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1.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(11):1062-1088
Kazakhstan, the second-largest oil-producing former Soviet republic, accounts for 5 to 6 percent of total Soviet output in recent years. With over 15 billion barrels of proven and probable reserves, it has attracted some capital from major international oil companies and has been in the forefront of their “rush” into the region. Kazakhstan has signed contracts with more than 40 foreign companies from 17 different countries, including several mega-deals. Output has declined over the past two years (by 13.5%, from 26.6 million tons in 1991 to 23.0 million tons in 1993), mainly because of the ongoing economic and political changes set in motion after the demise of the USSR, and principally due to problems involving Kazakhstan's trade relations with Russia. Output continues to be restricted because of the lack of an independent pipeline route to the world market. Kazakhstan's main oil-producing areas are concentrated in the North Caspian Basin. Early production in the area was from suprasalt Permian and Cretaceous rocks, in structural traps originating from salt tectonism. More recently, significant discoveries such as Tengiz and Karachaganak have been made in subsalt upper Paleozoic rocks. The greatest hydrocarbon potential is in the infrasalt Paleozoic deposits; the suprasalt deposits tend to have smaller reserves, and the deeper, lower Paleozoic sediments appear to have the least potential. Other areas of established or potential hydrocarbon accumulation include the older producing areas on the Mangyshlak-Buzachi peninsula, which still account for most of Kazakhstan's hydrocarbon production; the Turgay syneclise, which is the location of the Kumkol field and the unexploited Kushmurun basin; and the Zaysan basin in eastern Kazakhstan. 相似文献
2.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(6):671-691
The northern shore of the Apsheron Peninsula and the section of western shore of the Caspian Sea immediately north of that headland are shown to be aggradational. Heavy-mineral analysis shows the suspended load brought into the sea by the rivers which drain the Samur-Divichi coastal plain to be the source of the greater part of the aggraded material; the littoral currents which bring the material down the coast are generated by strong prevailing northerly winds. The northern shore of the Apsheron Peninsula introduces a change in the direction of the shoreline; here aggradation is due to wave action generated by the same northerly winds, rather than littoral currents. Submerged eroded ridges of pre-Quaternary rocks facilitate aggradation in the vicinity of the Apsheron Peninsula. Wave-cut terraces which mark a lower Quaternary rise in the level of the Caspian Sea are present in and near the section of shore where aggradation is due to wave action. Recent folding has been demonstrated in the region; this has been on the sites of pre-Quaternary folds, and it is the pre-Quaternary structures, rather than the Recent, which constituted the headlands and bays which controlled the evolution of the shoreline. It is demonstrated that the relief of the western shore of the Caspian has decreased considerably with each of the four successive Quaternary geomorphological cycles. The paleo-Caspian stage represents the lower Quaternary and consists of the Baku, Khazar and Khvalinskoye cycles. The neo-Caspian stage is taken as the upper half of the Quaternary Period. - -M. E. Burgunker. 相似文献
3.
中非铜钴成矿带是世界最大的沉积型铜钴成矿带、全球最大钴矿、第三大铜矿发现区。因铜钴价格持续走高和中资企业持续关注的迫切性,本文对中非铜钴成矿带地质特征、铜钴矿床资源分布规律、权益资源量情况进行分析研究。同时,系统收集研究区学术研究成果、商业数据库、企业年报等数据,分析认为Lufilian弧形构造带是中非铜钴成矿带构造背景,从北向南依次为弧外部褶皱推覆带、穹窿地区、复式向斜带、加丹加高原。地层分为孔德龙古、恩古巴、罗安三个群,地层年龄自<573±5 Ma至879±16 Ma。含矿层位主要是罗安群矿床组,下分R2.1、R2.2、R2.3三个含矿层。矿床类型主要为碳酸盐质巨型角砾岩型、含矿页岩型、含矿砂岩型、含矿基底型铜矿,构成6个铜钴矿集区,具有等间距分布特征,间距为±20 km。截至2021年,研究区探获铜资源量1.91亿t,钴资源量1404万t。以当量铜资源量排序,>100万t的矿床33个,>1000万t级别的矿床7个。共有14个国家55家矿业企业参与铜钴成矿带勘探及开发。我国权益铜钴资源量分别为6467万t、648万t。大于50万t权益铜资源量的企业有洛阳钼业、紫金... 相似文献
4.
