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1.
Sun-photometer has been widely used to investigate various optical properties of the atmosphere.In order to derivean accurate atmospheric optical depth,great care in the sun-photometer calibration is required.In this paper,the fea-ture of a new sun-photometer is described.Calibration results based on the Langley method at Mt.Huangshan are re-ported.Effect of the atmospheric instability on retrieving the calibration values is discussed and errors in calibration atMt.Huangshan due to temporal variation of aerosol concentration are estimated.It is shown that the calibratedsun-photometer can be used to derive the atmospheric optical depth to an accuracy of 5%.As one of its applications,examples of determination of turbidity parameters and columnar aerosol size distribution are presented. 相似文献
2.
Combined observations of solar spectral extinction and forward angular scattering are presented. The atmospheric columnar
aerosol size distributions in Beijing are retrieved from observed data and the characteristics discussed. 相似文献
3.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY COMBINED SOLAR EXTINCTION AND FORWARD SCATTERING METHOD 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Combined observations of solar spectral extinction and forward angular scattering are presented. The atmospheric columnar aerosol size distributions in Beijing are retrieved from observed data and the characteristics discussed. 相似文献
4.
兰州城区冬季大气气溶胶粒子谱的反演研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
从实测的兰州城市冬季大气气溶胶多波段光学厚度资料出发,应用消光法反演了大气柱气溶胶粒子谱,并对反演程序的可行性、反演结果的可靠性进行了分析讨论。结果表明,反演出的大气柱气溶胶粒子谱分布都为三峰型分布。通过正算方法计算出的光学厚度值检验反演方法,检验结果说明,反演程序是可行的,结果是可靠的。 相似文献
5.
C. P. Jacovides P. Kassomenos N. A. Kaltsunides 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1996,53(4):211-220
Summary This study reports a 37-year long record of direct beam spectral irradiance measurements made in Athens, Greece. An analysis of aerosol effects on the spectral distribution of solar radiation through effective optical depths, are presented. Thus, spectrally resolved aerosol optical depths were calculated and analyzed for the period 1954–1990. Summertime aerosol optical depths were found to be larger than winter values, while their seasonal variations were related to varying weather conditions throughout the year. The interrelationships between effective optical depths were found to be linear and were related strongly to microphysics of aerosol loading in the atmosphere. For the period 1962–1983 as wavelength exponent
0 values ranged between 0.76–1.14 the spectrally resolved optical depths were found to increase markedly with respect to remaining periods 1954–1961 and 1984–1990 in which
0 values ranged between 1.16–1.39. A minimum in aerosol optical depths, believed to be near background levels, was reached during period 1954–1957, while there was some indication that both optical depths continued to decrease reaching background levels at the end of the study period. From the long-term variation of aerosol effective optical depths some interesting information on the time evolution of air quality in Athens was gained. In addition, their frequency distribution, temporal daily variations and some remarks on photosynthetically active radiation for plant development, are presented and discussed.With 7 Figures 相似文献
6.
为确定新疆博斯腾湖地区气溶胶主要组分,减小辐射传输计算和卫星遥感应用中由于气溶胶模型误判造成的误差,分别取大陆型、背景沙漠型、体积百分比自定义模型和两种动态气溶胶模型,用6S辐射传输算法计算出对应于太阳光度计测量时段的各波段大气气溶胶光学厚度。将模式计算值与测量值进行比较,确定测量地区的大气气溶胶模型。将该方法用于2010年在新疆博斯腾湖地区测量的太阳光度计数据,结果显示该地区在测量时段较为符合体积百分比自定义模型,沙尘性粒子体积百分比均在88%上,符合当地靠近沙尘源地和测量时段浮尘天气频发的实际情况。 相似文献
7.
利用Morlet小波变换方法分析了近56a来华东地区降水、气温变化以及ENSO的变化,结果表明,华东地区的降水、温度、海温(ΔSST)以及南方涛动指数(ΔSOI)的月距平序列中都存在多时间层次结构,并且各时间尺度周期分量的强度是不同的。同时又采用交叉小波变换方法,分别分析研究了ΔR、ΔT与ΔSST、ΔSOI相关关系,发现华东地区降水与ENSO在准2～4a周期变化上呈正相关关系,在年代际和8a以上年际间呈正负有规律交替且以正相关为主,而气温与ENSO存在多时间尺度特征。 相似文献
8.
