共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 549 毫秒
1.
川藏铁路在穿越西藏贡觉地区时遇到三叠系粉砂质泥岩,在高地应力条件下容易发生大变形等危害。文章开展了不同围压下的岩石三轴压缩和和三轴蠕变试验,结合PFC数值模拟,研究了粉砂质泥岩在不同围压下的蠕变特性和长期强度研究,结果表明:贡觉粉砂质泥岩流变具有西原蠕变模型特征,蠕变与常规三轴试验条件下,随着围压不断增大,粉砂质泥岩试样均由拉-剪破坏向单剪破坏过渡,剪切破裂面与水平线的夹角逐渐减小,微裂纹数量减少;蠕变试验相较于常规三轴试验,由拉应力引起的压碎带影响范围更广;在高围压条件下,粉砂质泥岩更容易发生流变,随着围压的增大,轴向应变、侧向应变和体积应变均增大,微裂纹数量呈下降趋势;瞬时弹性模量及黏弹性系数与围压呈线性递增关系,黏弹性模量与围压呈对数型增长关系,黏塑性系数与围压呈指数型增长关系。在荷载长期作用下,岩石长期强度低于瞬时强度。 相似文献
2.
鉴于膨胀土滑坡往往表现为长期性、渐进性等与时间相关的特性,利用GDS应力路径三轴仪对膨胀土进行了三轴卸荷蠕变试验。试验结果表明：当偏应力较小时,膨胀土的蠕变曲线仅出现瞬时变形和衰减蠕变;当偏应力达到一定值时,其蠕变曲线也呈现衰减蠕变、稳态蠕变和加速蠕变3个阶段,但其加速蠕变阶段的特征与一般岩土体不同,其蠕变速度近乎常数。膨胀土的应力?应变等时曲线显示,膨胀土卸荷蠕变具有非线性特征,且其非线性程度与蠕变时间和应力水平相关,蠕变时间越长、应力水平越高,其非线性程度越高。基于非线性流变力学理论,提出了一种非线性四元件蠕变模型,将标准线性体与一个非线性黏壶串联,该模型可描述等围压三轴压缩应力状态下膨胀土轴向应变随时间的演变规律。根据膨胀土卸荷蠕变试验结果,采用曲线拟合法对三维非线性模型的参数进行反演识别。拟合曲线和试验曲线对比显示,两者吻合良好,说明该模型可以很好地描述膨胀土的蠕变特性。此外,基于该蠕变模型获取了膨胀土的临界破坏应力,其与常规剪切破坏应力的比值随着固结压力的减小而减小,表明越接近坡面的土层越容易发生蠕变破坏。 相似文献
3.
水压和应力耦合下脆性岩石蠕变与破坏时效机制研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于水压和应力耦合作用下锦屏深部大理岩的三轴蠕变试验,研究了大理岩的变形时效特性、等时曲线特征以及时效破坏机制。研究结果表明,(1) 孔隙水压可以增强大理岩的时效变形能力,有水压时的稳态蠕变率大于无水压状态时的稳态蠕变率。(2) 裂纹扩容失稳应力强度比可以作为硬脆性岩石是否发生失稳蠕变的门限值,且当应力强度比到达这一门限值时,岩石的失稳概率随着时间发展而陡增。(3) 体积蠕变量大于侧向和轴向的蠕变量值,显示脆性岩石扩容蠕变效应特征显著。(4) 不同时刻的等时曲线具有明显的相似性,在发生加速蠕变之前,等时曲线基本呈线性特征;而在发生加速蠕变时,等时曲线呈显著非线性特征。 相似文献
4.
Meng-Chia Weng 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(4):1197-1209
Based on the concept of generalized plasticity, this study proposes a constitutive model to describe the time-dependent behavior and wetting deterioration of sandstone. The proposed model (1) exhibits nonlinear elasticity under hydrostatic and shear loading, (2) follows the associated flow rule for viscoplastic deformation, (3) adopts a creep modulus that varies with the stress ratio, (4) considers the primary and secondary creep behaviors of rock, and (5) considers the effect of wetting deterioration. This model requires 13 material parameters, comprising 3 for elasticity, 7 for plasticity, and 3 for creep. All parameters can be determined easily by following the suggested procedures. The proposed model is first validated by comparison with triaxial tests of sandstone under different hydrostatic stress and cyclic loading conditions. In addition, the model is versatile in simulating time-dependent behavior through a series of multistage creep tests. Finally, to consider the effects of wetting deterioration, triaxial and creep tests under dry and water-saturated conditions are simulated. Comparison of the simulated and experimental data shows that the proposed model can predict the behavior of sandstone in dry and saturated conditions. 相似文献
5.