Source rocks are present in all the stratigraphic units of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits of the Turkmen shelf in the Caspian
Sea. The highest source rock potential is characteristic of I terrigenous and carbonate-terrigenous rocks of Middle Jurassic
age, and the Aptian, Paleogene, Neogene and Apsheron stages of the Quaternary system. To reveal the formation conditions of
hydrocarbon deposits within Southwestern Turkmenistan, the principle of chemical thermodynamics is primarily used via the
calculation of the free energy of gaseous hydrocarbons. This showed that hydrocarbon deposits within the topmost depositional
complex (the red-colored strata of the Middle Miocene at the Akchagyl and Apsheron stages) are syngenetic; their formation
was due to lateral migration from even-aged deposits from depression zones neighboring the uplifts. 相似文献
5.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(4):433-436
Exploration and development of oil pools below waters of the Caspian Sea off the Apsheron Peninsula involve consideration of engineering, economic, geologic, and geographic factors. Techniques have been devised for exploring to depths of 600 m in water 6.5m deep. The development program being used is based on a 15–20 year working life for the equipment. For most economic development, an annual field output of 10 percent of proved reserves is recommended.--W. D. Lowry. 相似文献
6.
哈萨克斯坦共和国油气地质资源分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
哈萨克斯坦共和国地处中亚并与我国接壤,石油天然气资源潜力巨大,陆上油、气可采储量分别为21亿吨和16000亿立方米,而海上油气资源更加丰富,目前已发现油气田200余个,包括油田、油气田、凝析气田和气田等多种油气组合,集中分布在哈萨克斯坦国西部各含油气省.该国含油气面积约为170万平方公里,滨里海、中里海-曼格什拉克和乌斯丘尔特沉积盆地具有十分丰富的油气资源,楚河-萨雷苏伊盆地和锡尔河盆地也有油气发现. 相似文献
7.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(3):301-304
The resource base for the Russian tin industry is surveyed district by district, with emphasis on deposit geology and mineralogy, world and domestic market conditions, production linkages between mines and processing facilities, and exploration activity. Current Russian output is less than one-half the former Soviet total of the mid-1980s, a reflection of difficult economic conditions, divergent interests of mine producers and the management of the Novosibirsk tin smelter, and declining ore tenor at certain major deposits. Major deposits now are found exclusively in Russia's Far East economic region, often in remote and climatically inhospitable locations. Unlike most other major producing countries, the bulk of Russia's output comes from lode deposits rather than placers. A concluding section outlines factors expected to affect future tin demand in Russia and describes efforts to identify potentially promising nontraditional tin ore deposits. 相似文献
8.
Peter R. Odell 《GeoJournal》1997,42(1):17-26
The exploitation of offshore mineral wealth is generally higher cost than from land based developments. Given the availability of adequate resources relative to expected demand, interest in the exploitation of most offshore minerals seems likely to remain minimal. There are two exceptions, viz. first, sands and gravels and second, hydrocarbons. Offshore exploitation of the former is restricted to shallow sea floor deposits close to nearby onshore areas of high demand. Their extraction is a highly localised phenomenon. Offshore hydrocarbons production had similar locational characteristics as extensions of pre-existing onshore developments. Recently, however, offshore hydrocarbons have been increasingly exploited in their own right: in areas where market opportunities made such higher-cost operations economically and/or geo-politically attractive. The North Sea stands out in significance. Here, development has been highly pro-active, in terms of political, technological and entrepreneurial considerations. This has produced a unique geographical phenomenon in the maritime environment which will continue to be important for two more decades, and be extended to other north-west European offshore locations. What remains to emerge is the strength of its demonstration effect elsewhere, where the combination of the highly favourable circumstances of Western Europe for such intensive offshore hydrocarbons activities may not reoccur. 相似文献
9.