9.
G. Pavese F. De Tomasi M. Calvello F. Esposito M.R. Perrone 《Atmospheric Research》2009,92(4):489-504
Measurements from July 4 to July 8, 2005 by a high resolution visible radiometer, a Raman lidar, a ground particulate matter sampler, and ground meteorological sensors have been combined in synergy to infer the intrusion over south-east Italy, of air masses from north-west Sahara, the Atlantic Ocean, and the continental Europe. It is shown that backscatter coefficient, depolarization-ratio, and lidar ratio vertical profiles represent the best tools to detect the intrusion of long range transported air masses and to monitor their effects on the vertical distribution of aerosol optical and microphysical properties. High resolution radiometers are instead important tools to monitor changes on columnar aerosol properties and size distributions.Backscatter coefficient, depolarization-ratio, and lidar ratio vertical profiles have revealed that aerosol optical and microphysical properties significantly changed with time and space during African dust outbreaks: the intrusion of dust particles that at first occurred above 2 km of altitude extending up to 6 km, affected the all aerosol load down to ground within few hours. Aerosol size distributions showed during dust events a clear bimodality with an accumulation mode maximum at 0.24 µm and a coarse mode maximum at 0.94 μm. Conversely, we have found that during the advection of air masses from the Atlantic and continental Europe, aerosol particles were mainly located below 2 km, their optical and microphysical properties were affected by smaller changes in time and space, and were characterized by depolarization ratios rather close to those due to a pure molecular atmosphere. In this case bimodal size distributions with an accumulation mode showing two sub-modes at 0.16 μm and 0.24 μm, respectively and a coarse mode centred at 0.94 μm have also been observed. 相似文献
10.
Lidar Measurements of Aerosols in the Tropical Atmosphere 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Measurements of atmospheric aerosols and trace gases using the Laser radar (lidar) techniques, have been in pro-gress since 1985 at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune (18o32’N, 73o51’E, 559 m AMSL), India. These observations carried out during nighttime in the lower atmosphere (up to 5.5 km AGL), employing an Argon ion / Helium-Neon lidar provided information on the nature, size, concentration and other characteristics of the constituents present in the tropical atmosphere. The time-height variations in aerosol concentration and associated layer structure exhibit marked differences between the post-sunset and pre-sunrise periods besides their seasonal va-riation with maximum concentration during pre-monsoon / winter and minimum concentration during monsoon months. These observations also revealed the influence of the terrain of the experimental site and some selected me-teorological parameters on the aerosol vertical distributions. The special observations of aerosol vertical profiles ob-tained in the nighttime atmospheric boundary layer during October 1986 through September 1989 showed that the most probable occurrence of mixing depth lies between 450 and 550 m, and the multiple stably stratified aerosol lay-ers present above the mixing depth with maximum frequency of occurrence at around 750 m. This information on nighttime mixing depth / stable layer derived from lidar aerosol observations showed good agreement with the height of the ground-based shear layer / elevated layer observed by the simultaneously operated sodar at the lidar site. 相似文献
11.
Summary ?The dependence of aerosol optical depth on wavelength as well as the fit of the ?ngstr?m approximation have been investigated
under different air masses at a sub-Arctic location (Abisko, Sweden; 68° 21′ N, 18° 49′ E) and a tropical environment (Ife,
Nigeria; 7° 30′ N, 4° 31′ E). The study is based on spectral data acquired with a high resolution spectral radiometer (spectral
range: 300–1100 nm) in absorption-free regions.
The wavelength dependence of the aerosols under different air mass conditions at the sub-arctic location offer significant
contrasts to aerosols of Saharan origin at Ife. A general characteristic of the aerosol optical depth spectra after the Pinatubo
volcanic eruption was a much weaker wavelength dependence relative to pre-Pinatubo conditions.
Categorising the features of the optical depth spectra according to their wavelength dependence, three main groups were observed
at Abisko, while two main classes have been discussed for the harmattan season in the tropical climate of Ife and environs.
For the first two groups in Abisko (and the first group at Ife), aerosol optical depth generally decreased with wavelength
while the third group (second group at Ife) exhibited strong curvatures.
