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1.
An unsaturated soil is a three-phase material that is ubiquitous on the earth’s surface. The fully saturated and completely dry states are just two limiting conditions of an unsaturated soil. The state and properties of unsaturated soils can change significantly with external loads, weather conditions and groundwater level. Proper modelling of the state-dependent behaviour of unsaturated soils is crucial for analysing the performance of almost all civil engineering structures. So far, there are many unsaturated soil models and several relevant review papers in the literature. None of the existing review papers, however, focused on the state dependency of unsaturated soil behaviour. Moreover, some aspects of soil behaviour have not been reviewed, including small strain stiffness, dilatancy and stress-dependence of water retention curve. In the current review paper, the state dependency of unsaturated soil behaviour is reviewed, with a particular attention to the three missing parts. The review is carried out in a unified and relatively simple constitutive framework, which adopts a three-by-three compliance matrix to link incremental volumetric strain, deviator strain and degree of saturation to incremental mean net stress, deviator stress and suction. All of the nine variables in the proposed three-by-three compliance matrix have clear physical meanings and can be measured through compression, shearing and water retention tests. Theoretical models based on other constitutive stress variables can be also converted to this framework by matrix transformation. 相似文献
2.
探讨非饱和土的饱和度测量几种测量方法。由于非饱和土试验方法的不同,造成饱和度的测量的偏差。本文根据GDS的试验结果,对几种测量饱和度的方法进行比较和分析,指出假设土样颗粒体积不变,土样体积改变是因为土样孔隙大小的改变的合理性,认为直接法是一种有效的方法。 相似文献
3.
This paper focuses on the shrinkage behavior of soil specimens involving sand, kaolinite, and kaolinite/sand mixtures subjected to desiccation under controlled conditions. Both, free and restrained shrinkage conditions are studied. The experiments show that pure soils do not curl upon unrestrained shrinkage; however, (under the same conditions) kaolinite/sand mixtures exhibited a marked curling. Furthermore, the mixture with the higher sand content broke through the middle of the sample after displaying a significant curling. Soils subjected to restricted shrinkage developed cracks with slight curling. To simulate the observed behavior, a mechanical model able to reproduce the detachment of the soil sample from the mold is proposed in this work and implemented in a fully coupled hydro-mechanical finite-element code. It is concluded that suction and differential shrinkage are key factors influencing the curling behavior of soils. The proposed framework was able to satisfactorily explain and reproduce the different stages and features of soil behavior observed in the experiments. 相似文献
4.
Expansive soils exhibit large volume changes when their water content changes. Alternate heave and settlement due to seasonal
climatic variations result in distress and damage in civil infrastructure systems. This research focuses on the understanding
of swelling and shrinkage phenomenon in the surface layer of expansive soils. Undisturbed field samples were used to capture
the effect of in situ conditions (geologically induced fissuring and environmentally caused saturation) on volume change properties of Regina clay.
Based on laboratory investigations, the swelling potential and swelling pressure of the native clay at S = 82% were found to be 1.5% and 3.5 kPa, respectively. The swell-shrink path during progressive soil drying followed an S-shaped curve comprising of an initial low structural shrinkage followed by a sharp decline during normal shrinkage and then
by a low decrease during residual shrinkage. The soil microstructure correlated well with the observed volume change behaviour
as well as with the consistency limits. The presence of fissures in field samples at various degrees of saturation confirmed
that the investigated deposit is at an equilibrium condition with respect to the swell-shrink phenomenon. The swelling properties
at any initial saturation state were estimated using the free swelling test and the swell-shrink test data in conjunction.
The swelling potential increased 12 times (from 2 to 24%) and the swelling pressure increased by two orders of magnitude (from
27 to 2500 kPa) with a change in the degree of saturation from 80% (at the plastic limit) to 60% (at the shrinkage limit). 相似文献
5.