The majority of the world's oil and gas deposits have been discovered by drilling in the vicinity of natural petroleum seeps, and to date the most successful geochemical prospecting methods still rely upon the surface detection of hydrocarbons. Gas chromatographic techniques are now commonly used in the analysis of hydrocarbon gases for prospecting both onshore (analysis of soils and rocks) and offshore (analysis of near-bottom waters and sediments). Detection of helium fluxes has been partially successful as a geochemical prospecting technique. Many indirect techniques such as the determination of isotope and metal-leaching anomalies in surface rocks and the measurement of radon fluxes have not been widely used.Onshore geochemical prospecting appears to have more problems associated with it than offshore prospecting due to the more complex migration mechanism of near-surface waters containing dissolved gases. No onshore prospecting studies have been published which thoroughly consider this factor and the success of onshore prospecting remains equivocal. In offshore prospecting “sniffers” have been used to detect hydrocarbon anomalies in near-bottom waters, and coring equipment has been used for the detection of hydrocarbons in near-surface sediments. Success is claimed using these techniques.Geochemical prospecting methods are complementary to the widely used geophysical methods. Geochemical methods can provide direct evidence for the presence of petroleum accumulations and are relatively cheap and rapid. Failures in prospecting to date are attributable to the simplistic manner in which data have been interpreted; insufficient attention has been paid to the hydrological and geological factors which modify the upward migration of indicator species to the surface. As oil and gas deposits become more difficult to locate, greater attention should be paid to geochemical prospecting techniques, especially as a regional exploration tool. 相似文献
10.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(1):42-48
The author analyzes data on the contents of naphthenic acid in crude oils. Characteristics and properties of naphthenic acids in oils of adjacent formations are compared. The final conclusion denies the existence of any general relationship between the content of naphthenic acids and the depth of occurrence of oils of the deposits of the Apsheron Peninsula. --Royer and Roger, Inc. 相似文献
11.
12.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(11):985-986
A prominent Western specialist on the geology of the oil and gas deposits of Russia provides an interpretation of the genesis of the West Siberian basin, relying, in part, on most recent Russian studies as well as information made available in 1994 evaluating the reserves of Russia's most important producing province. From Late Carboniferous through Middle Jurassic time, the region of West Siberia passed through orogenic, rift, and early platform stages. A domal high was present in the region during the orogenic stage, arising from cratonization of the Ural-Mongolian fold belt. Early Triassic rifting was part of a global rifting event and was a precursor to the subsequent crustal sagging that produced the West Siberian basin. The Early-Middle Jurassic was a time of cyclical marine and continental deposition, the sea moving back and forth from the north. The Talinskoye oil field occurs in Lower-Middle Jurassic sandstones that have the form of a river channel that extends more than 200 km. The Priobskoye field is associated with a Lower Cretaceous clinoform that has been traced N–S for more than 300 km. It is suggested that: (a) the oil in the Lower Cretaceous Neocomian sandstones was sourced by bituminous clays that interfinger with these sandstones on the west; and (b) that Upper Cretaceous Cenomanian gas was sourced in part by deeply buried Paleozoics and by overlying Upper Cretaceous Turonian clays. Predicted discoveries in West Siberia include several thousand small fields with reserves of less than 10 million tons, 250 to 300 medium-sized fields, and several large fields with 30 to 100 million tons. 相似文献
13.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(3):336-355
This paper begins with a discussion of the geologic structure and origin of the Caspian depression, describes the history of changes in level of the Caspian, and the different terrace levels formed by these changes. Next the stratigraphy and structure of the complex Azerbaijan coastal area are covered. Composition of the sediments brought in by the various rivers is strongly affected by climate, e. g. , the Volga and Ural bring in much dissolved carbonate from the black-earth soils. A small amount of windblown material is contributed. Fluctuations in level of the sea, consequently its salinity, are mainly influenced by discharge of the Volga. Chemistry of the Caspian is discussed; it is everywhere oversaturated with respect to calcium carbonate and greatest salinities are attained on the eastern side. All waters contain oxygen except the deepest holes, for circulation reaches the bottom almost everywhere, consequently sediments are greenish gray, not black. Regional variation in phosphate and silica content are also discussed briefly. In the vicinity of Cape Apsheron, submarine erosion takes place on highs, while hollows are filled in with sediment. Sediments are classified and mapped on the basis of percentage finer than 0.01 mm, and the amount of this material correlates in general with depth of water. Sediments in areas of submarine erosion often show bimodal histograms. The microfauna consists largely of Rotalia and ostracods, but many reworked Foraminifera are found; fauna of the deltas are contrasted with those of the open Caspian. Some shallow water forms have been transported into deeper water by “coastal suspensions.” Heavy minerals along the Caspian coast are complex, and reflect local source areas. Triangular diagrams are used to show variations in mineral percentages, and to recognize specific sources. Chemical analyses of the sediments show calcium carbonate most abundant in the east. Manganese content increases with amount of fines, and both phosphorus and manganese increase in the deepest parts and near large river mouths. Details on the changes of chemical composition with grain size, location, etc. , are used to propose a marine coastal origin for the “Productive Stratum” in Azerbaijan.—R. L. Folk 相似文献
14.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(10):974-982
The current status of silver production in Russia (and areas in other former Soviet republics) is discussed with particular attention to mine output, deposit geology, byproducts, economics of production, and potential export markets. In Russia and elsewhere in the former Soviet Union, most silver is found and recovered in subordinate or trace amounts in deposits mined primarily for other commodities (especially gold and various base metals). Kazakhstan and Russia are the major mine producers of silver in the region, although in Russia potential demand is forecast to exceed output by as much as 25% by 1994. This potential shortfall, coupled with the approaching depletion of rich deposits in the Urals and northern East Siberia, has prompted the Russian government to formulate a plan for revitalizing the silver industry by opening new deposits and installing new processing capacity. A major objective of the plan, which attempts to reduce imports of silver concentrate and metal products, is increased foreign investment via international tenders. However, given the recent history of weak world silver markets, and an abundance of competing investment opportunities for global capital, it appears that Russia may have to consider incurring the costs of opening new silver deposits or relying more on imports. 相似文献
15.