The correlation coefficient obtained from the regression equation of the ?ngstr?m equation, has been shown to be a good index
of the general fit of the ?ngstr?m approximation for the three groups at Abisko, but much weaker for the harmattan conditions
at the tropical location. Although the probability of systematic deviations from the ?ngstr?m law is highest under intense
harmattan conditions with considerably high β and low α, it has been observed that the ?ngstr?m fit was good in many highly
turbid conditions at the tropical site. Hence, apart from the level of turbidity, the applicability of the ?ngstr?m approximation
is strongly dependent on aerosol characteristics and source region.
Formerly Adeyefa.
Received May 18, 2001; revised June 20, 2002; accepted August 5, 2002 相似文献
12.
南海北部海域气溶胶光学厚度研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
气溶胶光学厚度是大气校正所需要的重要参数.利用2006年9月7~30日中科院南海海洋研究所公开航次的多波段太阳光度计资料,得到了南海北部海域的气溶胶光学厚度.分析结果表明,南海北部海域气溶胶光学厚度在一天内的变化非常明显,最小值可达0.1(870 nm),最大值为0.9(440 nm),而日平均气溶胶光学厚度在0.2~0.6之间.结合同步观测气象数据,发现从陆地方向吹来的风,当风速达4 m/s,对气溶胶的光学厚度有非常明显的影响,而从大洋方向吹来的风,对气溶胶的光学厚度影响不明显. 相似文献
13.
The aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere obtained from spectral sun photometer measurements and the integral optical depth determined from standard actinometric observations of direct solar radiation are the parameters of the optical state of the atmosphere. The quantitative estimates of the integral transparency and aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere in Antarctica are presented, their long-term variability over the entire period of observations is analyzed. The comparison of obtained data with the estimates for other natural regions and conditions revealed that during the periods without the impact of volcanic eruptions, the levels of atmospheric aerosol turbidity in Antarctica over the recent decades are minimal on the planet and can be considered as global background characteristics. 相似文献
14.
1999年6月28日~7月19日在敦煌场, 7月25日~7月31日在青海湖水面场进行了一次大规模综合野外测量试验, 其中采用3台先进的法国CIMEL太阳辐射计对两个场地大气光学特性进行了系统全面测量, 获得大量晴空天气条件下的大气光学数据。利用Langley法处理气溶胶通道数据得到气溶胶光学厚度及其光谱变化。测量结果显示550 nm波长平均气溶胶光学厚度分别为0.12、0.18, 由气溶胶光学厚度的波长变化得到气溶胶Junge参数分别为2.6、3.0, 并与几种典型气溶胶类型比较。结果表明两地在晴空天气里, 气溶胶含量较小, 符合遥感卫星传感器辐射定标的大气条件。 相似文献
15.
The effect of clouds on aerosol growth in the rural atmosphere 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Measurements of accumulation mode aerosol in the atmospheric boundary layer under cloudy and cloud-free conditions, and in the lower free troposphere under cloud-free conditions, were conducted over the rural northwest of England. Normalised size distributions in the cloud-free boundary layer (CFBL) and the cloud-free free troposphere (CFFT) exhibited almost identical spectral similarities with both size distributions possessing a concentration peak mode-radius of ≈0.05 μm or less. By comparison, aerosol distributions observed in cloudy air exhibited a distinctive log-normal distribution with mode-radii occurring at ≈0.1 μm concomitant with a local minimum at ≈0.05 μm. The consistent and noticeable difference in spectral features observed between cloudy and cloud-free conditions suggest that a greater amount of gas-to-particle conversion occurs on cloudy days, presumably through in-cloud aqueous phase oxidation processes, leading to larger sized accumulation mode particles. Apart from the distinct difference between cloudy and cloud-free aerosol spectra on cloudy days, aerosol concentration and mass were observed to be significantly enhanced above that of the ambient background in the vicinity of clouds. Volatility analysis during one case of cloud processing indicated an increase in the relative contribution of aerosol mass volatile at temperatures characteristic of sulphuric acid, along with a smaller fraction of more volatile material (possibly nitric acid and/or organic aerosol). Growth-law analysis of possible growth mechanisms point to aqueous phase oxidation of aerosol precursors in cloud droplets as being the only feasible mechanism capable of producing the observed growth. The effect of cloud processing is to alter the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) supersaturation spectrum in a manner which increases the availability of CCN at lower cloud supersaturations. 相似文献
16.
