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1.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(2):221-228
The Near-Caspian Depression is a deeply subsided southeastern block of the Russian platform consisting of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks as thick as 15, 000 m. Most geologists hold, under the salt complex, there are pre-Kungurian Paleozoic sediments of platform type composing upwarpings and downwarpings (anteclises and syneclises). The'outlook for, oil and gas in the Near-Caspian is very good; it is especially true of the complex overlying the salt and the Emba district where oil was found; the Paleozoic deposits below the salt are also promising. Prospecting for oil and gas here is possible only with the use of super-deep drilling, and of special importance is drilling of two test super-deep boreholes (to 7, 000 m). First of all it is necessary to select such areas within which deposits below the salt could be struck at a depth not more than 5 or 6 km and where a Paleozoic section from 1, 000 to 2, 000 meters thick can be found. It is necessary as well to carry out seismic surveys within the Ural-Volga Depression and the eastern monocline in order, to find a most favorable environment. Super-deep drilling is part of a program including base and parameter borehole drilling and regional seismic profiles.—Auth. English summ. 相似文献
2.
The travel-times of waves coming from distant earthquakes, recorded by seismological stations in the Carpathians and the Caucasus were used to construct a model of horizontal inhomogeneities in the upper layer of the mantle in these regions. In comparison with the adjoining platform, the East Carpathians are characterized by higher velocity, the South Carpathians and the Carpathian foredeep by lower velocity, while the West Carpathians have a velocity similar to that of the platform. The Vrinci earthquakes originate in the high-velocity block of the East Carpathians, at its boundary with the low-velocity block of the South Carpathians. The Caucasian territory can be divided into several different mantle blocks. The western part of the Great Caucasus has a higher velocity. A submeridional belt of low velocities, extending west of the line Piatigorsk—Tiflis, has been determined; the belt passes through the Stavropol part of the Great Caucasus, the Transcaucasian central massif and part of the Little Caucasus. More to the east there extends a parallel belt of greater velocities, which also intersects a series of different structures. In the East Caucasus, a low-velocity block has been established in the Caucasian foredeep and the Great Caucasus regions; the boundary between this block and a high-velocity block lying west of it passes through the Caspian Sea.The mantle earthquakes of 1935 occurring NE of Derbent seem to be connected with this boundary. The low-velocity region of the mantle also exists in the Caspian Sea, in the vicinity of the Apsheron Peninsula. A relationship between the determined velocity variations and other geophysical fields has been discussed; some known gravity anomalies in the Caucasus, interpreted as being connected with the earth's crust, are believed to be due to the vertical inhomogeneities of density in the upper mantle. 相似文献
3.
M. D. Khutorskoy 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2008,43(4):394-404
Three dimensional modeling of the geothermal field was performed along geotraverses in the Barents Sea and Caspian Basin using data obtained by the method of reflected waves based on common depth point (MRW CDP) and deep drilling. Depths of the interval of catagenetic transformation of organic matter were calculated for different regions of the sedimentary basin. The smallest depth of this interval is confined to the South Barents Depression, where the highest hydrocarbon potential was found on the basis of geological prospecting. A thermal dome distinguished for the first time is confined to this region in 3D models. The same effect was also found in the Caspian Basin: thermal domes are located in the southern Emba, Mangyshlak, and Astrakhan arch regions, where hydrocarbon materials are mined extensively. 相似文献
4.
本研究利用114个固定台站记录的121个远震事件,以钦杭结合带为中心,采用天然地震层析成像构建了华南东南部上地幔P波速度结构模型。研究结果表明：（1）钦杭结合带、武夷成矿带以及南岭成矿带的深部结构存在着差异,说明3个成矿带经历了不同的构造演化过程;（2）江绍断裂的上地幔中存在着低速异常,推测该低速异常为从地幔过渡带或者下地幔上涌的热物质,与钦杭结合带和武夷成矿带的成矿作用有着密切的关系;（3）下扬子地区上地幔底部的高速异常可能为拆沉的岩石圈,而华夏板块上地幔顶部的高速异常则有待进一步研究。本研究的结果为认识华南东南部的深部结构提供了新的证据。 相似文献
5.