The Spanish-Portuguese Pyrite Belt covers a large area in the SW part of the Iberian Peninsula from Seville to the westcoast of Portugal. Total reserves of aprox. 1.000 million tons of massive sulphide ores have an average content of 46% S, 42% Fe, and 2–4% Cu+Pb+Zn. The stratiform sulphide deposits and accompanying manganese mineralizations are of synsedimentary-exhalative origin. They occur in a Lower Carboniferous, geosynclinal, volcanic-sedimentary rock sequence, strongly folded during the Hercynian Orogeny. A brief outline of the regional geology of this ore province is given, and the geology of three mining districts is described: Lousal (Portugal), La Zarza and Tharsis (Huelva Province, Spain). A close relationship between sulphide and manganese ores with the submarine, acid alkaline volcanism is emphasized. Solfataric activity is responsible for the formation of sulphides in the final stages of volcanic extrusions. The ore concentration in big deposits (ore-lenses with up to 100 million tons of massive sulphides) has been due to inflows of sulphide muds and/or detrital sulphides into newly formed depressions of a contineously changing seafloor topography due to volcano tectonic movements. 相似文献
16.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(9):855-877
Russia still is one of the world's major petroleum-producing countries, but output declined precipitously from the peak in 1987 of 569.5 million tons to 260.2 million tons for the first nine months of 1993 (projected at 340 million tons for the year). The crisis in the oil sector is due largely to the underlying political, economic, and organizational problems rather than to deficiencies in the oil reserve base or technology. Major oil-producing regions-West Siberia and Volga-Urals provinces—are identified, and within these regions, geology, reserve size, and major production associations are described. Other noteworthy areas covered in greater detail are the oil fields of Komi and Sakhalin. Concluding sections are devoted to a critical assessment of the Russian government's program to arrest the decline in oil output and to projecting output over the near future based largely on production trends that are appparent in November 1993. Estimates indicate that oil output in Russia will continue to decline throughout 1993 and 1994, and conceivably in 1995 as well. 相似文献
17.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(3):272-280
The Gejiu tin field in southern China consists of six major deposits and many minor ones containing more than 120 million tons (pre-mining resource) at 1% Sn and significant amounts of Cu, Ag, Zn, and Pb. It is one of the largest tin fields of primary deposits in the world. Mineralization is the result of the intrusion of granitic plutons into Permian and Triassic sedimentary rocks, which are dominantly limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite. Five (mostly peraluminous) granitic intrusives (64-115 Ma) are present in the area. The largest orebodies are spatially and temporally related to the Laoka (principally), Beipaotai, and Marsong granites. Tin mineralization is mainly within greisens developed at the outermost zone of a skarn zonal sequence and are mineralogically dominated by fluorite, quartz, and micas. The deposits are the result of volatile-rich ore solutions that evolved late in the plutonic crystallization history. The solutions produced metamorphic skarns as well as ore skarns, both of which later became “greisenized” skarns. Gejiu is the largest example of what has been, up to now, a style of mineralization reported only in minor amounts. 相似文献
18.
