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1.
Summary. Together with experiments by differential geomagnetic soundings, magnetotelluric soundings have been performed in the Rhine Graben. The results of the former have been presented and discussed before. We try to show that it is not necessary to call upon the notion of induction in surrounding areas to justify the characteristics of the observed anomalous magnetic fields. Theoretical calculations of these fields on structures defined by the interpretation of magnetotelluric sounds, or by geological and other geophysical data, agree very well with experimental data. We conclude that magnetotelluric experiments and interpretations are valid as the Rhine Graben is a well-known region allowing us to verify our interpretation. 相似文献
2.
High resolution climate simulations over the Arctic 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Annette Rinke Klaus Dethloff Arne Spekat Wolfgang Enke Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen 《Polar research》1999,18(2):143-150
The regional atmospheric climate model HIRHAM has been applied to the Arctic. Simulations for the whole year 1990 and for an ensemble of winter months (January of 1985-1995) have been performed. The comparison of the simulations with observational data analyses shows that the general spatial patterns are in good agreement with the data, in both the vertical structure and the annual cycle. For an additional validation of the model results, a multivariate classification of large-scale circulation patterns has been applied to the January ensemble model simulations. 相似文献
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Summary. Previous geomagnetic measurements in the Rhinegraben have led us to assume that the responsible currents have the properties of direct currents and that they all flow in the sediments filling the graben. In order to verify these conclusions, we have performed measurements in a mine at a depth of 650 m. By comparing the field simultaneously recorded at the surface, in the mine and at the reference station, it is possible to deduce that the anomalous currents have the above mentioned properties. 相似文献
6.
As a typical inland river basin in arid Northwest China, having distinct hydrological characteristics and severe and representative
water problems, the Heihe River Basin (HRB) has attracted considerable research interest worldwide and in 2007
became a pilot basin of the G-WADI network of UNESCO/IHP. Many research programs have been conducted in the HRB
since the 1980s, producing rich knowledge and data about the basin, which will be very helpful to further studies. This paper
reviews research efforts related to hydrologic modeling and ongoing model integration studies performed in the HRB in recent
years. Recently, an observation network covering the whole area and a Web-based data-sharing system have been established
which can greatly improve data acquisition. This paper tabulates modeling activities in past years, including model applications,
model modifications and enhancements, and model coupling efforts. Also described is a preliminary modeling integration
tool designed to quickly build new models, which has been developed for hydrologic modeling purposes. Challenges
and issues confronted in current studies are discussed, pointing toward key research directions in the future. 相似文献
7.
旅游地理学在中国的发展回顾 总被引：24，自引：2，他引：22
全面回顾了我国旅游地理学近２０年的来的发展历程,阐述了三个发展阶段的主要特点和所取得成绩,并对旅游地理学主要研究领域的理论和方法进展和旅游地理学教育和人才培养等方面进行了评述,章最后总结了旅游地理学发展的经验,认为地理学的旅游应用拓展,既推动了旅游地理学这门发支学科在中国的形成和发展,也将促进地理学本身的建设和发展。 相似文献
8.
The determination of the lower edges of magnetized bodies in the Earth's crust is a complex geophysical problem, although these values can be estimated by using geothermal data. An analysis of the temperature regime and location of the lower edges of magnetized bodies has been carried out for the geosynclinal region of the southern Caucasus and the area joining the ancient platform with the Arabian Shield in Israel. Geothermal calculations for Israel have been performed for three models of the thermal regime for the Earth's crust and upper mantle. The process of ultrabasic rock serpentinization is accompanied by the transformation of iron suboxide to iron oxide. Both these processes run under identical thermodynamic conditions within an average temperature interval of 200°-400°C. The Curie surface controls the position of lower edges only in fault zones where oxidation conditions hold up to great depths. 相似文献
9.
Summary. The z -term of latitude and the w -term of UT, as computed by the BIH, are suitable for investigating imperfections in the representation of the real nutation in space. They have been previously used for deriving only the amplitude of the principal term of nutation (Feissel & Guinot). In this study they are used more generally for deriving the amplitudes of two terms of nutation and searching for a possible nutation in space due to the nearly-diurnal wobble.
