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1.
长江干流江苏段44年来河道冲淤变化的时空特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通常认为气候变暖引起的海平面上升将导致下游河道的淤积, 流域水土保持和水库建设引起的上游来沙量的减少将导致下游河道的冲刷。然而, 长江下游河道是如何对海平面上升和上游来沙量的减少做出响应的, 至今还没有直接的确凿的证据。在地理信息技术支撑下, 对长江干流江苏段(约330 km) 5 个时期1:25000~1:60000 的河道地形图进行了数字化, 建立了1959、1970、1985、1992 和2003 年河道数字地形图, 对河道的冲淤变化进行了计算分析。 结果表明, 长江干流江苏段在1985 年前后发生过明显的河道冲淤转换: 由1959-1985 年之间的平均淤积状态转变为1985-2003 年之间的平均冲刷状态。主要原因是1985 年以后该河段的上游来沙量的减少。1959-1985 年之间长江干流江苏段河道的淤积过程, 存在着由上游向下游推进的“顺流堆积”现象。1985-2003 年之间, 下段冲刷速率大于中段和上段。 相似文献
2.
We compare the different geomorphological processes which occurred in Pliocene–Quaternary times on two very similar slopes in Mallorca, one located at the Tramuntana Range and the other in the Llevant Ranges. Both slopes have the same geological structure, the same stratigraphic and lithological levels, and the same altitude and orientation. The different slope processes are due to the relationship between the accommodation space and the sedimentation rate in the adjacent basins: In the Valencia Trough (located N of the Tramuntana Range), the sedimentation rate has not been sufficient to fill the accommodation space, whereas in the Alcudia Basin (adjacent to the Llevant Ranges), the sedimentation rate has been sufficient to fill the accommodation space. This difference has resulted in major landslides on the Tramuntana slope, whereas the Llevant slope is characterized mainly by alluvial fans and debris screes. 相似文献
3.
沿程淤积与溯源淤积的概念与数学模型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
沿程淤积与溯源淤积是有关河床纵剖面调整的一对重要概念,但以前的一些文章对此的认识是互相矛盾的。本文对沿程淤积和溯源淤积的概念作了严格的限定,并给出了数量化的定义——沿程淤积与溯源淤积的数学模型。 相似文献
4.
We determined the sequence of formation of deposits on the first terrace above the Tarbagataika river floodplain, and a change of the sedimentation and soil-formation stages for the last 7 kyr. We reconstructed the accumulation dynamics of the sediment layer and calculated the mean sediment accumulation rates for different time intervals. The phases of intensification of erosion-accumulation and aeolian processes were recorded. The study revealed the main stratigraphic boundaries reflecting the fundamental changes of the settings of sedimentation: 7 cal. kyr BP, a change of riverbed sedimentation for floodplain sedimentation; 5.4 cal. kyr BP, intensification of erosion-accumulation processes due to climate aridization on the Atlantic-Subboreal boundary, and active input of erosion products to the floodplain; 4 cal. kyr BP, active filling of the river valley with horizontally layered polygenetic fine-grained sands and sandy loams containing intercalations of humic warps in conditions of the overlapped (built-up) floodplain with an increase in humidification in the middle of the Subboreal period and, as a consequence, an increase in the height of floods; 3.4 cal. kyr, the layer under investigation leaves the floodplain regime of sedimentation and accumulation of aeolian-deluvial deposits, and 1 cal. kyr, intensification of erosion-accumulation processes due to climatic and anthropogenic changes. We reconstructed the chronology and specific features of the pedogenesis stages which record the phases of temporal cessation of floodplain and slope sedimentation on the study territory. The results obtained are in good agreement with data on the hydraulicity of rivers, the stages of soil formation and on the manifestation of exogenous processes on the territories of Russia and Mongolia. 相似文献
5.
本文主要用地貌学的方法来研究三门峡水库淤积上延的问题。运用河床沉积物法和纵剖面抛物线法,确定了渭河下游淤积末端的位置在渭汗21-22断面附近,并作了综合性预估;实践证明,在目前水库运用方式下不会影响西安。用同样的方法还确定了北洛河的淤积末端在洛淤17-18断面附近,北干流的末端在黄淤59断面附近,这与水利部门用断面法、同流量水位和体积法所得的结论基本一致。由于洛淤17-18断面和北干流黄淤59断面附近正处于纵剖面的坡折,所以淤积末端再继续上延比较困难。 相似文献
6.
