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1.
The quality of environmental data and its possible impact on the marine species habitat modelling are often overlooked while the sources for these data are increasing. This study selected sea surface temperature(SST) from two commonly used sources, the NOAA Ocean Watch and IRI/LDEO Climate Data Library, and then constructed habitat suitability index model to evaluate the influences of SST from the two sources on the outcomes of Ommastrephes bartramii habitat models for the months of July–October...  相似文献   

2.
Stomatopods are better known as mantis shrimp with considerable ecological importance in wide coastal waters globally. Some stomatopod species are exploited commercially, including Oratosquilla oratoria in the Northwest Pacific. Yet, few studies have published to promote accurate habitat identification of stomatopods, obstructing scientific management and conservation of these valuable organisms. This study provides an ensemble modeling framework for habitat suitability modeling of stomatopods, ...  相似文献   

3.
Seasonal variations in zooplankton abundance,biomass,species diversity and community structure were investigated in the Sanmen Bay,China.Samples were collected from 15 stations,on the seasonal basis,in April(spring),July(summer) and October 2005(autumn) and January 2006(winter),respectively.The results show that zooplankton species number,abundance and biomass varied widely and had distinct spatial heterogeneity in the Sanmen Bay.A total of 72 species of zooplankton belonging to 56 genera and 17 groups of pelagic larvae were identified.The zooplankton species richness was strongly related to salinity.Based on hierarchical cluster analysis,zooplankton in this study area were classified into three groups:coastal,neritic and pelagic groups,which corresponded to the upper,middle and lower portion of the Sanmen Bay,respectively.The coastal low-saline species were dominant in the study area.The zooplankton abundance and biomass reached a peak in summer,moderate in spring and autumn,and the lowest in winter.Zooplankton abundance decreased from the upper to lower portion of the bay in April,when the highest biomass occurred in the middle portion of the bay.There were the same spatial distribution patterns for the biomass and abundance in July,with the maximum in the middle of the bay.However,zooplankton abundance was the highest in the middle of the bay in October,when maximum biomass occurred near the lower of the bay.Zooplankton abundance and biomass were evenly distributed in the Sanmen Bay in January.Spatial and temporal variations in zooplankton and their relationship with environmental factors were also analyzed.The BIOENV results indicate that the combination of chlorophyll a(Chl-a),salinity,dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN),dissolved oxygen(DO) and silicate(SiO3) was responsible for the variations in zooplankton community structure in the Sanmen Bay.The environmental changes played an important role in changes in the zooplankton community structure in the Sanmen Bay.  相似文献   

4.
Sediment samples were collected in the intertidal zone of the Dagu River Estuary, Jiaozhou Bay, China in April,July and October 2010 and February 2011 for examining seasonal dynamics of meiofaunal distribution and their relationship with environmental variables. A total of ten meiofaunal taxa were identified, including free-living marine nematodes, benthic copepods, polychaetes, oligochaetes, bivalves, ostracods, cnidarians, turbellarians,tardigrades and other animals. Free-living marine nematodes were the most dominant group in both abundance and biomass. The abundances of marine nematodes were higher in winter and spring than those in summer and autumn. Most of the meiofauna distributed in the 0–2 cm sediment layer. The abundance of meiofauna in hightidal zone was lower than those in low-tidal and mid-tidal zones. Results of correlation analysis showed that Chlorophyll a was the most important factor to influence the seasonal dynamics of the abundance, biomass of meiofauna and abundances of nematodes and copepods. CLUSTER analysis divided the meiofaunal assemblages into three groups and BIOENV results indicated that salinity, concentration of organic matter, sediment sorting coefficient and sediment median diameter were the main environmental factors influencing the meiofaunal assemblages.  相似文献   

5.
Identifying Indicator Species in Habitats Created by Coastal Structures   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
In this paper,three approachs were developed to find indicator species from the habitat created by coastal structures.These approachs consist of a model of species co-occurrence probability,a model of k-environmental factor probability and a composite model.Simultaneously,a case study was conducted in Hsinchu Fishing Port of north-western Taiwan.Based on the aforementioned models,three primary producer species,Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis,Chondrus ocellatus and Sarcodia montagneana,were chosen as the indicator species which had the highest co-occurrence probabilities and showed greater tolerance to more critical environment.It is imperative to understand how the three species under particular co-occurring conditions and environmental factors influence the composition of sessile assemblages in coastal water.The results indicate that for the purpose of increasing biodiversity,these models are feasible to find indicator species of artificial structures,and to help make it possible to design coastal structures based on biological considerations.This study provides an innovative approach for further advanced application in the artificial habitat of coast management.  相似文献   