Expansive clay buffers in radioactive waste disposal designs experience cyclic drying and wetting paths during different stages of their design life. Clayey soils subjected to these processes develop swelling and shrinkage deformations, which give rise to the accumulation of compression or expansion strains during suction cycles. Experimental studies were undertaken using oedometer tests on an artificially prepared bentonite-sand mixture (80% bentonite by dry mass). In order to study these processes and to identify the most important features controlling soil behaviour, several wetting-drying cycles with suctions ranging between 130 and 4 MPa were applied using vapour equilibrium technique and covering a wide range of overconsolidation ratios (OCR). The tested samples showed cumulative shrinkage strains along the successive cycles, which became more significant at increasing vertical net stresses (low OCR values). However, no accumulation of expansion strains was detected at elevated OCR values. Test results were interpreted and predicted within the context of an elastoplastic model proposed by Alonso et al., 1999, [Alonso, E.E., Vaunat, J., Gens, A., (1999). Modelling the mechanical behaviour of expansive clays. Engineering Geology, 54, 173-183.] which takes into account the accumulation of strains. A good correspondence between measured soil response and model predictions was observed. The paper also presents the methodology to derive the constitutive parameters. 相似文献
6.
土体龟裂是一种常见的自然现象,它对土体的物理力学性质有重要影响,是许多工程地质及环境地质问题的重要诱因。开展土体龟裂研究,探讨其形成机理并构建相应的理论模型,一直是本课题的研究重点和难点。根据近年来国内外围绕土体龟裂所取得的研究成果,着重对土体龟裂的力学机理及相关理论模型研究进展进行了归纳和总结,并依据各模型的理论基础及其特点进行了分类和评价,得到如下主要认识:学界关于龟裂的形成机理尚未有统一认识,主流观点认为龟裂是土体张拉破坏的一种表现形式,张拉应力和抗拉强度是控制龟裂形成的两个关键力学指标,但上述力学机理不能解释所有的土体龟裂现象。与土体龟裂相关的理论模型总体上可以分为4大类:（1）以断裂力学为理论基础的模型:代表性的有线弹性断裂力学模型、弹塑性断裂力学模型和基于线弹性断裂力学的有限元模型;（2）以张拉破坏为理论基础的模型:代表性的有线弹性力学模型、剪切破坏模型、弹性力学模型和黏性开裂模型;（3）以土体干缩变形过程为基础的含水率-体积变化模型;（4）以土体固结理论为基础的应力路径分析模型。在此基础上,进一步对各模型的适用条件及不足之处进行了评价。最后,笔者对该课题今后的研究重点和方向提出了建议,包括:蒸发过程中土体微观结构变化及微观力学分析;蒸发过程中孔隙水的迁移过程、分布特征及赋存状态研究;土体收缩研究;土体抗拉强度研究;裂隙发育宽度及深度预测理论模型研究;龟裂发育几何形态特征预测理论模型研究。 相似文献
7.
Triaxial test has been widely used to investigate the stress–strain relationship of unsaturated soils. During triaxial testing, soil volume is an essential parameter to be measured. For an unsaturated soil, due to the presence of air phase, accurate volume/deformation measurement during triaxial testing was a great challenge for researchers. Recently, a photogrammetry-based method has been developed to measure the soil volume/deformation during triaxial testing. Preliminary triaxial test results indicate the new method is simple, accurate, and cost- and time-effective. However, some concerns regarding its measurement accuracy and applicability, which are critical for the dissemination of the photogrammetry-based method, have been raised by other researchers. These concerns were addressed in details in this study. The factors concerning the deformation measurement accuracy were systematically evaluated through a series of triaxial tests on an aluminum cylinder with different confining media and chamber pressures. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to investigate the impact of the system parameters on the volume measurement accuracy of the photogrammetry-based method. In addition, a triaxial test on a saturated sand specimen was conducted to evaluate the influences of mesh density, mesh pattern, and interpolation technique on the volume change measurement accuracy. Finally, some suggestions were provided to improve the accuracy of the photogrammetry-based measurement method. 相似文献
8.