Basement heat flow is one of the key unknowns in sedimentary basin analysis. Its quantification is challenging not in the least due to the various feedback mechanisms between the basin and lithosphere processes. This study explores two main feedbacks, sediment blanketing and thinning of sediments during lithospheric stretching, in a series of synthetic models and a reconstruction case study from the Norwegian Sea. Three types of basin models are used: (1) a newly developed one‐dimensional (1D) forward model, (2) a decompaction/backstripping approach and (3) the commercial basin modelling software TECMOD2D for automated forward basin reconstructions. The blanketing effect of sedimentation is reviewed and systematically studied in a suite of 1D model runs. We find that even for moderate sedimentation rates (0.5 mm year?1), basement heat flow is depressed by ～25% with respect to the case without sedimentation; for high sedimentation rates (1.5 mm year?1), basement heat flow is depressed by ～50%. We have further compared different methods for computing sedimentation rates from the presently observed stratigraphy. Here, we find that decompaction/backstripping‐based methods may systematically underestimate sedimentation rates and total subsidence. The reason for this is that sediments are thinned during lithosphere extension in forward basin models while there are not in backstripping/decompaction approaches. The importance of sediment blanketing and differences in modelling approaches is illustrated in a reconstruction case study from the Norwegian Sea. The thermal and structural evolution of a transect across the Vøring Basin has been reconstructed using the backstripping/decompaction approach and TECMOD2D. Computed total subsidence curves differ by up to ～3 km and differences in computed basement heat flows reach up to 50%. These findings show that strong feedbacks exist between basin and lithosphere processes and that resolving them require integrated lithosphere‐scale basin models. 相似文献
7.
Craig R. Sloss Brian G. Jones Brendan P. Brooke Henk Heijnis Colin V. Murray-Wallace 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2011,46(4):561-577
Sedimentation rates over the last 100 years within two lagoons on the southeast coast of Australia, Lake Illawarra and St
Georges Basin, have been quantified to determine the effects of catchment land use change and native vegetation clearance
on infill rates, and spatial variations in the rate at which the estuaries have filled. Both catchments have similar lake
and catchment area but have experience different degrees of modification due to land clearing for agriculture practices, urbanisation
and industrialisation. Results indicate that in the heavily modified catchment of Lake Illawarra sedimentation rates close
to fluvial deltas can be in excess of 16 mm/year, and between 2 and 4 mm/year in the adjacent central basin. This is approximately
an order of magnitude greater than the pre-European rates. In contrast, at St Georges Basin, where the catchment has experienced
much less modification, sedimentation rates in the central basin appear to have remained close to those prior to European
settlement. However, sedimentation rates in the urbanized margin of St Georges Basin are relatively high (up to 4.4 mm/year).
This rapid modern sedimentation in the margin of the estuarine embayments has been detected in several other estuaries in
the region. However the degree of sedimentation within the bay-head deltas, and more significantly in the central basin appears
proportional to the degree clearance of native vegetation (forest) in the catchment, urban expansion and development of heavy
industry in the respective catchment areas. 相似文献
8.
洞庭湖区的泥沙淤积效应 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
According to a long series of measured sediment data, the sedimentation effects of the Dongting Lake Area (DLA) were studied in light of the relationship between sedimentation characteristics and resources and environment. The result shows that the long-term deposi- tion and the impact of human activities have led to a cycle of the evolution of sedimentation pattern, resulting in sediment disaster effects and resources effects in the DLA. The main features are as follows: 1) The water beach, silt beach, lake marsh beach, reed beach and other types of beach shaped by sedimentation effects constitute the main body of the giant lake system. 2) The disaster chains are induced, i.e., sedimentation → marshland expansion and reclamation → flood function decline, fish resource depletion, biodiversity reduction dis- aster chain, sedimentation → marshland expansion → floods, water pollution disaster chain, sedimentation → marshland floating vegetation rising → schistosomiasis, rodents virulence disaster chain, sedimentation → flood embankment bursting → land desertification disaster chain. 3) Sedimentation has created about 98.13×104hm2 of land in the past 55 years. Ra-tional development and utilization of marshland resources have produced tremendous eco- nomic benefits. 相似文献
9.
