when the cyclic stress path intersects the monotonic compression stress path prior to the monotonic extension stress path, and vice versa; (b) the onset of flow deformation in q–\(p^{\prime }\) space is located in the zone bounded by the critical state line and the instability line determined from monotonic simulations. Hill’s condition of instability is shown to be effective to describe the onset of flow failure. Micro-mechanical analyses reveal that flow deformation is initiated when the index of redundancy excluding floating particles drops to below 1.0 under both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. Flow deformation induced by either monotonic or cyclic loading is characterized by an abrupt change of structural fabric which is highly anisotropic. The reason why the dense sample dilated during monotonic loading but showed cyclic mobility (temporary liquefaction) during cyclic loading is attributed to the repeating reversal of loading direction, which leads to the periodic change of microstructure. 相似文献
18.
Zhechao Wang Shucai Li Liping Qiao Jiangang Zhao 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(6):1603-1615
A series of laboratory tests were performed to examine the fatigue behavior of granite subjected to cyclic loading under triaxial compression condition. In these tests, the influences of volumetric change and residual strain on the deformation modulus of granite under triaxial cyclic compression were investigated. It is shown that the fatigue behavior of granite varies with the tendency for volumetric change in triaxial cyclic compression tests. In the stress–strain space, there are three domains for fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading, namely the volumetric compaction, volumetric dilation with strain-hardening behavior, and volumetric dilation with strain-softening behavior domains. In the different domains, the microscopic mechanisms for rock deformation are different. It was also found that the stress level corresponding to the transition from volumetric compaction to volumetric dilation could be considered as the threshold for fatigue failure. The potential of fatigue deformation was compared with that of plastic deformation. The comparison shows that rocks exhibit higher resistances to volumetric deformation under cyclic loading than under plastic loading. The influence of residual strain on the fatigue behavior of rock was also investigated. It was found that the axial residual strain could be a better option to describe the fatigue behavior of rock than the loading cycle number. A constitutive model for the fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading is proposed according to the test results and discussion. In the model, the axial residual strain is considered as an internal state variable. The influences of confining pressure and peak deviatoric stress on the deformation modulus are considered in a term named the equivalent stress. Comparison of test results with model predictions shows that the proposed model is capable of describing the prepeak fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading. 相似文献
19.
A dense (~3.34 g cm–3) garnet–sillimanite-rich metamorphic rock from the suevite breccia of the Ries impact crater was studied by scanning-electron microscopy and Raman microprobe spectroscopy. In the strongly shocked rock clast kyanite was formed from sillimanite under momentary high pressures of natural shock waves. Kyanite aggregates were found as thin (~0.3–2.0 m) seams along grain boundaries between, and fractures within, sillimanite grains. Within these seams kyanite c-axes are oriented perpendicular to original grain boundaries and fractures. In addition, larger (up to 10 m) isolated kyanite grains were rarely found within host sillimanite. Filamentary kyanite aggregates and isolated crystals typically show shrinkage cracks due to volume decrease (~10%). Locally, broad interstices between sillimanite crystals are filled with aluminosilicate glass containing a high volume fraction of sub-micrometer-sized euhedral crystals. The silica-rich glass suggests incongruent melting of sillimanite at local post-shock temperatures significantly higher than 1,300°C. The edges of adjacent sillimanite grains are thermally and chemically altered. The local generation of temperature spikes is attributed to strong shock wave interactions due to very high shock impedance contrasts. 相似文献
20.
Crack-related fabric analyses were carried out in terms of crack tensors using Inada granite deformed inelastically in a triaxial vessel up to post-failure, focusing on the fabric changes during brittle failure. Complementarily, numerical simulation tests were conducted to determine the representative volume element (RVE) required for crack surveying. Numerical simulation tests show that the window size for crack surveying should be at least six times the mean trace length in order to obtain a statistically meaningful crack tensor. A larger window is needed to estimate the distribution of crack radii. In quartz, cracks grow preferentially parallel to the major loading axis. Crack tensors in quartz can provide a measure of damage reflecting inelastic deformation under differential stress in past geological events. During the first stage of inelastic deformation, the number density of cracks decreases with a rather sharp increase in crack diameters. This happens because pre-existing cracks in intact rock join together to make longer cracks. However, the density remains almost constant during the second stage of loading from 90% to 100% of the peak stress. The crack diameter gradually increases due to the stable propagation of cracks. When granite is further deformed beyond the peak stress, the number density decreases again while sharp increases in crack diameters appear as a result of the forking and coalescence of cracks. It is also suggested that load-normal grain boundary cracks are generated as a result of the rolling and sliding of disintegrated blocks in the post-failure stage. 相似文献