R.T. Pinker G. Pandithurai B.N. Holben T.O. Keefer D. Goodrich 《Atmospheric Research》2004,71(4):243-252
Characterization of aerosol optical properties, such as aerosol optical depth, Angstrom exponent, and volume size distribution at the semiarid site of Tombstone Arizona (31°23′N, 110°05′W, 1408 m) will be presented for one annual cycle. In this region, extensive observations of selected optical parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) have been made in the past and reported on in the literature. Less is known about other optical characteristics that are important in climate modeling and remote sensing. New observational techniques and inversion methods allow for the expansion of the earlier information. Observations have been taken with a state of the art sun photometer for a 1-year period and their analysis will be presented here. Monthly mean AODs at 500 nm were found to be in the range of 0.03–0.12; the monthly mean Angstrom exponent ranged from 0.9 to 1.6, being higher in spring and summer and lower in late fall and winter. Volume size distributions exhibit clear dominance of smaller particles, with a gradual increase in size from winter to spring and into summer. Annual variation of the radii of the smaller and the larger particles ranged between 0.05–0.4 and 4–8 μm, respectively. Radiance measurements at 940 nm were used to estimate precipitable water. The retrieved values compared within limits of uncertainty with independently derived estimates from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) regional weather forecast model. An interesting outcome from this study was the consistency found in aerosol optical depths as observed in this study and those derived about two decades ago. 相似文献
17.
18.
Aerosol optical depth and Angstrom coefficients for three sites in Bangkok and suburbs are examined: Silpakorn University at Nakhon Pathom, NP (13.82°N, 100.04°E), the Asian Institute of Technology at Phatum Thani, AIT (14.08°N, 100.62°E) and the Thai Meteorological Department at Bangkok, BK (13.73°N, 100.57°E). Sunphotometers have been used to measure direct normal spectral irradiance at these sites for a period of 2 years (2004–2005). Cloudless conditions were selected and Bouguer’s law was employed to obtain aerosol optical depth. All three sites exhibit strong seasonal variations, with the highest values occurring at the height of the dry season in April, and the lowest occurring during the rainy season in July. April turbidity conditions are very high, as evidenced by maximum 500 nm optical depths of between 1.4 to 2.0 that were measured at all three locations. The Angstrom exponent α also showed a marked seasonal change, with highest values at the height of the dry season. 相似文献
19.
Qiu Jinhuan 《大气科学进展》1986,3(1):1-9
An approximate expression of the sky radiance in almucantar is confirmed in this paper. Under the conditions with molecular optical depth<0.3, aerosol (or cloud) optical depth<0.6, solar zenith angle< 75° and scattering angle<30°, the errors of the sky radiance and the aerosol phase function computed from the expression are respectively less than 8 % and 10 %, but the phase functions computed from Box-Deepak formula and single-scattering formula can be 84 % and 260 % more than the exact value, respectively. Furthermore, by use of the expression we have inferred the volume scattering functions of 1°≤θ≤30° for retrieving aerosol size distribution with the conclusion that the distribution information in the range of 0.1相似文献
20.
Summary The modifications of the solar spectral diffuse and direct-beam irradiances as well as the diffuse-to-direct-beam ratio, Edλ/Ebλ, as a function of the aerosol optical depth, AOD, and solar zenith angle, SZA, is investigated. The Edλ/Ebλ ratios decrease rapidly with wavelength and exponential curves in the form Edλ/Ebλ = aλ−b can be fitted with a great accuracy. These curves are strongly modified by the solar spectrum distribution, which is affected
by the aerosol loading, aerosol optical properties and SZA. The spectral dependence of the above Edλ/Ebλ ratios in logarithmic coordinates does not yield a straight line, while a significant departure from the linearity is revealed.
The reasons for this departure are investigated in detail and it is established that the aerosol physical properties such
as single scattering albedo and size distribution along with the effect of SZA are responsible. These parameters strongly
affect the scattering processes in the atmosphere and as a consequence the diffuse spectral distribution. The Edλ/Ebλ ratio, which is an indicator of the atmospheric transmittance (King, 1979), exhibits a strong wavelength and aerosol-loading
dependence. The observed differences between turbid and clear atmospheres constitute a manifestation of contrasting air properties
and influence solar irradiance spectra. The present work aims at investigating the effect of atmospheric turbidity and SZA
on the Edλ/Ebλ ratio. For this reason, two distinct cases are examined: one having different atmospheric turbidity conditions but same SZA
and a second having different SZAs and same atmospheric turbidity levels. 相似文献