Two kinds of data are used for this purpose: the values of z and w from 1962.0 to 1980.0 at 0.05 yr intervals and the values of z from 1967.0 to 1980.0 at 5 day intervals. The first ones have been used previously by Feissel & Guinot (using the values up to 1974.0 and 1976.95 respectively). The second ones have not previously been used for such studies.
The derived amplitudes of the principal and the fortnightly terms of nutation are in good agreement with other values deduced from observations, and with the theoretical ones corresponding to the best models of a non-rigid earth. The values obtained are not yet sufficiently precise to distinguish between these models, but could become so in the near future.
The least-squares fits, performed among the z and w data in order to look for any error in the representation of nutation, show the existence of a retrograde term, of a 434 day period for z and 444 day for w and an amplitude of the order of 0.01 arcsec. It may be due to the nearly-diurnal wobble. 相似文献
Two kinds of data are used for this purpose: the values of z and w from 1962.0 to 1980.0 at 0.05 yr intervals and the values of z from 1967.0 to 1980.0 at 5 day intervals. The first ones have been used previously by Feissel & Guinot (using the values up to 1974.0 and 1976.95 respectively). The second ones have not previously been used for such studies.
The derived amplitudes of the principal and the fortnightly terms of nutation are in good agreement with other values deduced from observations, and with the theoretical ones corresponding to the best models of a non-rigid earth. The values obtained are not yet sufficiently precise to distinguish between these models, but could become so in the near future.
The least-squares fits, performed among the z and w data in order to look for any error in the representation of nutation, show the existence of a retrograde term, of a 434 day period for z and 444 day for w and an amplitude of the order of 0.01 arcsec. It may be due to the nearly-diurnal wobble. 相似文献
10.
Rayleigh hysteresis, as defined by the well-known Rayleigh relations, has been observed not only when magnetization of pyrrhotite-bearing KTB-samples is measured in parallel to a weak dc magnetic field, but also in experiments where field and measuring directions have been adjusted strictly perpendicularly to each other. Nine-tupels of independent Rayleigh hysteresis loops could thus be compiled. Their characteristic coefficients X ijk of initial susceptibility together with the Rayleigh loss coefficients αjk have been proved to determine completely the samples' weak-field magnetic anisotropy. Interpreting the coefficient matrices ( X ijk ) and (αjk ) as the tensor of initial susceptibility and the Rayleigh tensor, respectively, generalization of the isotropic Rayleigh relations in terms of corresponding tensor relationships has been suggested for the anisotropic case. Application to the KTB samples showed 3-D Rayleigh hysteresis measurements to be an excellent tool for rock magnetic analysis in terms of ore content and crystalline texture. In particular, a magnetocrystalline double texture of the basal planes of pyrrhotite precipitates and their [1120] directions of easy magnetization have been clearly detected. Surprisingly, the welt-known theorem α= const. X 2 I , formulated by Néel (1942) for the isotropic case, has been found to hold true even in tensor generalization (αjk ) = const ( X 2 jk ). To reach sufficient resolution for the measurements performed, a sensitive vibrating coil magnetometer (VCM) has been developed. 相似文献
11.
Alessandra Borghi Daniela Carrion Giovanna Sona 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(2):539-549
An up to date determination of a high-resolution geoid requires the use of best available databases concerning digital terrain model (DTM), bathymetry, global geopotential model and gravity field. The occasion to revisit methods to validate and merge different data sets has been created by a new project for the determination of a new European Geoid.
Since the computation of the latest European geoid and quasi-geoid model (EGG97), significant new or improved data sets have become available, such as new global geopotential models from CHAMP and GRACE missions, new national and global DTMs and new or upgraded gravity data sets.
In the context of the new European Gravity and Geoid Project (EGGP), within the IAG Commission 2, some data validation tests have been performed in the Italian zone.
In the area 19°× 17° wide, covering Italy, three kinds of tests have been performed: comparison among different DTMs in order to choose the best one to be used; comparisons in terms of geoid computation in some coastal areas, to evaluate bathymetry effects, and the validation of the EIGEN-CG01C and EIGEN-CG03C new global models up to degree and order 360.