Based on the high-resolution body wave tomographic image and relevant geophysical data, we calculated the form and the vertical
and tangential velocities of mantle flow. We obtained the pattern of mantle convection for East Asia and the West Pacific.
Some important results and understandings are gained from the images of the vertical velocity of mantle flow for East Asia
and the West Pacific. There is an upwelling plume beneath East Asia and West Pacific, which is the earth’s deep origin for
the huge rift valley there. We have especially outlined the tectonic features of the South China Sea, which is of the “工”
type in the upper mantle shield type in the middle and divergent in the lower; the Siberian clod downwelling dives from the
surface to near Core and mantle bounary (CMB), which is convergent in the upper mantle and divergent in the lower mantle;
the Tethyan subduction region, centered in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, is visible from 300 to 2 000 km, which is also convergent
in the upper mantle and divergent in the lower mantle. The three regions of mantle convection beneath East Asia and the West
Pacific are in accordance with the West Pacific, Ancient Asia and the Tethyan structure regions. The mantle upwelling originates
from the core-mantle boundary and mostly occurs in the middle mantle and the lower part of the upper mantle. The velocities
of the vertical mantle flow are about 1–4 cm per year and the tangential velocities are 1–10 cm per year. The mantle flow
has an effect on controlling the movement of plates and the distributions of ocean ridges, subduction zones and collision
zones. The mantle upwelling regions are clearly related with the locations of hotspots on the earth’s surface.
Translated from Geology in China, 2006, 33(4): 896–905 [译自: 中国地质] 相似文献
6.
利用中国地震台网和ISC台站记录的P波到时数据,采用球坐标系有限差分地震层析成像方法反演了南海东北部及其邻近地区壳幔三维P波速度结构,并分析了不同地质单元的构造差异及其深部特征。结果表明:南海东北部表现出陆架地区的岩石层特性,属于华南大陆向海区的延伸,岩石层厚度较大,现今不存在大规模的地幔热流活动,推测大陆边缘张裂作用仅限于地壳内部而没有延伸进入上地幔,具有非火山型大陆边缘的深部特点。中央海盆附近上地幔P波速度明显降低,与海盆下方地幔热流活动密切相关。不同的速度异常特征表明:华南大陆暨台湾地区属于欧亚大陆的正常地壳或是与菲律宾海板块相互作用产生的增厚型地壳,冲绳海槽则是弧后扩张产生的减薄型地壳。滨海断裂带作为华南大陆高速异常和南海北部高速异常的分界,代表了一定地质时期华南地块和南海地块的拼合边界。断裂附近的上地幔低速异常揭示了闽粤沿海岩浆作用的深层动力机制。吕宋岛弧、马尼拉海沟、东吕宋海槽的速度异常与其所处的特殊构造位置有密切的关系,清晰地反映出岛弧俯冲带的地壳结构差异;台湾南部至吕宋岛弧的上地幔低速异常揭示了两个重要火山链的深部构造特征,北吕宋海脊下方100 km深度的条带状高速异常有可能代表了俯冲下沉的岩石层板片。 相似文献
7.
随着板块构造学说的兴起和发展,对大洋地区构造活动、地热及地壳-上地幔结构之间的关系已有了较为明确的认识。在大陆地区,由于其构造发展历史的复杂性,对这种关系的认识还远没有大洋区那样系统和清晰。但近二十年来,大陆地区各种地球物理资料的大量积累已为进行这种研究提供了较为坚实的基础。 相似文献
8.
安徽庐枞盆地何家小岭黄铁矿床特征和成因研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
何家小岭黄铁矿床受控于砖桥组下段第一韵律层(J_3zh)的火山碎屑岩中,热液蚀变作用明显。矿床成因分四类:1、火山沉积型;2、次火山岩型;3、叠加改造型;4、火山热液型。硫主要来源于上地幔或深部地壳。矿床通过火山岩浆内生成矿和盆地环境外部因素综合作用形成。该黄铁矿床确定为典型中低温火山沉积—热液叠加改造型层控矿床。 相似文献
9.