6.
The knowledge of prey small ?sh stock, distribution and abundance is necessary to guide stocking of piscivorous ?sh for the biomanipulation in domestic tap water lakes. This study describes the current status of small ?sh community in Kuilei Lake(China), and examines the spatial and seasonal variations of the community in relation to key environmental factors. Based on submerged macrophyte cover and water depth, the lake was divided into ?ve major habitats:(1) macrophyte covered shallow habitat of water depth< 2.00 m,(2) uncovered or less-covered shallow habitat(2.00 m–3.50 m),(3) uncovered medium shallow habitat(3.50 m–5.00 m),(4) uncovered medium deep habitat(5.00 m–6.50 m) and(5) uncovered deep habitat(6.50 m–8.50 m). The abundance and composition of small ?sh were monitored by benthic fykenet sampling from April 2013 to January 2014. A total of 2881 individuals belonging to 5 families and 21 species were collected. Based on their abundance(accounted for 88.96% of the total) and occurrence(more than 33.33%), Acheilognathus chankaensis, Acheilognathus macropterus, Microphysogobio microstomus,Pseudorasbora parva and Rhinogobius giurinus were recognized as dominant small ?sh species. The results of correlation analysis identi?ed that species richness( Sr), Shannon-Wiener diversity index( H′)and Margalef′s richness index( D) were signi?cantly negatively correlated with water depth, but positively correlated with biomass of submerged macrophytes.Redundancy analysis(RDA) revealed that the spatial distributions of most small ?shes were negatively associated with water depth. The details of these ?ndings are bene?cial to understanding the adaptation of the small ?shes in degraded environments, and to developing suitable biomanipulation strategies for the management of ?sh resources and water quality in the lakes along the lower reach of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River basin.  相似文献   

7.
As an important part of the Bohai economic rim, the Laizhou Bay has been stressed by serious eco-environmental problems in recent years. In this study, the Shannon-Wiener index(H′), AZTI's marine biotic index(AMBI) and the multivariate AMBI(M-AMBI) were used to assess the ecological quality status(EQS) of the Laizhou Bay according to macrobenthos data collected annually in August 2011–2014. The results showed that the overall benthic habitat quality in the Laizhou Bay was assessed as "Good". However, 25% of the samples were classified as"Moderate", "Bad" or "Poor" status under degraded conditions. Ecological group Ⅲ(EGⅢ) species which had a certain tolerance to environmental disturbances had a higher proportion in each station, and most of them had appeared the pollution indicator species Capitella capitata. This indicated that the benthic habitat in the Laizhou Bay had been disturbed and polluted to some extent. The comparison of the three indices evaluation result and the RDA analysis showed that the H′ and M-AMBI were more suitable when the relative abundance of the single species was high and the macrobenthic community was significantly imbalanced; when the relative abundance of opportunistic species(EGIV and EGV) was high, the AMBI and M-AMBI could reflected the EQS objectively; in an undisturbed and polluted environment, all the three indices could indicate the benthic habitats quality. In summary, the better correlation between the three indices and environmental factors showed that they were well responsive to the tendency of the benthic habitats quality in the Laizhou Bay.  相似文献   

8.
Samples were collected with a plankton net in the four seasonal cruises during 2006-2007 to study the seasonal variability of the zooplankton community in the southwest part of Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass (HSCWM, Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass). The spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton species composition, biomass, abundance and biodiversity were examined. A total of 122 zooplankton species and 30 pelagic larvae were identified in the four cruises. Calanus sinicus and Aidanosagitta crassa were the most dominant species, and Themisto gaudichaudi and Euphausia pacifica were widely distributed in the HSCWM area. The spatial patterns of non-gelatinous zooplankton (removing the high water content groups) were similar to those of the total zooplankton biomass in autumn, but different significantly in the other three seasons. The seasonal means of zooplankton biomass in spring and summer were much higher than that in autumn and winter. The total zooplankton abundance averaged 283.5 ind./m~3 in spring (highest), 192.5 ind./m~3 in summer, 165.5 ind./m~3 in autumn and 65.9 ind./m~3 in winter (lowest), and the non-gelatinous groups contributed the most total abundance. Correlation analysis suggests that the non-gelatinous zooplankton biomass and abundance had a significant positive correlation in the whole year, but the relationship was insignificant between the total zooplankton biomass and abundance in spring and summer. The diversity index H of zooplankton community averaged 1.88 in this study, which was somewhat higher than historical results. Relatively low diversity in summer was related to the high dominance of Calanus sinicus, probably due to the strongest effect of the HSCWM in this season.  相似文献   