These preliminary tests lead to the choice of SRTM DTM (integrated in no-data holes), with an added bathymetry derived by the Italian 1:25 000 official cartography near the coasts and the NOAA bathymetry in high seas. The validation of the new global models and the comparison with EGM96 model show that, in terms of geoid computation, the EGM96 yields better results. Moreover, the validation of new available land gravity data and the cross-validation of two sets of gravity data on sea have been completed. 相似文献
Since the computation of the latest European geoid and quasi-geoid model (EGG97), significant new or improved data sets have become available, such as new global geopotential models from CHAMP and GRACE missions, new national and global DTMs and new or upgraded gravity data sets.
In the context of the new European Gravity and Geoid Project (EGGP), within the IAG Commission 2, some data validation tests have been performed in the Italian zone.
In the area 19°× 17° wide, covering Italy, three kinds of tests have been performed: comparison among different DTMs in order to choose the best one to be used; comparisons in terms of geoid computation in some coastal areas, to evaluate bathymetry effects, and the validation of the EIGEN-CG01C and EIGEN-CG03C new global models up to degree and order 360.
These preliminary tests lead to the choice of SRTM DTM (integrated in no-data holes), with an added bathymetry derived by the Italian 1:25 000 official cartography near the coasts and the NOAA bathymetry in high seas. The validation of the new global models and the comparison with EGM96 model show that, in terms of geoid computation, the EGM96 yields better results. Moreover, the validation of new available land gravity data and the cross-validation of two sets of gravity data on sea have been completed. 相似文献
12.
This article describes a methodology to localise areas with high potential towards natural snowpack instability under particular meteorological conditions, at the scale of an Alpine valley. Localisation is based on statistically relating known release areas of past avalanche events to maps of: (1) slope inclination, (2) slope orientation (aspect), (3) elevation, (4) distance from crest lines, (5) terrain roughness and (6) concavities/convexities. The maps have been built using two different GIS softwares while the statistical analyses have been performed with a specific software handling also Fuzzy Set theory algorithms. The results of the statistical analyses have been verified on test release—areas which have not been used as input data for the statistical analyses. Verification allowed to quantify how reliably the susceptibility values were calculated, to compare the values obtained using different combinations of terrain features and to finally decide on the most efficient combination. The susceptibility maps were calculated and verified for three different meteorological scenarios (given by three classes of snow depth). Verification has shown that the accuracy of the susceptibility maps was between 67% and 82%. The three susceptibility maps show a remarkable difference in the spatial pattern of the highest susceptibility pixels suggesting that for different meteorological scenarios different classes of terrain features need to be considered.The possibility to make combinations of terrain features and to assess and verify their statistical relationship with release areas of past avalanche events is the major original step made by STARTER. Linking those release areas to meteorological scenarios is an attempt to include in the analysis the combined influence of terrain features and meteorological conditions towards snowpack instability. 相似文献
13.
summary . The magnetic observatories at Vysokaya Dubrava and at Arti in Sverdlovsk region have operated in parallel since 1972 January. In spite of the rather small distance between them (160 km), it has been established that during that time, there have been differences in the geomagnetic field variations over a wide range of frequencies. The secular variation also differs appreciably. Over a period of four years the difference in the horizontal component between the observatories increased by 3 nT, the difference in the vertical component by 4 nT and the difference in the total intensity by 6 nT, while the difference in declination decreased by 0.6 min. Besides the normal geomagnetic secular variation, governed by processes in the Earth's core, secular-variation anomalies (SVA) linked with processes in the lithosphere may also take place. The intensity of the local SVAs reaches 10–2 nT/yr, whilst their size does not exceed 15 km. It is undesirable to locate an observatory in a region where an SVA exists since this will distort the normal secular-Variation pattern. It is therefore important to know to what extent observations at the observatory reflect the mean value of the secular variation for that area. For this purpose we would recommend performing a highly accurate survey, for example the total intensity in a network of radial lines in a region around the observatory of radius 50–100 km. Such investigations have been performed around the Arti observatory with an accuracy of the repeated measurements of ±0.3 nT in 1974 and ±0.2 nT in 1975. Ten local SVAs with intensities from 2–14 nT/yr were revealed around the observatory. The observatory of Arti is situated in a quiet region. 相似文献
14.