The South Caspian sedimentary basin is a unique area with thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments (up to 30–32 km) characterized by an extremely high fluid generation potential. The large amount of active mud volcanoes and the volumes of their gas emissions prove the vast scale of fluid generation. Onshore and offshore mud volcanoes annually erupt more than 109 cubic meters of gases consisting of CH4 (79–98%), and a small admixture of C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12, CO2, N, H2S, Ar, He. Mud volcanism is closely connected to the processes occurring in the South Caspian depression, its seismicity, fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level, solar activity and hydrocarbon generation.The large accumulations of gas hydrates are confined to the bottom sediments of the Caspian Sea, mud volcanoes crater fields (interval 0–0.4 m, sea depth 480 m) and to the volcanoes body at the depth of 480–800 from the sea bottom. Resources of HC gases in hydrates saturated sediments up to a depth of 100 m and are estimated at 0.2×1015–8×1015 m3. The amount of HC gases concentrated in them is 1011–1012 m3.The Caspian Sea, being an inland closed basin is very sensitive to climatic and tectonic events expressed in sea level fluctuations. During regressive stages as a result of sea level fall and the reducing of hydrostatic pressure the decomposition of gas hydrates and the releasing of a great volume of HC gases consisting mainly of methane are observed.From the data of deep drilling, seismoacoustics, and deep seismic mud volcanic activity in the South Caspian Basin started in the Lower Miocene. Activity reached its highest intensity at the boundary between the Miocene and Pliocene and was associated with dramatic Caspian Sea level fall in the Lower Pliocene of up to 600 m, which led to the isolation of the PaleoCaspian from the Eastern ParaTethys. Catastrophic reduction of PaleoCaspian size combined with the increasing scale of mud volcanic activity caused the oversaturation and intoxication of water by methane and led to the mass extinction of mollusks, fishes and other groups of sea inhabitants. In the Upper Pliocene and Quaternary mud volcanism occurred under the conditions of a semi-closed sea periodically connected with the Pontian and Mediterranean Basins. Those stages of Caspian Sea history are characterized by the revival of the Caspian organic world.Monitoring of mud volcanoes onshore of the South Caspian demonstrated that any eruption is predicted by seismic activation in the region (South-Eastern Caucasus) and intensive fluid dynamics on the volcanoes. 相似文献
10.
秦岭造山带作为典型的陆内复合造山带,发生过强烈的构造变形,与北部的渭河地堑形成独具特色的盆山构造体系,目前其深部结构状态与盆山耦合响应缺乏深层动力学过程的理解,为此以跨越秦岭造山带、渭河地堑布设一条170 km的大地电磁测深剖面,通过宽频带和长周期大地电磁观测,构建秦岭造山带和渭河地堑深部地电结构,研究结果表明:1)秦岭造山带存在多重叠置的巨厚岩石圈,南秦岭与北秦岭地壳尺度存在明显的结构化差异; 2)扬子地块向北楔入到南秦岭岩石圈地幔中,南、北秦岭之间在上地幔存在低阻条带痕迹表明了楔入作用的前缘位置; 3)渭河地堑存在巨厚的沉积盖层,厚度由南向北逐渐减薄,由南侧的7~8 km减到北侧的3~4 km。渭河地堑下地壳至上地幔区域分布的两个低阻块体表明其岩石圈存在明显的电性差异,这种差异性的存在表征了华北地块南向挤压作用背景下软流圈上涌的贡献。 相似文献
11.
