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1.
In several papers the 5‐dimensional Projective Unified Field Theory (PUFT) of the author (Schmutzer 1998, Schmutzer 1999, Schmutzer 2000a) was applied to a homogeneous, isotropic and closed cosmological model without pressure (cosmology of the attraction era). Here we derive a cosmological equation of state for the pressure. This step enables us to treat cosmology for the complete time scale from the big start (Urstart) to the present time (repulsion era and attraction era). Here following subjects are treated, where our specific terminology of PUFT is taken over from our previous publications quoted above: cosmological equation of state for the pressure, numerical integration of the system of the resulting cosmological differential equations and evaluation of the results. Specific outcomes (temporal course and present values) are given for the following cosmological quantities: radius and age of the world, cosmological frequency shift (Hubble factor), deceleration parameter, effective gravitational “constant”, mass density, temperature, pressure, entropy, behavior of the photon gas and of the mechanical particle gas etc.  相似文献   

2.
In a previous paper we treated within the framework of our Projective Unified Field Theory (Schmutzer 2004, 2005a) the 2‐body system (e.g. Earth‐Moon system) with a rotating central body in a rather abstract manner. Here a concrete model of the transfer of angular momentum from the rotating central body to the orbital motion of the whole 2‐body system is presented, where particularly the transfer is caused by the inhomogeneous gravitational force of the Moon acting on the oceanic waters of the Earth, being modeled by a spherical shell around the solid Earth. The theory is numerically tested. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

3.
In the following paper we argue that each wind-driving star in relative motion with respect to the ambient interstellar medium experiences a force exerted on its central wind-generating body. The exact magnitude of this force depends on the actual geometry of the counterflow configuration of stellar and interstellar winds for a particular kinematic situation which is especially sensitive to whether the interstellar flow is subsonic or supersonic. It will, however, be demonstrated here that this force is of an accelerating nature, i.e., it operates like a rocket-motor, as long as the peculiar motion of the wind-driving star with respect to the ambient interstellar medium remains subsonic.Here we use a specific analytical model to describe theoretically the specific counterflow configuration for the case of the solar system in a subsonic peculiar motion with respect to the local interstellar medium assuming irrotational and incompressible flows. We can work out a quantitative number for the accelerating force governing the Sun's motion at present. The net reaction force exerted on the solar body is then mediated by the asymmetric boundary conditions to which the distant solar wind field has to adapt.Next we study the indirect action of such a force on orbiting Keplerian objects like planets, planetesimals and comets. Since this force only influences the central solar body, but not the planets themselves, the problem is different from the treatment of a constant perturbation force perturbing the Keplerian orbits. We present a perturbation analysis treating the action of a corresponding position-dependent perturbation force resulting in secular changes of the orbital elements of Keplerian objects. It is found that changes are accumulating more rapidly in time the closer to the sun the orbiting bodies are. Main axis and perihelion distances are systematically increasing. Especially pronounced are changes in the perihelion position angle of the objects. For solar wind mass losses larger than the Sun's present value by a factor of 1000 (T-Tauri phase of the Sun,) the migration periods calculated for the planet Mercury are of the same order of magnitude as that for corresponding general relativistic migration.  相似文献   

4.
The Maxwell-like gravitational field equations have been generalized and coupled through the gravitational four-potential on the electromagnetic Maxwell's equations. It is shown that this has several astrophysical consequences, of which the main are the following (i) the gravitational instability of a system of mass bodies manifesting itself by a Hubble-like motion on cosmological scales, (ii) the possible change of light intensity propagating through a large distance (and so a possible change of the real energy output of some very distant objects, e.g., quasars), (iii) non-stability of a planetary system on the cosmological time scales, due to the momentum increase of the moving bodies in a generalized gravitational field.  相似文献   