Engineering problems associated with expansive clay formations, which have a large swelling and shrinking potential, exist in different regions of Romania.In the general framework of the study of the behaviour of expansive clays, the present paper describes some particular aspects connected with the swelling and shrinkage processes and their engineering effects in Romania.The differences between swelling potential relationships, obtained by two different methods are presented and discussed. Swelling pressure tests were accomplished using the available standard techniques, as well as a specially developed cell pressure equipment.Attention is drawn to the stages of the shrinkage process as related to soil structure. It was found that, in a general case, there are three distinct?tages: initial, normal and residual shrinkage.Laboratory investigations have shown that in soils with an anisotropic structure, the directional variation of shrinkage strains is elliptical in shape, with the maximum shrinkage normal to particle orientation.The engineering aspects of the results are discussed. 相似文献
9.
The main objective of this paper is to examine how different engineering soils react to environmental variations and to provide correlations to characterize their behaviour under null external mechanical stress. Two French and two Algerian soils with liquid limits ranging from 36 to 112 were prepared under both slurry and Proctor compaction conditions, and then subjected to drying–wetting paths with suction controlled from several kPa to several hundreds of MPa. Experimental results are presented in five diagrams to show globally and simultaneously the shrinkage–swelling, saturation–desaturation and water retention characteristics. A reasonable consistency was observed between the oedometric and drying curves of slurry, confirming the equivalence between hydraulic loading (suction) and mechanical loading (consolidation stress) on the volume change behaviour of different soils. As an intrinsic parameter of soil nature, liquid limit was found to have a significant influence on the shrinkage limit, air-entry suction and compressibility of both slurry and compacted samples. For that reason, correlations between these characteristics and liquid limit were set up, providing a good basis for a first estimation of the drying–wetting curves. At the micro-scale, new experimental results were obtained: either on drying or wetting path, the micro-pores were almost unaffected, whereas, when matrix suction increased from 0.1 to 8 MPa, the volume of macro-pores decreased to quasi-closure. At last, the analogy between the compaction and drying–wetting curves, and the comparison of different methods to determine the water retention curve were addressed. Such analogies and comparisons contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of mechanical stress and suction. 相似文献
10.
Laboratory cyclic swell–shrink tests were carried out on compacted expansive soil specimens to study in detail the effect
of changes in shrinkage pattern on the swell–shrink behaviour of compacted expansive soils. Compacted soil specimens were
allowed to swell and either shrank fully or partially shrank to several predetermined heights in each cycle. The tests were
carried out at a surcharge pressure of 50 kPa. The test results revealed that shrinkage of compacted saturated soil specimens
to predetermined height in each shrinkage cycle provides similar conditions as that of the controlled suction tests with an
increasing number of swell–shrink cycles. The water content of soil specimens and hence soil suction was found to remain nearly
constant for each pattern of shrinkage. For soil specimens equilibrated to a given swell–shrink pattern, suction at the end
of shrinkage cycles was changed from a higher suction to a lower suction, and also from a lower to a higher suction. The experimental
results showed that there may be an immediate equilibrium state attained by the soil in terms of swell–shrink potential if
suction at the shrinkage cycles was less than the past suction; otherwise, the equilibrium state was accompanied by fatigue
of swelling. The volumetric deformation of the soil specimen subjected greater shrinkage was found to be much larger than
the corresponding vertical deformation. The compressibility index of microstructure, κ m, was determined for several shrinkage patterns. It is shown that κ m is heavily influenced by suction at the end of shrinkage cycles. 相似文献
11.