Rock fracture under upper crustal conditions is driven not only by applied stresses, but also by time-dependent, chemically activated subcritical cracking processes. These subcritical processes are of great importance for the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of rocks over geological timescales. A macroscopic manifestation of time-dependency in the brittle field is the observation that rocks can deform and fail at constant applied stresses, a phenomenon known as brittle creep. Here, we review the available experimental evidence for brittle creep in crustal rocks, and the various models developed to explain the observations. Laboratory experiments have shown that brittle creep occurs in all major rock types, and that creep strain rates are extremely sensitive to the environmental conditions: differential stress, confining pressure, temperature and pore fluid composition. Even small changes in any of these parameters produce order of magnitude changes in creep strain rates (and times-to-failure). Three main classes of brittle creep model have been proposed to explain these observations: phenomenological, statistical, and micromechanical. Statistical and micromechanical models explain qualitatively how the increasing influence of microcrack interactions and/or the increasing accumulated damage produces the observed evolution of macroscopic deformation during brittle creep. However, no current model can predict quantitatively all of the observed features of brittle creep. Experimental data are limited by the timescale over which experiments are realistically feasible. Clearly, an extension of the range of available laboratory data to lower strain rates, and the development of new modelling approaches are needed to further improve our current understanding of time-dependent brittle deformation in rocks. 相似文献
6.
开挖与支护应力路径下硬岩破坏过程的真三轴与声发射试验研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
针对硬岩的脆性破坏问题,利用真三轴和声发射（AE）试验系统研究了灰岩试样在不同应力路径和应力水平下的力学特征与变形破坏机理、AE活动特征及能量释放规律。试验研究表明：（1）开挖卸荷应力路径下,试样强度受卸荷作用影响较大,且随中间主应力呈区间性变化,试样以脆性劈裂破坏为主;（2）开挖卸荷+支护的应力路径下,支护力显著改善了岩石的力学性质,破坏形式以张剪性破坏为主;（3）试样AE活动过程可以分为三个活跃期（裂隙压密阶段、卸荷阶段和失稳-破坏阶段）和两个相对平静期（弹性变形阶段和微破裂稳定发展阶段）,AE信号表征参数“absolute energy”作为能量度量指标能够较好地定量描述和研究硬岩的脆性破坏过程。试验结果和许多工程开挖和支护过程中岩体的力学行为和支护作用类似,可为工程现场开挖支护设计提供试验依据和有益指导。 相似文献
7.
通过将Perzyna过应力理论与临界状态理论相结合,并引入Wheeler旋转硬化法则,提出一个能描述土体初始各向异性及应力诱发各向异性的三维弹黏塑性本构模型。模型考虑流变发生的下限,在三维应力空间,模型存在形状相似的静屈服面及动态加载面。采用缩放形式的幂函数。本构模型数值算法采用回映算法,借助ABAQUS软件UMAT子程序接口实现。并通过对三轴不排水蠕变试验的模拟,确定合适的积分步长。此后,分别对三轴不排水蠕变试验及常应变率三轴不排水剪切试验进行了模拟。模拟中通过设置不同参数值,可将模型退化为各向同性模型,并对这两种模拟结果进行了比较。模拟结果表明：(1) 对于三轴不排水蠕变,在低剪应力水平下,各向同性模型和各向异性模型模拟的结果相差不大,而在高剪应力水平下,各向异性模型模拟结果更接近试验结果;(2) 对于常应变率加载试验的模拟,模型合理反映了土体不排水强度随着加载速率的增大而增大现象。 相似文献
8.
Failure and long‐term behaviour of oriented solids are studied. Transversely isotropic materials are considered and a mathematical formulation that respect the material symmetry is developed and applied to model the triaxial behaviour of sedimentary rocks. Two failure criteria and a viscoplastic constitutive model that describe, respectively, triaxial failure and triaxial creep tests are presented and discussed. The application of the developed models to describe the mechanical behaviour of Tournemire shale shows that theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data. In the present paper, the developed approach is applied to sedimentary rock materials, nevertheless, it can be generalized to any material that exhibits transverse isotropy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
高应力条件下较多岩体工程在开挖卸荷过程中表现出显著的时效变形特征。为研究裂隙岩体在卸荷状态下的蠕变特征,以锦屏I级水电站大理岩为原样制备模型试样,开展了恒轴压分级卸围压三轴卸荷蠕变试验。试验结果表明：试件在破坏时对应应力差最小的是倾角为30°裂隙试样,其次为倾角为60°裂隙试样,倾角为90°裂隙试样最大。从破坏形式来看,完整试件与倾角为90°裂隙试件均呈整体剪切破坏模式,倾角为30°和60°裂隙试件均从裂纹尖端扩展至破坏。变形特征方面,均可采用Burgers模型对各裂隙试样不含加速蠕变阶段的蠕变曲线进行拟合,试样在不同裂隙类型和应力水平下的变形特点则通过参数数值加以区分。该结论与Lemaitre应变等效原理和Sidoroff能量等价原理中有关损伤材料和无损材料间相关关系的基本观点一致。基于此,提出了裂隙岩体损伤蠕变模型,该模型建立了完整岩石与裂隙岩体间的相关关系,对裂隙岩体时效变形特征的进一步研究具有较好的参考价值。 相似文献
10.