基于对普里兹湾陆架表层沉积物粒度分析,结合海区动力环境特点,初步探讨了考察区类型、组成及冰海沉积作用特点。研究区表层沉积物大体可分为:砾(G)、泥质砂质砾(ms G)、砾质泥(g M)、砾质泥质砂(gm S)、含砾泥((g)M)、含砾泥质砂((g)m S)、砂(S)、砂质粉砂(s Z)和粉砂(Z)九种类型。依据沉积物粒度特征与地形变化,可将研究区划分为东部含砾泥质区和西部含砾砂质区。在东部含砾泥质区,包括四夫人浅滩、Svenner水道区、普里兹水道区和埃默里海盆区,沉积作用主要受海流影响,冰筏碎屑的影响有限,沉积物总体较细,粘土和细粉砂含量较高,粗粉砂和砂含量较低。在西部含砾砂质区,包括弗拉姆浅滩和埃默里冰架前缘,沉积作用受冰山、埃默里冰架和海流的共同影响,沉积物中粘土含量较低,砂和砾石含量较高,但也有个别站位可能受冰间湖的影响,沉积物粒度偏细。 相似文献
10.
11.
我国湿地的主要生态问题及治理对策 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
在参阅相关文献和实地调查的基础上,分析了我国湿地面临的主要生态问题,将湿地生态系统结构与功能的退化划分为缺水萎缩、污染退化、泥沙淤积退化、疏干排水退化、生物资源过度利用与生物多样性受损、红树林破坏、生物入侵退化等7个类型。在此基础上,提出湿地生态保育与治理的若干对策。 相似文献
12.
Empirical models for describing recent sedimentation rates in lakes distributed across broad spatial scales 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soren Brothers Jesse C. Vermaire Irene Gregory-Eaves 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,40(4):1003-1019
Over the last 20 years there has been a surge of interest in paleolimnology and as a result a large accumulation of lake sedimentation
records. This emerging archive has allowed us to develop empirical models to describe which variables explain significant
variation in sedimentation rates over the past ∼150 years across large spatial scales. We hypothesized that latitude would
be a significant explanatory variable of profundal zone lake sedimentation rates across a temperate to polar gradient. We
further hypothesized that along a more longitudinally-constrained dataset (i.e. east coast of North America), latitude would
explain a greater proportion of the variance. To test these hypotheses, we collated data from 125 natural, average-sized lakes
(with surface area <500 km2) by recording authors’ estimates of sedimentation rates (measured as mm/year) or by digitizing recent sediment profiles and
calculating sedimentation rates over the past ∼150 years. We found that, at both scales, latitude was the strongest predictor
of lake sedimentation rates (full dataset: r
2 = 0.28, P = 0.001, n = 125; east coast dataset: r
2 = 0.58, P < 0.001, n = 43). By conducting a multiple linear regression analysis, we found that 70% of the variance in sedimentation rates from
the east coast transect was explained by latitude and elevation alone. This latter model is of sufficient strength that it
is a robust predictive tool. Given that climate and land-use strongly co-vary with latitude and that both of these factors
have previously been shown to influence lake sedimentation rates, it appears that latitude is a surrogate measure for climate
and land-use changes. We also show support for land-use as an important variable influencing sedimentation rates by demonstrating
large increases in recent versus Holocene accumulation rates. These results indicate that it is possible to make generalizations
about sedimentation rates across broad spatial scales with even limited geographic data. 相似文献
13.
According to a long series of measured sediment data, the sedimentation effects of the Dongting Lake Area (DLA) were studied in light of the relationship between sedimentation characteristics and resources and environment. The result shows that the long-term deposition and the impact of human activities have led to a cycle of the evolution of sedimentation pattern, resulting in sediment disaster effects and resources effects in the DLA. The main features are as follows: 1) The water beach, silt beach, lake marsh beach, reed beach and other types of beach shaped by sedimentation effects constitute the main body of the giant lake system. 2) The disaster chains are induced, i.e., sedimentation → marshland expansion and reclamation → flood function decline, fish resource depletion, biodiversity reduction disaster chain, sedimentation → marshland expansion → floods, water pollution disaster chain, sedimentation → marshland floating vegetation rising → schistosomiasis, rodents virulence disaster chain, sedimentation → flood embankment bursting → land desertification disaster chain. 3) Sedimentation has created about 98.13×104 hm2 of land in the past 55 years. Rational development and utilization of marshland resources have produced tremendous economic benefits. 相似文献
14.