Geomaterials such as soils and rocks can exhibit inherent anisotropy due to the preferred orientation of mineral grains and/or cracks. They can also be partially saturated with multiple types of fluids occupying the pore space. The anisotropic and unsaturated behaviors of geomaterials can be highly interdependent. Experimental studies have shown that the elastic parameters of rocks evolve with saturation. The effect of saturation has also been shown to differ between directions in transversely isotropic clay rock. This gives rise to saturation-dependent stiffness anisotropy. Similarly, permeability anisotropy can also be saturation-dependent. In this study, constitutive equations accommodating saturation-dependent stiffness and hydraulic anisotropy are presented. A linear function is used to describe the relationship between the elastic parameters and saturation, while the relative permeability–saturation relationship is characterized with a log-linear function. These equations are implemented into a hydromechanical framework to investigate the effects of saturation-dependent properties on the shrinkage behavior of clay rocks. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the role of saturation-dependent stiffness and hydraulic anisotropy in shrinkage behavior. The results highlight that strain anisotropy and time evolution of pore pressures are substantially influenced by saturation-dependent stiffness and hydraulic anisotropy. 相似文献
12.
膨胀土在干燥过程中由于失水收缩容易产生龟裂,裂隙产生后会极大削弱土体的工程性质.了解膨胀土在干燥过程中的抗拉强度特性,对从力学上进一步认识龟裂的形成和发展过程有重要意义.在室内配制了若干组初始饱和的膨胀土泥浆试样,当试样干燥到不同含水率时,利用改装的超微型贯入仪对试样开展了一系列抗拉试验,获得了膨胀土在干燥过程中抗拉强... 相似文献
13.
This study presents a simple approach to modelling the effect of temperature on the soil–water retention curves (SWRCs) of deformable soils and takes into consideration the following two aspects: (1) the effect of temperature on the liquid–gas interfacial tension and (2) temperature-induced deformation of the soil skeleton. The first aspect, the temperature effect, can be modelled using an equation proposed by Grant and Salehzadeh [18], but the second aspect is generally neglected in the literature. To quantify the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) deformation of unsaturated soils (i.e., the second aspect mentioned above), a simple volume change equation, referred to as the non-isothermal SFG volumetric equation, is proposed on the basis of the original SFG framework [37]. A three-dimensional THM yield surface in the space of net mean stress, suction and temperature is presented here. The proposed volume change equation is integrated into the non-isothermal SWRC by means of a simple hydro-mechanical coupling law [38]. The performance of the non-isothermal SFG volumetric equation and the non-isothermal SWRC equation is investigated through several numerical examples. A number of experimental results reported in the literature are employed to confirm the validity of the proposed non-isothermal SFG volume change equation and the non-isothermal SWRC equation. 相似文献
14.
The soil fabric plays an important role in complex hydromechanical behaviour of the expansive soils. This article addresses the influence of the wetting and drying paths on the soil fabric of compacted bentonite and silt mixtures at two different initial dry densities corresponding to loose and dense states. To obtain the hydric response of the soil, two suction imposition techniques were used: osmotic technique for the suction range less than 8.5 MPa and the vapour equilibrium or the salt solution technique for the suction range between 8.5 and 287.9 MPa. Additionally, the soil fabric analysis was performed using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and nitrogen gas adsorption (BET) techniques. The dense samples produced cumulative swelling strains during the suction cycles, while shrinkage was observed for the loose samples. The suction cycles induced an equilibrium state indicative of the elastic behaviour of the samples. The soil fabric analysis showed that regardless of the soil's initial state (loose or dense), the samples obtained the same soil fabric at the equilibrium state. The experimental results illustrated also the existence of an elastic void ratio ( e0el) where the compacted soils at this state present an elastic hydric behaviour during the successive suction cycles. 相似文献
15.
This paper presents an advanced constitutive model for unsaturated soils, using Bishop’s effective stress ( σ′) and the effective degree of saturation ( Se) as two fundamental constitutive variables in the proposed constitutive model. A sub-loading surface and a unified hardening parameter ( H) are introduced into the σ′– Se modelling framework to interpret the effects of initial density on coupled hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted soils. Compared with existing models in the literature, the main advantage of the proposed model that it is capable of modelling hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils compacted to different initial densities, such as the dependence of loading–collapse volume on initial void ratio and density effect on the shearing-induced saturation change. The proposed model requires 13 material parameters, all of which can be calibrated through conventional laboratory tests. Numerical studies are conducted to assess the performance of the model for a hypothetical soil under two typical hydro-mechanical loading scenarios. The proposed advanced unsaturated soil model is then validated against a number of experimental results for both isotropic and triaxial conditions reported in the literature. 相似文献
16.