Summary This paper is intended to describe the SHELVIP (Stress Hardening ELastic VIscous Plastic) model, a new viscoplastic constitutive
law which has been developed to incorporate the most important features of behaviour observed in tunnels excavated in severe
to very severe squeezing conditions. This model couples the elastoplastic and time-dependent behaviour by using a plastic
yield surface, as frequently adopted in tunnel design analysis, and the definition of a state of overstress referred to a
viscoplastic yield surface. The model is formulated in all its detailed aspects. The related analytical closed-form solution
for representing triaxial creep deformations is developed. Also developed is an incremental numerical solution for describing
the triaxial stress–strain behaviour under constant strain rate conditions. The model is shown to fit very satisfactorily
the results of creep tests on clay shales and relaxation tests on coal specimens, as recently performed for design analysis
of tunnels in squeezing conditions.
Correspondence: D. Debernardi, Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy 相似文献
11.
The brittle failure behavior of an over-consolidated clay shale (Opalinus Clay) in undrained rapid triaxial compression was
studied. The confining stress levels were chosen to simulate the range of confining stresses relevant for underground excavations
at the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory, and to investigate the transition from axial splitting failure to macroscopic
shear failure. Micro-crack initiation was observed throughout the confining stress range utilized in this study at a differential
stress of 2.1 MPa on average, which indicates that friction was not mobilized at this stage of brittle failure. The rupture
stress was dependent on confinement indicating friction mobilization during the brittle failure process. With increasing confinement
net volumetric strain decreased suggesting that dilation was suppressed, which is possibly related to a change in the failure
mode. At confining stress levels ≤0.5 MPa specimen rupture was associated with axial splitting. With increasing confinement,
transition to a macroscopic shearing mode was observed. Multi-stage triaxial tests consistently showed lower strengths than
single-stage tests, demonstrating cumulative damage in the specimens. Both the Mohr–Coulomb and Hoek–Brown failure criteria
could not satisfactorily fit the data over the entire confining stress range. A bi-linear or S-shaped failure criterion was
found to satisfactorily fit the test data over the entire confinement range studied. 相似文献
12.
为准确地测量岩石试样在不同围压作用下的拉伸强度与变形特性,对用于岩石三轴压缩试验的MTS815材料试验机为主体设备进行了一系列技术改造,一方面设计加工了一套试验机活塞与三轴室的随动连锁装置,使原本只能提供压缩载荷的MTS815试验机也能精确提供轴向拉伸荷载;另一方面设计开发一种多自由度岩石试样三轴拉伸夹具,解决岩石等脆性材料在拉伸过程中难以始终保持对中的技术难题。提出一套完整的测试技术方法,能实现0～140 MPa围压范围内各种岩石试件的复杂三轴直接拉伸测试研究,利用研发的配套装置与测试方法对页岩试样进行了三轴拉伸试验。结果表明,试验装置和试验方法完全能够进行不同围压条件下的岩石三轴拉伸试验,得到相应的三轴拉伸试验曲线;页岩在低围压和高围压下呈现不同的破坏特征和破坏形式,低围压下依然呈现脆性特征,高围压下则是由脆性向塑性转换。 相似文献
13.
研究并提出一种以应变软化指标为基础的岩石非线性蠕变模型。首先,基于岩石三轴压缩试验结果,分析提出一种峰后应变软化指标R1来描述岩石峰后力学参数软化与塑性变形间的关系。接着,通过分析加速蠕变阶段与峰后段的联系,建立加速蠕变应变软化指标R2,并以此为基础构建非线性黏塑性体。然后,将其与Hook体和Kelvin元件串联,组建非线性蠕变模型,并将模型嵌入ABAQUS有限元程序。最后,针对砂岩和泥岩三轴蠕变试验建立数值模型,模拟曲线与试验曲线吻合良好,说明所建模型适用于硬岩/软岩加速蠕变现象的模拟。其中,参数 对加速蠕变曲线形态起调节作用,显示模型模拟脆性?延性流变破坏的特点。另外,模型参数均可由常规压缩破坏试验以及蠕变试验确定,易于获取。 相似文献
14.