5.
In this treatise the well‐known 2‐body problem with a rotating central body is systematically reinvestigated on the basis of the Projective Unified Field Theory (PUFT) under the following aspects (including the special case of the Newton mechanics): First, equation of motion with abstract additional terms being appropriate for the interpretation of the various effects under discussion: tidal friction effect as well as non‐tidal effects (e.g. rebound effect as temporal variation of the moment of inertia of the rotating body, general‐relativistic Lense‐Thirring effect, new scalaric effects of cosmological origin, being an outcome of the scalarity phenomenon of matter (PUFT). Second, numerical evaluation of the theory. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

6.
The Projective Unified Field Theory having been developed by the author since 1957 is applied to a closed homogeneous isotropic cosmological model. By postulating a (new) conservation law for the scalaric substrate mass (derived from the balance equation of matter and leading to a basically new view on the concept of mass in context with the Mach principle) we obtained a coupled system of differential equations for the world radius and the scalaric world function, which could be treated numerically by Maple. Detailed calculations show that the big bang singularity of the Einstein theory can be avoided. Since the mass density and the temperature of the background radiation exhibit maxima at the same time after the cosmological “big start”, this fact could be of interest for cosmogonic activities. Within the framework of this theory there are hints for an antigravitational world era with repulsive forces after the big start. Furthermore, the balance equations for the energy and the angular momentum of a body as well as the equation of motion of a body (with a series of consequences) are derived. In this context we found a formula for the time dependence of the “effective Newtonian gravitational constant”. Further results refer to certain aspects for understanding the observed rotational curves of cosmic objects within galaxies as well as to the conservation of the number of photons and baryons and their mutual ratio etc.  相似文献   

7.
The heat expansion of a star‐like cosmic object, induced by the cosmological bremsheat production within a moving body, that was predicted by the Projective Unified Field Theory of the author, is approximately treated. The difference to planet‐like bodies investigated previously arises from another material constitution. The exponential‐like expansion law is applied to a model with numerical values of the Sun. The results are not in contradiction to empirical facts.  相似文献   

8.
The orbit of the Chelyabinsk object is calculated, applying the least‐squares method directly to astrometric positions. The dynamical evolution of this object in the past is studied by integrating equations of motion for particles with orbits from the confidence region. It is found that the majority of the Chelyabinsk clones reach the near‐Sun state. Sixty‐seven percent of these objects have collisions with the Sun for 15 Myr in our numerical simulations. The distribution of minimum solar distances shows that the most probable time for the encounters of the Chelyabinsk object with the Sun lies in the interval from ?0.8 Myr to ?2 Myr. This is consistent with the estimate of a cosmic ray exposure age of 1.2 Myr (Popova et al. 2013). A parent body of the Chelyabinsk object should experience strong tidal and thermal effects at this time. The possible association of the Chelyabinsk object with 86039 (1999 NC43) and 2008 DJ is discussed.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
Near‐Earth objects (NEOs) with diameters of <300 m are difficult to detect from the Earth with radar or optical telescopes unless and until they approach closely. If they are on collisional courses with the Earth, there is little that can be done to mitigate the considerable damage. Although destructive collisions in space are rare for 1 km diameter bodies and above, once hit by a sizeable impactor, such a NEO can develop a relatively dense cloud of co‐orbiting material in which destructive collisions are relatively frequent. The gas and nanoscale dust released in the destructive collisions can be detected remotely by downstream spacecraft equipped with magnetometers. In this paper, we use such magnetic disturbances to identify regions of near‐Earth space in which high densities of small objects are present. We find that asteroid (138175) 2000EE104 currently may have a cloud of potentially threatening co‐orbiting material. Due to the scattered co‐orbitals, there can be a finite impact probability whenever the Earth approaches the orbit of asteroid 2000EE104, regardless of the position of the asteroid itself.  相似文献   