9.
南海北部上层鱼类浮游生物多样性和丰度的季节变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal variations of ichthyoplankton diversity and abun-dance in the northern South China Sea based on the data collected during summer, winter and spring. In total, 95 taxa of larval fishes were identified. The greatest number of species was recorded in spring, followed by summer and winter. The number of species was distributed mainly in the coastal waters from the east of Leizhou Peninsula to the southeast of Hainan Island during the surveyed periods of summer and spring, but in the offshore waters during winter. The abundance of larval fish was lowest in winter, increased in spring, and reached the maximum in summer. High abundance of larval fish was generally restricted to coastal waters with the isobaths less than 50 m. Seasonal variations of larval fish richness, abundance and diversity index were significant （P〈0.001）. Carangidae was the most common and abundant taxon in summer and winter, whileSardinella sp.,Thrissa mystax andLeiognathus sp. were dominant in spring. High diversity and abundance of larval fish might be attributed to increased temperature and coastal upwelling in spring and summer.  相似文献   

10.
In order to depict the distribution of diatom fossils in surface sediments and to establish a reliable reference data for further paleoenvironmental study in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary and its adjacent waters, the diatom fossils from 34 surface sediment samples and their relationship with environmental variables were analyzed by principal component analysis and redundancy correspondence analysis. The diversity and abundance of diatom fossils were analyzed. Some annual average parameters of the overlying water (salinity, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, depth, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic phosphate and dissolved inorganic silicate) were measured at each sampling site. A total of 113 diatom taxa and one silicoflagellate species were identified in the investigation area. Diatom fossils were better preserved in fine sediments. The absolute abundance of diatom fossils did not significantly diff er between inshore and off shore areas, the species diversity decreased from inshore to off shore. This may be because high nutrients and low salinity promoted the growth of more brackish species in coastal waters. The diatom taxa were divided into three groups, on the basis of their response and indication to environmental changes. For example, Actinocyclus ehrenbergii and Cyclotella stylorum were dominant in coastal waters (Group 1 and Group 3) with high nutrients and low salinity;the relative abundances of Paralia sulcata and Podosira stelliger were significantly higher in off shore sites (Group 2, average 39.5%), which were characterized by high salinity and deep water. Four environmental variables (salinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, temperature and water depth) explained the composition and distribution of diatom taxa independently ( P< 0.05), this finding can be applied in further paleoenvironmental reconstruction research in this area.  相似文献   

11.
三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)是莱州湾最重要的经济蟹类,其资源丰度受栖息环境影响显著,为了解不同的环境因子对其栖息地分布的影响,根据2010~2020年夏季底拖网调查数据,研究莱州湾三疣梭子蟹栖息地适宜性及其影响因子。利用广义可加模型(generalized additive models,GAM)选取变量因子,通过提升回归树模型(boosting regression tree,BRT)对因子进行权重分析,构建了4种栖息地适宜性指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)模型,并通过实测值和预测值的Pearson检验,对模型比较和验证。结果表明,GAM和BRT优化的HSI模型好于其他3种模型(未优化模型,GAM优化HSI模型,BRT优化HSI模型),以生物量表征资源丰度的模型好于尾数表征资源丰度的模型,算术平均法构建的HSI模型的整体预测准确率和相关系数高于几何平均法,对莱州湾三疣梭子蟹栖息地有较强的预测能力。底层水温、底层盐度和水深对三疣梭子蟹栖息地影响较大,夏季栖息地适宜性较高的海域(HSI>0.7)主要分布在莱州湾南部、东南部和东北部海域,中部和西南部海域分布较少。研究结果为莱州湾三疣梭子蟹增殖放流工作提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

12.
海州湾鹰爪虾栖息地适宜性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
根据2011年及2013?2017年春季和秋季在海州湾进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步测定的底层水温、底层盐度、水深和资源量等数据,开展鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)栖息地适宜性的研究,先利用广义加性模型对环境因子进行筛选,再应用提升回归树模型确定各环境因子的权重,然后分别采用算术平均法和几何平均法建立栖息地适宜性指数模型,并通过交叉验证选择最优模型。结果表明:春季鹰爪虾的栖息地适宜性指数模型采用算术平均法构建,选择水深和底层盐度作为变量,具有最小的拟合;秋季鹰爪虾的栖息地适宜性指数模型采用几何平均法构建,选择底层水温和底层盐度作为变量,具有最小的拟合。对春季栖息地适宜性指数模型总偏差贡献率最大的是水深(76.23%),其次是底层盐度(23.77%);对秋季栖息地适宜性指数模型总偏差贡献率最大的是底层水温(82.56%),其次是底层盐度(17.44%)。海州湾春季鹰爪虾的最适栖息水深为24 m以内,底层盐度为29.7～31.8;秋季的最适栖息底层水温为18～24℃,底层盐度为29.2～31.5。本研究表明,环境因子的优化有助于改进栖息地适宜性指数模型,并提升其预测能力。  相似文献   