洞庭湖区的泥沙淤积效应 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以1951-2005 年长系列实测泥沙等资料为依据, 从泥沙淤积特性与资源环境之间的关系上, 探讨了洞庭湖区的泥沙淤积效应。研究表明: 由于洞庭湖区始终处于淤积状态, 加之人类活动影响, 导致了泥沙淤积循环演进的格局, 以至于使泥沙的灾害性效应与资源性效应 均在湖区得到充分的显示。主要表现在: ① 塑造了水体滩地、泥沙滩地、湖草滩地、芦苇滩地等类型滩地, 构成了湖泊巨系统的主体; ② 孕育或诱发了泥沙淤积→洲滩扩展、围垦→调洪功能下降、鱼类资源枯竭、生物多样性减少灾害链: 泥沙淤积→洲滩扩展→洪涝、水质污染; 泥沙淤积→植被洲滩浮涨→血吸虫病、害鼠致害灾害链; 泥沙淤积→洪溃决堤→土地沙 化灾害链。这些淤积型泥沙灾害链给湖区直接或间接地造成巨大的经济损失。③ 近55 年间, 泥沙塑造土地约98.13×108hm2, 人类合理开发利用洲滩资源获得了巨大的经济效益, 就地挖沙加高防洪大堤2~3 m, 累积土石方约55×108 m3, 节省了购买大量原材料的开支。 相似文献
15.
V. V. Zharikov 《Geography and Natural Resources》2013,34(4):331-338
It is shown that the influence of dumping upon the geoecological state of Nakhodka Bay shows up not only in pollution of bottom sediments by technogenic impurities but also in changes in sedimentation conditions as a result of the transformation of the relief and the hydrodynamical situation. Flows of material, associated with the dumping of earth, cause a qualitative modification in the composition of bottom sediments and form sources of secondary pollution. The dumping of earth may well be categorized as one of the most powerful processes influencing pollution, sedimentation patterns and landscape structure of the littoral zone of the sea. To continue the control over the situation requires a routine monitoring of the consequences of the dumping with due regard for the natural conditions of the area. 相似文献
16.
J.M. Abril 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,30(4):363-370
Classical treatment of mass conservation of solids in growing sediments states an advection-diffusion equation for the bulk sediment density. Thus, the diffusion coefficient has to account for elemental processes of exchange of solid particles by pore water or reciprocally. Nevertheless, in a gravity field, these exchanges are forced and cannot be treated as diffusion but as mass flow. A compaction potential energy is defined so that its spatial gradients force a mass flow involving a conductivity function. This leads to a more consistent definition of mass sedimentation rates and to a writing of the continuity equation for density involving only an advection term. Typical bulk density profiles show an asymptotic increase with depth. With the present formulation, this can be obtained as a steady-state solution under constant sedimentation rate and constant conductivity, while the classical formulation fails to do it. Alternatively, it can be found that under these conditions, the compaction potential is a linear function of the bulk density. The mass flow due to compaction and the compaction potential are found for several sediment cores from literature data. From this basis, the advection-diffusion equation for a particle-associated tracer is rewritten. In particular, when the mass flow term due to compaction is considered, the resulting sub-grid scale processes lead to a different formulation of the diffusive fluxes: they are proportional to the gradients of specific concentration in solids instead of the concentration per unit bulk volume. This new formulation is most suitable to find out analytical solutions for radiometric dating models involving mixing and compaction. Numerical solutions are found for the new and the classical treatment for some particular cases to illustrate differences. 相似文献
17.
黄河上游内蒙古河段平滩流量对人类活动和气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冲积河流平滩流量既反映了河道尺度上的水文-地貌耦合关系,又与流域因素密切相关。从这一概念出发,以黄河上游内蒙古河段为例,研究了平滩流量的变化,并在流域层面与河道层面上对其成因进行了研究。结果表明：上游水库调节改变了出库流量过程,使汛期流量大幅度减小,泄流过程均匀化,因而平滩流量减小。在龙羊峡水库修建后洪水流量减小导致漫滩机遇降低的情形下,泥沙淤在主槽内,也是平滩流量减小的重要原因。泥沙冲淤对于平滩流量的影响存在着某种累积或滞后效应,巴彦高勒平滩流量Qbf,BY不仅与当年的冲淤量有关,还与以前冲淤量有关,前4 a平均淤积量对平滩流量的影响最大。建立了平滩流量与前4 a累计淤积量、年均流量、年最大日流量的多元回归方程,该方程表明平滩流量既与当年的流量特征相联系,也与一定时间尺度上河道冲淤造成的后果相联系,反映了某种水文地貌耦合关系。研究还表明,存在着以下因果关系链：龙羊峡水库修建→汛期来沙系数增大→河道淤积加强→平滩流量减小。因此,通过改变龙羊峡水库的运用方式,增大汛期下泄流量,可以减小河道淤积、增大平滩流量,从而增大下泄洪水的能力,降低凌汛期间的防洪压力。平滩流量的变化是流域因素变化的结果,所建立的多元回归方程表明,在50 a的时间尺度上,暖干化指标的增大、引水率的增大、水库总库容的增大和天然径流系数的减小,是黄河上游平滩流量减小的原因。 相似文献
18.