11.
Asteroid 2201 Oljato passed through perihelion inside the orbit of Venus near the time of its conjunction with Venus in 1980, 1983, and 1986. During those three years, many interplanetary field enhancements (IFEs) were observed by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) in the longitude sector where the orbit of Oljato lies inside Venus' orbit. We attribute IFEs to clouds of fine‐scale, possibly highly charged dust picked up by the solar wind after an interplanetary collision between objects in the diameter range of 10–1000 m. We interpret the increase rate in IFEs at PVO in these years as due to material in Oljato's orbit colliding with material in, or near to, Venus' orbital plane and producing a dust‐anchored structure in the interplanetary magnetic field. In March 2012, almost 30 yr later, with Venus Express (VEX) now in orbit, the Oljato‐Venus geometry is similar to the one in 1980. Here, we compare IFEs detected by VEX and PVO using the same IFE identification criteria. We find an evolution with time of the IFE rate. In contrast to the results in the 1980s, the recent VEX observations reveal that at solar longitudes in which the Oljato orbit is inside that of Venus, the IFE rate is reduced to the level even below the rate seen at solar longitudes where Oljato's orbit is outside that of Venus. This observation implies that Oljato not only lost its co‐orbiting material but also disrupted the “target material,” with which the co‐orbiting material was colliding, near Venus.  相似文献   

12.
A rich population of low‐mass planets orbiting solar‐type stars on tight orbits has been detected by Doppler spectroscopy. These planets have masses in the domain of super‐Earths and Neptune‐type objects, and periods less than 100 days. In numerous cases these planets are part of very compact multiplanetary systems. Up to seven planets have been discovered orbiting one single star. These low‐mass planets have been detected by the HARPS spectrograph around 30 % of solar‐type stars. This very high occurrence rate has been recently confirmed by the results of the Kepler planetary transit space mission. The large number of planets of this kind allows us to attempt a first characterization of their statistical properties, which in turn represent constraints to understand the formation process of these systems. The achieved progress in the sensitivity and stability of spectrographs have already led to the discovery of planets with masses as small as 1.5 M⊕ (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

13.
The orbital and attitude dynamics of uncontrolled Earth orbiting objects are perturbed by a variety of sources. In research, emphasis has been put on operational space vehicles. Operational satellites typically have a relatively compact shape, and hence, a low area-to-mass ratio (AMR), and are in most cases actively or passively attitude stabilized. This enables one to treat the orbit and attitude propagation as decoupled problems, and in many cases the attitude dynamics can be neglected completely. The situation is different for space debris objects, which are in an uncontrolled attitude state. Furthermore, the assumption that a steady-state attitude motion can be averaged over data reduction intervals may no longer be valid. Additionally, a subset of the debris objects have significantly high area-to-mass ratio (HAMR) values, resulting in highly perturbed orbits, e.g. by solar radiation pressure, even if a stable AMR value is assumed. Note, this assumption implies a steady-state attitude such that the average cross-sectional area exposed to the sun is close to constant. Time-varying solar radiation pressure accelerations due to attitude variations will result in un-modeled errors in the state propagation. This work investigates the evolution of the coupled attitude and orbit motion of HAMR objects. Standardized pieces of multilayer insulation (MLI) are simulated in a near geosynchronous orbits. It is assumed that the objects are rigid bodies and are in uncontrolled attitude states. The integrated effects of the Earth gravitational field and solar radiation pressure on the attitude motion are investigated. The light curves that represent the observed brightness variations over time in a specific viewing direction are extracted. A sensor model is utilized to generate light curves with visibility constraints and magnitude uncertainties as observed by a standard ground based telescope. The photometric models will be needed when combining photometric and astrometric observations for estimation of orbit and attitude dynamics of non-resolved space objects.  相似文献   

14.
Lunar physical libration, which is true oscillation of lunar equator in the space, alters the lunar gravitational field in the space coordinate system and affects the orbiting motion of lunar orbiters (hereafter called as lunar satellites) correspondingly. The effect is very similar to that of the precession and nutation on the earth satellites, and a similar treatment can be used. The variations in the gravitational force and in the orbit perturbation solution are clearly given in this paper together with numerical illustrations.  相似文献   