A three-dimensional (3D) density model, approximated by two regional layers—the sedimentary cover and the crystalline crust (offshore, a sea-water layer was added), has been constructed in 1° averaging for the whole European continent. The crustal model is based on simplified velocity model represented by structure maps for main seismic horizons—the “seismic” basement and the Moho boundary. Laterally varying average density is assumed inside the model layers. Residual gravity anomalies, obtained by subtraction of the crustal gravity effect from the observed field, characterize the density heterogeneities in the upper mantle. Mantle anomalies are shown to correlate with the upper mantle velocity inhomogeneities revealed from seismic tomography data and geothermal data. Considering the type of mantle anomaly, specific features of the evolution and type of isostatic compensation, the sedimentary basins in Europe may be related into some groups: deep sedimentary basins located in the East European Platform and its northern and eastern margins (Peri-Caspian, Dnieper–Donets, Barents Sea Basins, Fore–Ural Trough) with no significant mantle anomalies; basins located on the activated thin crust of Variscan Western Europe and Mediterranean area with negative mantle anomalies of −150 to −200×10−5 ms−2 amplitude and the basins associated with suture zones at the western and southern margins of the East European Platform (Polish Trough, South Caspian Basin) characterized by positive mantle anomalies of 50–150×10−5 ms−2 magnitude. An analysis of the main features of the lithosphere structure of the basins in Europe and type of the compensation has been carried out. 相似文献
12.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(7):757-775
Implementation of a proposed program of super-deep drilling in the U.S.S.R. would solve critical problems in contemporary geology including: a) structure and composition of the basaltic layer, lower granitic layer, definition of the Conrad and Mohorovi?i? discontinuities and relation of forces in the mantle to tectonic processes in the crust, b) differentiation processes leading to earth layering, c) study of granitization and basification, and their relation to ore-deposition, d) hydrothermal solutions and their mineralization and metamorphic effects; gas, fluid, and heat migration within and between mantle and crust, e) pre-Archeozoic development of continents and ocean basins, discovery of pre-Archeozoic rocks, f) definition of representative type sections through the crust. Five sites are proposed: 1) In the epi-Caspian depression to penetrate a sequence of 13–15 kilometers of sedimentaries in an oil province with a steep geothermic gradient, 2) in a polymetallic-ore eugeosyncline of the Urals through 10–12 kilometers of geosynclinal metamorphics and possibly a 3–8 kilometer granitic layer, 3) In the Kem' region of Karelia where the Conrad discontinuity is 8–10 km down in Archeozoic, and possibly older, rocks, 4) in the Kurina depression of Azerbaydzhan where the basaltic.layer occurs beneath a sedimentary-effusive miogeosyncline with a basal granitic layer, all only 5–8 km thick, and 5) on Kunashir in the Kuriles where the Mohorovi?i? discontinuity occurs beneath young volcanics, folded and metamorphic geosynclinal complexes, and a very thin, if any, granitic layer, all only 12 km thick. Super-drilling in the epi-Caspian depression should follow completion of a 7-kilometer hole started in 1961. Projects in Azerbaydzhan, the Urals, and Karelia present the fewest problems of drilling and logistics and should be undertaken as soon as possible. Remoteness and difficult drilling problems will necessitate drilling on Kunashir last. An extensive program of geophysical surveying and development of equipment must be part of the program. —M. Russell 相似文献
13.
The large hydrocarbon basin of South Caspian is filled with sediments reaching a thickness of 20–25 km. The sediments overlie a 10–18 km thick high-velocity basement which is often interpreted as oceanic crust. This interpretation is, however, inconsistent with rapid major subsidence in Pliocene-Pleistocene time and deposition of 10 km of sediments because the subsidence of crust produced in spreading ridges normally occurs at decreasing rates. Furthermore, filling a basin upon a 10–18 km thick oceanic crust would require twice less sediments. Subsidence as in the South Caspian, of ≥20 km, can be provided by phase change of gabbro to dense eclogite in a 25–30 km thick lower crust. Eclogites which are denser than the mantle and have nearly mantle P velocities but a chemistry of continental crust may occur beneath the Moho in the South Caspian where consolidated crust totals a thickness of 40–50 km. The high subsidence rates in the Pliocene-Pleistocene may be attributed to the effect of active fluids infiltrated from the asthenosphere to catalyze the gabbro-eclogite transition. Subsidence of this kind is typical of large petroleum provinces. According to some interpretations, historic seismicity with 30–70 km focal depths in a 100 km wide zone (beneath the Apsheron-Balkhan sill and north of it) has been associated with the initiation of subduction under the Middle Caspian. The consolidated lithosphere of deep continental sedimentary basins being denser than the asthenosphere, can, in principle, subduct into the latter, while the overlying sediments can be delaminated and folded. Yet, subduction in the South Caspian basin is incompatible with the only 5–10 km shortening of sediments in the Apsheron-Balkhan sill and south of it and with the patterns of earthquake foci that show no alignment like in a Benioff zone and have mostly extension mechanisms. 相似文献
14.