The mechanical denudation rates of 81 large lake basins (lake area > 500 km2) were determined from long-term river loads and erosion maps. Using the drainage area/lake area ratios the mean sedimentation rates of the lakes were calculated for a porosity of 0.3. The mean sedimentation rates of different lake types vary between 0.1 mm/a (glacial lakes, lowland) and 5.4 mm/a (mostly sag basin lakes). The calculated lifetimes of the lakes are based on the lake volumes and mean sedimentation rates, assuming steady-state conditions and solely clastic material. On average, glacial lakes in highlands and fault-related lakes show the shortest lifetimes (c. 70 ka), glacial lakes in lowlands and rift lakes have the longest lifetimes (c. 1 Ma). Some lakes remain unfilled for very long time spans due to rapid subsidence of their basin floors. The calculated lifetimes are compared with those derived from sediment core studies. Most core studies indicate lower mechanical sedimentation rates than the calculated ones because a major part of the incoming sediment is trapped in deltas. However, a number of lakes (e.g., the Great Lakes of North America) show the opposite tendency which is largely caused by extensive shoreline erosion and resuspension. The lifetimes of large glacial lakes often exceed the duration of interglacials. Hence, their lifetimes are restricted by glaciation and not by sediment infill. Rift lakes persist for long time periods which exceed the calculated lifetimes in some cases. Time-dependent subsidence, basin extension, as well as the impact of climate change are briefly described. 相似文献
19.
William M. Last 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1993,2(1):47-58
Remarkably high rates of sedimentation (up to nearly 60 kg m−2 yr−1) are documented for offshore areas of Freefight Lake, a deep, hypersaline, meromictic lake in the northern Great Plains of
Canada. Most material in the offshore sediment traps consists of soluble and suparingly soluble endogenic salts. Deposition
of allogenic sediment is minor. The observed high sedimentation rates are in response to several mechanism: (i) freeseout
precipitation of salts from the mixolimnion; (ii) redistribution of shallow water endogenic precipitates by turbidity flows
and interflow processes; and (iii) precipitation of salts from within the monimolimnion Because the bottom water mass of the
lake is essentially isothermal and isochemical, large scale temperature induced remobilization of these salts at or near the
sediment-water interface is unlikely. Similarly, the morphology of the basin suggests that resuspension of bottom sediment
by waves in the offshore areas of the basin is negligible. Although the sedimentation rates observed in Freefight Lake are
extraordinarily high and considerably greater than other modern lacustrine sedimentation rates documented in the literature
to date, the observed rates are entirely compatible with suggested accumulation rates of ancient evaporite sequences.
Palliser Tringle Global Change Contribution Number 6. 相似文献
20.
River channel change during the last 50 years in the middle Yangtze River, the Jianli reach 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Intensive anthropogenic disturbances have affected the channel of the middle Yangtze River since the 1950s. This paper selects the Jianli reach as an example to examine human impact on channel change in the middle Yangtze River. 1:100,000 channel distribution maps from 1951, 1961 and 1975 and 1:25,000 navigation charts from 1981 and 1997 were employed to reconstruct channel change in the study reach. The result indicates that the channel, under the constraint of levees along the riverbanks, underwent a minor widening but frequent bank failure due to susceptible bank structure and increase in water discharge. The bank failure promoted bar growth in the channel. Cross-section changes and quantitative calculations of erosion and deposition based on the DEM derived from navigation charts present a pattern of over-bank sedimentation and riverbed incision. The stage and duration of floods have increased following levee construction and bank revetment. 相似文献