The travel-times of waves coming from distant earthquakes, recorded by seismological stations in the Carpathians and the Caucasus were used to construct a model of horizontal inhomogeneities in the upper layer of the mantle in these regions. In comparison with the adjoining platform, the East Carpathians are characterized by higher velocity, the South Carpathians and the Carpathian foredeep by lower velocity, while the West Carpathians have a velocity similar to that of the platform. The Vrinci earthquakes originate in the high-velocity block of the East Carpathians, at its boundary with the low-velocity block of the South Carpathians. The Caucasian territory can be divided into several different mantle blocks. The western part of the Great Caucasus has a higher velocity. A submeridional belt of low velocities, extending west of the line Piatigorsk—Tiflis, has been determined; the belt passes through the Stavropol part of the Great Caucasus, the Transcaucasian central massif and part of the Little Caucasus. More to the east there extends a parallel belt of greater velocities, which also intersects a series of different structures. In the East Caucasus, a low-velocity block has been established in the Caucasian foredeep and the Great Caucasus regions; the boundary between this block and a high-velocity block lying west of it passes through the Caspian Sea.The mantle earthquakes of 1935 occurring NE of Derbent seem to be connected with this boundary. The low-velocity region of the mantle also exists in the Caspian Sea, in the vicinity of the Apsheron Peninsula. A relationship between the determined velocity variations and other geophysical fields has been discussed; some known gravity anomalies in the Caucasus, interpreted as being connected with the earth's crust, are believed to be due to the vertical inhomogeneities of density in the upper mantle. 相似文献
19.
Recently acquired 2-D seismic profiles in the offshore area between Bondoc Peninsula and Burias Island, South Luzon, Philippines, are interpreted in the context of known structural styles observed onshore and in relation to paleo- and neo-tectonic regimes in the region. Two distinct seismic sequences can be distinguished relative to their structural style and tectonic significance. The top of a lower sequence shows strongly reflective properties. This unit, correlative to Late Oligocene to Early Miocene limestone bodies observed onshore in Bondoc Peninsula and Burias Island, is affected by intense to moderate superposed folding and thrust faulting. An upper sequence, correlative to a two-member turbiditic and shallower marine clastic deposit widely exposed in Bondoc Peninsula, is affected by thrust faulting and deformation associated with overturned tight folding. The onshore equivalents of these two seismic sequences form the core of a bent anticlinorium that twists from a NW–SE axis in onshore Bondoc into a N–S axis southwards into the southern tip of the peninsula, then back to a NW–SE axis in the offshore region further to the south. Overlying this structural core is a relatively less deformed sequence where syn-sedimentary half-grabens are still preserved in places. This complex structural style is the result of a series of several tectonic events occurring from the Eocene to the Present, involving carbonate build-up, deep water turbidite deposition, consequent compression (folding and faulting), and late-event half graben-controlled deposition. Some resulting structures are indicative of tectonic inversion processes (positive and negative) which may prove to be potentially favorable in the search for structural plays in the area. 相似文献
20.
This paper reviews recent studies of Holocene coastal uplift in tectonically active areas near the plate boundaries of the western Pacific Rim. Emergent Holocene terraces exist along the coast of North Island of New Zealand, the Huon Peninsula of Papua New Guinea, the Japanese Islands, and Taiwan. These terraces have several features in common. All comprise series of subdivided terraces. The highest terrace is a constructional terrace, underlain by estuarine or marine deposits, and the lower terraces are erosional, cutting into transgressive deposits or bedrock. The highest terrace records the culmination of Holocene sea-level rise at ca. 6–6.5 ka BP. Lower terraces were coseismically uplifted. Repeated major earthquakes have usually occurred at ka intervals and meter-scale uplift. The maximum uplift rate and number of terraces are surprisingly similar, about 4 m/ka and seven to four major steps in North Island, Huon Peninsula, and Japan. Taiwan, especially along the east coast of the Coastal Range, is different, reaching a maximum uplift rate of 15 m/ka with 10 subdivided steps. They record a very rapid uplift. Comparison between short-term (Holocene) and long-term since the last interglacial maximum (sub-stage 5e) uplift rates demonstrates that a steady uplift rate (Huon Peninsula) or accelerated uplift toward the present (several areas of Japan and North Island) has continued at least since isotope sub-stage 5e. Rapid uplift in eastern Taiwan probably started only in the early Holocene, judging from the absence of any older marine terraces. Most of the causative faults for the coastal uplift may be offshore reverse faults, branched from the main plate boundary fault, but some of them are onshore faults, which deformed progressively with time. 相似文献