中国大陆科学钻探工程的科学目标及初步成果 总被引：34，自引：20，他引：34
中国大陆科学钻探工程的主孔位于苏鲁超高压变质带南部的东海县，其穿过的岩石曾位于板块会聚边界的地幔深处，是研究大陆深俯冲及地幔动力学的最佳地区。中国大陆科学钻探的科学目标旨在通过对钻孔中获取的全部连续岩心、液态和气态样品及原位测井数据进行的全方位测量与综合研究，建立5000m孔深的各类多学科精细剖面，再造北中国板块与扬子板块会聚边界深部三维物质的组成和分布及三维结构构造；阐明板块会聚边缘的深部流体作用、壳一幔相互作用及地幔中物质循环和流变学；寻找超深地幔条件下形成的特征矿物，揭示超高压变质成矿机理；建立结晶岩地区地球物理理论模型和解释标尺；揭示超高压变质岩石的形成与折返模型及板块会聚边界的深部动力学机制。通过5km深孔营造的特殊地下空问，研究现代地壳的物理、化学及生物作用，并将建立亚洲第一个大陆科学钻探深孔长期观察实验站。中国大陆科学钻探工程已取得初步成果。主孔2000m岩心的深度和方位准确归位；建立了岩性、地球化学、构造、矿化、岩石物性、地下流体及各类测井等精细剖面；揭示了发现除超镁铁质岩外的各类岩石中的柯石英；通过SHRIMP测年准确确定超高压及退变质事件的年龄；初步揭示了超高压及退变质过程中流体的变化及水一岩作用；划分了构造岩片单元，确定了其边界的韧性剪切带性质，并发现早期构造信息；建立的随岩性变化的弹性波速度和热导率连续剖面对地震反射和热结构提供了岩石物性的制约；VSP地震剖面揭示了孔区深部的构造岩片结构，以及强地震反射层和大型韧性剪切带有关；发现地下特殊气体一甲烷、二氧化碳及氦气的异常，以及气体异常越往深部越频繁出现的规律。经DNA分析，在超高压岩心中发现在极端条件下形成的微生物。 相似文献
15.
Gerhard P. Brey Vadim Bulatov Andrei Girnis Jeff W. Harris Thomas Stachel 《Lithos》2004,77(1-4):655-663
Experiments on compositions along the join MgO–NaA3+Si2O6 (A=Al, Cr, Fe3+) show that sodium can be incorporated into ferropericlase at upper mantle pressures in amounts commonly found in natural diamond inclusions. These results, combined with the observed mineral parageneses of several diamond inclusion suites, establish firmly that ferropericlase exists in the upper mantle in regions with low silica activity. Such regions may be carbonated dunite or stalled and degassed carbonatitic melts. Ferropericlase as an inclusion in diamond on its own is not indicative of a lower mantle origin or of a deep mantle plume. Coexisting phases have to be taken into consideration to decide on the depth of origin. The composition of olivine will indicate an origin from the upper mantle or border of the transition zone to the lower mantle and whether it coexisted with ferropericlase in the upper mantle or as ringwoodite. The narrow and flat three phase loop at the border transition zone—lower mantle together with hybrid peridotite plus eclogite/sediments provides an explanation for the varying and Fe-rich nature of the diamond inclusion suite from Sao Luiz, Brazil. 相似文献
16.