The physics of the two processes (saltation and sandblasting) leading to fine mineral dust emissions by wind erosion in arid or semi-arid areas has been detailed and modeled. The combination of these two models has led to a physically explicit Dust Production Model (DPM). In this work, sensitivity tests are performed with the DPM to determine the nature of the main soil parameters that control dust emissions by sandblasting. It is found that the soil roughness length and the dry size distribution of the soil aggregates constituting the loose wind erodible fraction of the topsoil have the greatest influence on the soil potential for mineral dust production. Contrary to what is often assumed, soil texture is not a relevant parameter.In the light of these new findings, results of vertical flux measurements performed over a wide variety of sources in Niger and the US south west (14 soils) have been reanalyzed. Results show (1) that for the tested soils the DPM, and hence sandblasting, explain all dust emissions, and (2) that 13 of the 14 soils that had been selected a priori for their high potential for dust emissions contained a fine soil-aggregate component. This is consistent with the sensitivity tests indicating that the presence of such a component could enhance dust emissions by one order of magnitude. Finally, it can be concluded that most of the apparent scatter in the experimental results was in large part due to an inappropriate choice of soil parameters to interpret them. 相似文献
15.
YU. A. BALA&#;OV J. J. PEUCAT A. M. TEBEN'KOV Y. OHTA A. N. LARIONOV A. N. SIROTKIN M. BJORNERUD 《Polar research》1996,15(2):167-181
Recent remapping and new age determinations has shed light on the understanding of Precambrian rocks northwest of Hornsund, southwest Spitsbergen. The Skålfjellet Subgroup has been regarded as the eastern equivalent of the Vimsodden Subgroup, and both of these occur within the Precambrian Eimfjellet Group of southwest Spitsbergen. Although the Eimfjellet Group is considered to be older than the oldest unconformity in the area, the age of the rocks has not been known. The granitic-gabbroic rocks in the Skålfjellet Subgroup have been considered to be the products of granitisation for many years, but recent observations show that they are exotic blocks incorporated into the basic eruptive rocks which are the main constituents of the subgroup. These plutonic rocks have a wide range of compositions, from syenite via granite to gabbroic cumulates, which suggests the existence of a well-differentiated plutonic body at depth.
U-Pb zircon and Pb evaporation datings yielded magmatic ages of ca. 1,100 to 1,200 Ma, and a conformable age has been obtained by Rb-Sr whole rock dating. Detrital zircons from the micaceous schists of the Isbjørnhamna Group, which underlies the Skålfjellet Subgroup, show a poorly defined discordia with an upper intercept age of ca. 2,200 Ma and a lower intercept age of ca. 360 Ma. These dating results define the magmatic age of the granitic-gabbroic rocks as late Mesoproterozoic, early Grenvillian. This age is in broad agreement with that of the metavolcanic rock clasts of the Pyttholmen meta-pyroclastic-conglomeratic unit at Vimsodden, which is considered to be the westernmost occurrence of the Skålfjellet Subgroup.
A Rb-Sr whole rock age determination of the shaly phyllites from the Deilegga Group was performed in order to place constraints on the age of younger Precambrian event; however, no good isochron was obtained. 相似文献
U-Pb zircon and Pb evaporation datings yielded magmatic ages of ca. 1,100 to 1,200 Ma, and a conformable age has been obtained by Rb-Sr whole rock dating. Detrital zircons from the micaceous schists of the Isbjørnhamna Group, which underlies the Skålfjellet Subgroup, show a poorly defined discordia with an upper intercept age of ca. 2,200 Ma and a lower intercept age of ca. 360 Ma. These dating results define the magmatic age of the granitic-gabbroic rocks as late Mesoproterozoic, early Grenvillian. This age is in broad agreement with that of the metavolcanic rock clasts of the Pyttholmen meta-pyroclastic-conglomeratic unit at Vimsodden, which is considered to be the westernmost occurrence of the Skålfjellet Subgroup.
A Rb-Sr whole rock age determination of the shaly phyllites from the Deilegga Group was performed in order to place constraints on the age of younger Precambrian event; however, no good isochron was obtained. 相似文献
16.