This paper presents a three-dimensional elastic viscoplastic model that can describe the time-dependent behaviors of soft clays. The constitutive model is formulated based on the nonstationary flow surface theory and incorporates new developments, including (i) an improved definition of the nonstationary flow surface that is capable of capturing the stress–strain behaviors under different loading paths, (ii) a unique stress–strain—viscoplastic-strain-rate equation that is able to explicitly describe the nonstationary flow surface, and (iii) a final stable state concept that identifies the final equilibrium state at the end of creep and stress relaxation, which is also used to simplify the loading criteria. The consistency condition is validated for the proposed model, and the viscoplastic multipliers are calculated by solving the consistency equations. The model performance is investigated and validated via simulation of both oedometer and triaxial tests. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed model is able to reproduce the main viscoplastic behaviors of soils, including creep, undrained creep rupture, stress relaxation, rate effect and accumulated effect. 相似文献
15.
Effect of fluid pressure on rock compressive failure in a nearly impermeable crystalline rock: Implication on mechanism of borehole breakouts 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We conducted laboratory true triaxial experiments in the nearly impermeable Pohang rhyolite to investigate failure mechanisms under ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ rock conditions. Under ‘dry’ conditions prismatic specimens were jacketed all around to prevent confining fluid penetration. Under ‘wet’ conditions one pair of the specimen faces was left unjacketed and in direct contact with the confining fluid (kerosene) applying the least principal stress in an attempt to simulate the case of an unlined borehole wall. In both testing setups the true triaxial compressive strength for a given least principal stress increases significantly as the intermediate principal stress rises. The unjacketed rhyolite strength is, however, only 60 to 85% of the strength under dry conditions, depending on the magnitude of the intermediate principal stress. In dry rhyolite the failure process begins upon dilatancy onset, followed by microcrack localization, and ending in a steeply dipping shear fracture. On the other hand, brittle fracture in wet specimens occurs almost immediately after the onset of dilatancy by the development of one or more through-going extensile fractures subparallel and adjacent to one of the unjacketed faces, resembling the extensile cracks leading to borehole breakouts in crystalline rocks. We infer that upon dilatancy the confining fluid intrudes and quickly propagates newly opened stress-induced microcracks subparallel to the unjacketed faces, leading to ‘early’ failure. 相似文献
16.
统一黏塑性理论假设材料的应变仅由弹性应变和黏塑性应变组成。包含应力的黏塑性应变率表达方式,可以清晰地体现岩石材料应力增长率随应变加载速率相关的特性、在持续的偏压下的蠕变特性以及在恒定的应变下的松弛特性,但微分方程表示的本构模型在实际运用中存在计算上的困难。将无损伤Lemaitre统一黏塑性模型转换成关于应力的积分形式,并运用一致渐进展开算法得到其近似解,最后建立了基于近似解的牛顿迭代格式。开展了不同围压条件下泥质粉砂岩的三轴松弛试验,并将试验数据用于黏塑性模型的参数反分析,结果表明模型能够较好地反映泥质粉砂岩在长期作用下的力学行为特征。 相似文献
17.
钙质砂是一种海洋生物沉积形成的具有特殊结构和力学性质的岩土材料,是我国南海岛礁吹填工程的物源材料。为进一步了解其蠕变特性,采用三轴流变仪对取自中国南海某岛礁的钙质砂进行不同围压条件下的长期蠕变试验研究。试验结果表明,在小于其破坏强度的恒定应力作用下,饱和钙质砂发生衰减蠕变,随时间增加,变形不断增加,但变形速率不断减小,直至变形稳定,所受应力越大则达到变形稳定所需时间越长,且蠕变变形量与所受偏应力正相关、与有效围压反相关。应力-应变与应变-时间均为非线性关系。试验研究发现,可采用幂函数对钙质砂蠕变应变-时间进行数学描述,基于试验结果,提出了一种蠕变应变与时间、偏应力和有效围压相关的四参数新的蠕变模型,可以对钙质砂的蠕变过程进行较好的数学描述;与经典的Mesri蠕变模型相比,所提出的数学蠕变模型不需要开展常规三轴压缩试验确定破坏时的峰值偏应力,减少了试验工作,具有一定的优势。 相似文献
18.
19.
冻土三轴剪切过程中细观损伤演化CT动态试验 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
对冻结粉质粘土在三轴剪切过程中的结构损伤进行了CT技术动态测试。通过对CT图像及CT数的分析发现：在受载之前冻土结构已经存在孔隙、管状孔隙和低密度区等初始缺陷;变形过程中冻土结构的弹性损伤只占总损伤的比例很小,而结构粘塑性损伤的比例则很大;在三轴剪切过程中和蠕变过程一样存在结构损伤的弱化和强化现象,孔洞几何特征的改变和孔洞的长大、联合,颗粒之间的相互错动及滑移是冻土结构粘塑性损伤发展的重要特征。冻土的结构损伤主要发生在冻土屈服之后,这部分损伤不能用CT数的变化来定量计算。 相似文献