Wei Wenbo Jin Sheng Ye Gaofeng Deng Ming Tan Handong Martyn Unsworth John Booker Alan G. Jones Li Shenghui 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2007,1(1):121-128
The features of the faults in the central and northern Tibetan plateau are discussed, based on two super-wide band magnetotelluric
(MT) sounding profiles belonging to the INDEPTH (III)-MT project, which were finished between 1998 and 1999: one is from Deqing
to Longweicuo (named line 500), the other is from Naqu to Golmud (line 600). This work assists research on the collision and
subduction mode between the India and Asia plates. The MT results show that there is a series of deep faults, F1 to F10, in
the central and northern Tibetan plateau. Of these faults, F2 is an earlier main fault which leans to the north, and F1 is
a later main overriding fault. The Jiali deep fault zone, which has a very complex space structure, is composed of these two
faults. F3, F4 and F5 are super-deep faults. They are high-angle faults and lean a little to the south. The main fault zone
of the Bangong-Nujiang suture is composed of these three faults. Because of later activity in the structure, several shallow
faults formed in the upper crust within the Bangong-Nujiang suture. The Tanggula fault zone is composed of two main faults,
F6 and F7, and a series of sub-faults. The shallow segments of the main faults are in high angles and the deep segments of
main faults are in low angles. These two faults generally lean to the south and extend into the lower crust. The Jinshajiang
suture is composed of the Jinshajiang fault (F8) and the Kekexili fault (F9), and there is a series of sub-faults in the upper
crust between these two faults. The Jinshajiang suture is a very wide suture caused by continent-continent collision. The
Middle Kunlun fault (F10), which is the main structure of the Kunlun fault zone, is a high angle, super-deep fault. It is
the north boundary of the Songpan-Ganzi-Kekexili block. Based on the conductive structure of the profile, the southern part
of the Middle Kunlun fault belongs to the Tibetan plateau, but it is not certain whether the northern part of the Middle Kunlun
fault belongs to the Tibetan plateau. There are conductive bodies stretching from the crust into the upper mantle below the
Bangong-Nujiang suture and Jinshajiang suture. This may suggest heat exchange between the crust and mantle.
Translated from Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2006, 31(2): 257–265 [译自: 地球科学—中国地质大学学报] 相似文献
17.
We present a 3D S-velocity model for the crust and upper mantle of the South China Sea and the surrounding regions, constrained from the analysis of over 12,000 of fundamental Rayleigh wave dispersion curves between 10 s and 150 s periods. The lateral resolution was found to vary from 2° to 4° with the increasing period over the study region. A robust scheme of Debayle and Sambridge allowed us to conduct the tomographic inversion efficiently for massive datasets. Group velocity maps varying with period show lateral heterogeneities, well related to the geological and tectonic features in the study region. The 3D S-velocity model was constructed from the 1D structure inversion of the tomographic group velocity dispersion curves at each node. The obtained average crustal structure is similar to the PREM model, while the average mantle velocity is typically lower than the global average. The complicated 3D structures reveal three prominent features correlated with geological divisions: sea basin regions, island and arc regions, and continental regions. The derived crustal and lithospheric thicknesses range from ∼15 to >50 km and from ∼60 to >140 km, respectively, with the thinnest in the South China Sea, the thickest in eastern Tibet and the Yangtze Block, and the medium in the South China Fold Belt, Indochina, and island arc regions. Our results further confirm that (1) a Mesozoic subduction zone, which is interpreted as the tectonic weak zone during the Paleogene, exists along the South China margin; (2) the influence of the Indochina extrusion along the Red River Fault is limited for the South China Sea region; (3) there is a slab remnant of the proto-South China Sea beneath Borneo. New findings suggest that the Mesozoic subduction zone should be built into any evolution model for the region, as well as the other two major tectonic boundaries of the Red River Fault and proto-South China Sea subduction zone. 相似文献
18.
青藏高原地球物理研究中几个重要问题之我见 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
青藏高原的地球物理研究是深化认识高原本体和东亚壳、幔结构、隆升机制和大陆动力学响应的基础,故为中、外地球科学家们所瞩目。主要讨论以下3个方面问题,即问题的提出与背景;当今青藏高原地球物理研究中的核心科学问题;当前地球物理学要做些什么。研究结果表明,第一,在青藏高原地球物理研究中只有在清晰思路指导下取得高分辨率的数据才能反演,并刻画其壳、幔的精细结构;第二,青藏高原壳、幔结构存在分区特征,特别是地壳低速层、力学作用、深部物质运移、多要素约束下的物理-数学模拟及陆-陆碰撞动力学响应进行量化研究;第三,当今在青藏高原地球物理研究的核心问题是地球内部物质和能量的交换、圈层耦合及其深层动力过程。中国地球科学家们应当清晰地认识到,青藏高原地球物理研究乃是中国地球科学家摘取“桂冠”的一个契机,必须走自主创新之路,建立起具有中国地质科学特色的理论和模型。 相似文献
19.