15.
Here I present a survey of magnetic fields in large objects, from the interstellar supershells (10 pc) up to the edge of the Universe (near a redshift z of 10), with an emphasis on discoveries made in the last decade, be they through particle astronomy or electromagnetic astronomy.For each type of object, the basic observational properties are summarized, and the best theoretical scenario which accounts for the large body of observations is discussed.The strength of these large-scale fields can vary from mGauss to μGauss. Magnetism acts as a tracer of the dynamical histories of cosmological and intracluster events, it guides the motion of the interstellar ionised gas, and it aligns the charged dust particles.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
The dark matter accretion theory (around a central body) of the author on the basis of his 5‐dimensional Projective Unified Field Theory (PUFT) is applied to the orbital motion of stars around the center of the Galaxy. The departure of the motion from Newtonian mechanics leads to approximately flat rotation curves being in rough accordance with the empirical facts. The spirality of the motion is investigated.  相似文献   

18.
This paper discusses the main results of a search of outer Trojans on ESO/ESA ASTROVIRTEL images, and the usefulness and the limitations of such an archive for the discovery and dynamical classification of minor bodies. The work was performed in the frame of a program having the aim to detect bodies orbiting around the Lagrangian points of the outer planets. A large number of images taken from 1999 to 2001 with the wide field imager (WFI) camera of the 2.2 m telescope of ESO at La Silla for entirely different scientific reasons, but happening to be in the wanted Lagrangian positions, was retrieved with a dedicated search engine. The moving objects present on these images were detected and examined with specific software tools that permitted one to find out about 1500 minor bodies (mostly previously unknown). More than 5000 positions were sent to the Minor Planet Center, and the search was given the designation I03. The total sky area covered by I03 is of approximately 50 square degrees, and in some areas the limiting magnitudes were fainter than the 24th in the R band. A preliminary classification of the kinematics of the I03 discoveries (using a dedicated code, named AMIGO apparent motion interpretation of generic orbits) has produced several Trojan candidates of Jupiter and of the outer planets. Furthermore, pre-discovery positions have been provided for one NEO, three Jupiter Trojans and three TNOs.  相似文献   

19.
L. Anselmo  P. Farinella 《Icarus》1984,58(2):182-185
According to a mechanism discovered by S. D. Drell, H. M. Foley, and M. A. Ruderman ((1965). J. Geophys. Res.70, 3131–3145), a satellite orbiting around a planet having a strong magnetic field and a dense ionospheric plasma dissipates orbital energy via radiation of Alfvén waves. The dissipation process is effective for objects larger than a minimum size and made of material exceeding a minimum electrical conductivity. It is shown that the corresponding drag effect could have influenced in a significant way the orbital evolution of the small natural moons orbiting inside or in proximity of Jupiter's ring. In particular this mechanism could explain the absence in the ring of objects in the size range from ～0.1 to ～10 km.  相似文献   

20.
The proper motion of the faint (V = 25.6 mag) neutron star RXJ1856.5‐3754 as measured consistently with both the FORS1 optical imager on the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) as well as with the ROSAT High Resolution Imager is presented. With two VLT images obtained with a 0.95 year epoch difference in Apr 1999 and Apr 2000, a proper motion of μα = 0.326 ± 0.064″ per year to the east and no detectable motion in declination is found, consistent with simultaneous findings by Walter (2001) using three HST observations. Also, by comparing the positional differences between the strong X‐ray source RXJ1856.5‐3754 and other X‐ray sources detected in the same ROSAT High Resolution Imager field (observed in Oct 1994 and Oct 1997), a proper motion of 0.34 ± 0.12″ to the east is detected. This may be the first star, where a proper motion is clearly detected in X‐ray images. Additional VLT images taken in half‐year intervals give an upper limit to the parallax of ∼51 mas. Furthermore, in archived VLT observations, the first B‐band detection of this object is found with B = 25.14 ± 0.41 mag.  相似文献   

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