Array analysis using circular-wave-front geometry:an application to locate the nearby seismo-volcanic source 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Javier Almendros Jesús M. Ibáñez Gerardo Alguacil & Edoardo Del Pezzo 《Geophysical Journal International》1999,136(1):159-170
The zero-lag cross-correlation technique, used for array analysis in the hypothesis of plane waves, has been modified to allow the wave front to be circular. Synthetic tests have been performed to check the capability of the method, which returns the input test data when the source–array distances are not greater than two or three times the array aperture. For this distance range the method furnishes an estimate of the apparent velocity and the epicentral coordinates of the source. For more distant sources the method becomes equivalent to that based on the planar-wave approximation, which gives an estimate of the backazimuth to the source and the apparent velocity. The method has been applied to seismic data recorded at the active volcano located at Deception Island, Antarctica. 35 volcanic long-period events occurring in a small swarm were selected. Results show that the epicentres are close to the array (between 0.4 and 2 km) and aligned in a SW direction, in agreement with one of the main directions of the fracture system of Deception volcano. 相似文献
17.
Two- and three-dimensional gravel fabric analyses have been performed on a number of pediments located in central, western Saudi Arabia. Standard methods of vector analysis were used to measure orientation. It is concluded that long axes of pediment gravels tend to point downslope and that fabrics are remarkably uniform over pediment surfaces. The results indicate that agents such as sheetfloods, rather than channel flow, may be most effective in bringing about such fabrics. 相似文献
18.
相比浅海暖水珊瑚礁,对深海的冷水珊瑚礁研究相对薄弱。近年来随着水下机器人和深潜器技术的进步,国际上兴起了深海珊瑚礁研究热潮。文章综述了：1）冷水石珊瑚的物种多样性及格局分布特征;2）冷水石珊瑚的生长特征及测量方法;3）冷水珊瑚礁的类型、形成机制与演化过程;4）海洋酸化对冷水珊瑚礁的影响;5）冷水石珊瑚对海洋古环境的记录等。最后提出中国南海冷水珊瑚礁研究展望,建议开展探测南海冷水珊瑚礁的分布,监测珊瑚礁区的生态环境,分析冷水石珊瑚群落特征,探讨冷水珊瑚礁对海洋酸化的响应机制,并利用南海冷水石珊瑚重建南海冷水珊瑚礁的发育历史及所记录的古海洋环境等研究工作。 相似文献
19.
ShiQiao Zhou 《寒旱区科学》2020,12(6):430-435
Tibetan lake levels are sensitive to global change, and their variations have a large impact on the environment, local agriculture and animal husbandry practices. While many remote sensing data of Tibetan lake level changes have been reported, few are from in-situ measurements. This note presents the first in-situ lake level time series of the central Tibetan Plateau. Since 2005, daily lake level observations have been performed at Lake Nam Co, one of the largest on the Tibetan Plateau. The interannual lake level variations show an overall increasing trend from 2006 to 2014, a rapid decrease from 2014 to 2017, and a surge from 2017 to 2018. The annual average lake level of the hydrological year (May-April) rose 66 cm from 2006 to 2014, dropped 59 cm from 2014 to 2017, and increased 20 cm from 2017 to 2018, resulting in a net rise of 27 cm or an average rate of about 2 cm per year. Compared to the annual average lake level based on the calendar year, it is better to use the annual average lake level based on the hydrological year to determine the interannual lake level changes. As the lake level was stable in May, it is appropriate to compare May lake levels when examining interannual lake level changes with fewer data. Overall, remote sensing results agree well with the in-situ lake level observations; however, some significant deviations exist. In the comparable 2006-2009 period, the calendar-year average lake level observed in-situ rose by 10-11 cm per year, which is lower than the ICESat result of 18 cm per year. 相似文献
20.
成熟期资源型城市产业转型发展模式研究——以济宁市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
面对资源型城市"资源诅咒"的诸多困境,产业转型是其发展的必然趋势。研究认为处于成熟期的资源型城市是当前我国产业转型的主体,成熟期也是资源型城市转型的最佳时期。以济宁市为研究案例,通过分析采矿业各项指标的变动趋势,得出济宁市已处于资源型成熟期,并运用产业综合竞争力方法对济宁市的34个产业进行了竞争优势强弱的层次分类。最后,依据该分类标准从资源产业的深加工和接续产业的培育角度构建了济宁市产业转型的发展模式。 相似文献