The 3-D lithospheric-density model for the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea and the Transcaspian area, practically coinciding with the territory of the Turkmen Republic, has been constructed based on geophysical data and in accordance with the principle of isostasy. From the model selected the anomalous density of the subcrustal layer between the Moho discontinuity and the 100-km depth level is found to be — 100 kg/m3 under the Tien-Shan, − 50 kg/m3 under the Kopet-Dag mountain area, + 80 kg/m3 under the central region of the South Caspian basin, −50 kg/m3 under the eastern part of the basin, known as the West Turkmenian depression, and + 45 kg/m3 under the Murgab depression.
Significant disturbances of the local isostasy are determined both in the northern and central areas of the South Caspian basin and also in the area of the Kara-Bogaz swell of the Turan platform and for the Kopet-Dag foredeep. indicating a high level of stresses in the lithosphere. The shape of the Turan plate determined by the seismic profiling is accounted for by elastic deformation resulting from the forces acting on the southern edge of the plate in the area of the Turan plate-Kopet-Dag collision. The elastic thickness of the Turan plate is estimated as 25 ± 5 km. The results obtained seem to confirm the idea that the decomposition of the Turan plate has taken place in the zone of the plates interaction and the decomposed material is situated under the Kopet-Dag ridge.
We propose that the Kara-Bogaz swell is supported by the mantle material upwelling whereas the subsidence of the adjacent part of the South Caspian basin may be due to the downgoing mantle flow i.e., a small convection cell is suggested in that area. 相似文献
20.
The existence of peridotitic komatiites in the Archaean suggests that the Archaean mantle was significantly hotter than the modern mantle. This evidence is contradicted by estimates of Archaean continental geothermal gradients, based on the pressure and temperature recorded in metamorphic rocks, which suggest that there is no marked difference between Archaean and modern continental geothermal gradients.Numerical modelling shows that small changes in the mantle temperature can have an important influence on convection. If the average temperature of the upper mantle is increased by 200°C, convection within the mantle becomes chaotic and an upper mantle partial melt zone encircles the globe. The crust formed during this period will be komatiitic in composition but will be unstable and will be mixed back into the mantle by subduction. Later, when the mantle temperature falls to 100°C above its present level, the upper mantle partial melt zone contracts away from subduction areas.It is suggested that the first primitive felsic magmas were generated at subduction zones. The appearance of these magmas at ～3.8 Ga permitted the formation of buoyant continents and eventually led to crustal thickening. As a consequence of this thickening the proto-continents, consisting of a bimodal suite of basalts and sodic granodiorites, contained two types of latent energy: (1) radioactive energy held in elements such as Th, K and U; and (2) potential energy resulting from the elevation of the continents above sea level. The potential energy of the continents led to sedimentation. The increase in the rate of sedimentation during the Archaean resulted from increased crustal buoyancy. At the same time heat released by radioactive elements in the deep crust built up under the insulating blanket of the upper crust. This caused a major metamorphic, metasomatic and crustal melting event which produced the potassic granites of the late Archaean. Once the radioactive elements had been removed from the lower crust, that region of the continent become tectonically stable. The Proterozoic shelf sediments were deposited at the margins of these stable cratons.Convection models of the Archaean mantle show hot diapirs rising from the boundary layer above the core—mantle interface. We suggest that these diapirs began to melt at a depth of ～ 450 km, giving rise to komatiitic magmas. This model requires the average temperature of the Archaean upper mantle to be ～ 100°C above that of the modern mantle. The similarity between Archaean and modern continental geothermal gradients can be explained if Archaean continents formed above subduction zones.Raising the temperature of the Archaean mantle by 100°C (1) halves the thickness of the oceanic lithosphere, (2) increases the oceanic geothermal gradient at the mid-point of a convection cell, (3) decreases the viscosity of the mantle by at least an order of magnitude. The combination of these effects produces a marked decrease in the strength of the Archaean lithosphere and mantle. Thus the form of Archaean tectonics can be expected to have been very different from modern tectonics. 相似文献