This paper presents a novel, exact, semi-analytical solution for the quasi-static undrained expansion of a cylindrical cavity in soft soils with fabric anisotropy. This is the first theoretical solution of the undrained expansion of a cylindrical cavity under plane strain conditions for soft soils with anisotropic behaviour of plastic nature. The solution is rigorously developed in detail, introducing a new stress invariant to deal with the soil fabric. The semi-analytical solution requires numerical evaluation of a system of six first-order ordinary differential equations. The results agree with finite element analyses and show the influence of anisotropic plastic behaviour. The effective stresses at critical state are constant, and they may be analytically related to the undrained shear strength. The initial vertical cross-anisotropy caused by soil deposition changes towards a radial cross-anisotropy after cavity expansion. The analysis of the stress paths shows that proper modelling of anisotropic plastic behaviour involves modelling not only the initial fabric anisotropy but also its evolution with plastic straining. 相似文献
17.
Trees growing close to buildings in urban landscapes may change the soil moisture around foundations, producing shrinkage and swelling. This paper presents a numerical solver to estimate the movements resulting from these volumetric strains. This tool will be of assistance in both designing the footings of new buildings and in the analysis of damage associated with buildings that have already been constructed. The conceptual model used is based on current knowledge of the hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils. Its numerical implementation is simple, making it easy for users to make changes as they see fit. The program has been verified, validated, and applied in a real stabilization problem. 相似文献
18.
Coal swelling/shrinkage during gas adsorption/desorption is a well-known phenomenon. For some coals the swelling/shrinkage shows strong anisotropy, with more swelling in the direction perpendicular to the bedding than that parallel to the bedding. Experimental measurements performed in this work on an Australian coal found strong anisotropic swelling behaviour in gases including nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide, with swelling in the direction perpendicular to the bedding almost double that parallel to the bedding. It is proposed here that this anisotropy is caused by anisotropy in the coal's mechanical properties and matrix structure. The Pan and Connell coal swelling model, which applies an energy balance approach where the surface energy change caused by adsorption is equal to the elastic energy change of the coal solid, is further developed to describe the anisotropic swelling behaviour incorporating coal property and structure anisotropy. The developed anisotropic swelling model is able to accurately describe the experimental data mentioned above, with one set of parameters to describe the coal's properties and matrix structure and three gas adsorption isotherms. This developed model is also applied to describe anisotropic swelling measurements from the literature where the model was found to provide excellent agreement with the measurement. The anisotropic coal swelling model is also applied to an anisotropic permeability model to describe permeability behaviour for primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery. It was found that the permeability calculation applying anisotropic coal swelling differs significantly to the permeability calculated using isotropic volumetric coal swelling strain. This demonstrates that for coals with strong anisotropic swelling, anisotropic swelling and permeability models should be applied to more accurately describe coal permeability behaviour for both primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery processes. 相似文献
20.
天然岩土材料具有结构性和各向异性。在岩土破损力学的理论框架下,建立了初始应力各向异性结构性土的二元介质模型。岩土破损力学把结构性岩土材料抽象成由胶结强的胶结块（胶结元）和无胶结的软弱带（摩擦元）组成的二元结构体,变形过程中胶结块逐步破损并向软弱带转化。假定胶结块为横观各向同性的理想弹脆性体,胶结块破损后转化成的软弱带为可用邓肯-张模型描述的非线性弹性体。通过引入考虑各向异性影响的破损率和局部应变系数,建立了初始应力各向异性结构性土的二元介质本构模型,并给出了模型参数的确定方法。最后给出了模型的表现,且通过人工制备初始应力各向异性结构性土的三轴压缩试验结果验证了模型的适用性。计算结果表明,所提出的本构模型可以较好地模拟初始应力各向异性结构性土的应力-应变和体积变形特性。 相似文献
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