13.
海州湾春季皮氏叫姑鱼栖息地适宜性研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
根据2011年及2013-2015年春季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的底层水温、底层盐度、水深以及资源密度等数据,开展皮氏叫姑鱼（Johnius belangerii）栖息地适宜性的相关研究。利用提升回归树（boosted regression tree,BRT）模型确定各环境因子的权重,分别采用算术平均法（AMM）和几何平均法（GMM）建立栖息地适宜性指数（habitat suitability index,HSI）模型,并通过交叉验证确定最优模型。结果表明,皮氏叫姑鱼幼体最适栖息的底层水温为17.4~18.0℃,底层盐度为29.2~30.8,水深为7 m以浅;成体最适栖息的底层水温为17.3~18.0℃,底层盐度为28.8~30.8,水深为12 m以浅。根据BRT模型的输出结果显示,对皮氏叫姑鱼幼体总偏差贡献率最大的是水深,其次是底层盐度和底层水温;对成体总偏差贡献率最大的是底层水温,其次是水深和底层盐度。通过交叉验证发现,无论幼体还是成体,运用GMM算法,且赋予权重的HSI模型具有较低的赤池信息准则值（akaike information criterion,AIC）。海州湾春季皮氏叫姑鱼的最适栖息地随生长阶段而变化,幼体的最适栖息地（HSI ≥ 0.7）主要分布在7 m等深线以浅的山东、江苏沿岸海域;成体的最适栖息主要分布于12 m等深线以浅的海域。海州湾春季皮氏叫姑鱼幼体和成体最适栖息地的空间分布与其自身的生态习性、外界环境因子以及黄海冷水团、近岸沿岸流等因素密切相关。  相似文献   

14.
多鳞鱚（Sillago sihama）是山东近海重要的渔业种类之一。本研究根据2016年秋季（10月）在山东近海开展渔业资源底拖网调查取得的数据,分析该海域多鳞鱚的空间分布特征,并运用广义可加模型（GAM）和地理加权回归（GWR）模型探究影响其分布的因素及其与环境因子的非线性和空间非平稳性关系。GAM拟合结果显示,影响秋季多鳞鱚分布的环境因子主要有水深、底层水温和底层盐度,水深的偏差解释率最大,为23.50%。GWR模型拟合结果显示,多鳞鱚分布与水深和底层水温之间存在空间非平稳性关系。水深与多鳞鱚相对资源量呈负相关关系,底层水温与多鳞鱚相对资源量呈正相关关系。赤池信息准则和决定系数（R2）指标对比结果显示,GWR模型的表现优于GAM,在渔业生态数据分析中表现出较好的发展潜力。本研究为今后开展渔业生物空间分布提供了一种新的方法。  相似文献   

15.
以小黑山岛潮下水生层为研究区域,利用生境适宜性指数（habitat suitability index,HSI）模型,同时结合GIS空间分析,选划出适宜毛蚶的增殖修复区域。综合文献查阅和咨询专家咨询的方式,确定影响毛蚶生存的7个重要影响因子,分别为：底质类型,水温,盐度,溶解氧,水深,pH和氨氮。结合专家赋值法和层次分析法确定每个评价因子的权重,利用GIS空间分析模块将现状调查数据进行插值、重分类和栅格计算,绘制研究区域目标种群生境适宜性地图。结果表明：对于刺参和紫贻贝,研究区域均适宜其生长繁殖,同一物种,相同季节在空间上无站位差异,但各季节的生境适宜性分区变化明显;对于魁蚶来说,东北部海域较适宜增殖,其次为西部海域,四季均以较适宜生境为主,仅冬季出现基本适宜生境。水温是造成季节差异的主要因素,底质类型则是引起生境站位差异的重要原因。可为后续的生物多样性保育和生态修复提供基础资料参考。  相似文献   

16.
根据2011年和2013?2018年秋季在海州湾及邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的底层水温、底层盐度、水深、资源密度、饵料生物等生物和非生物因子数据,开展长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)栖息地适宜性的相关研究。利用提升回归树(Boosted Regression Tree, BRT)模型确定各环境因子的权重,分别采用算术平均法和几何平均法建立栖息地适宜性指数(Habitat Suitability Index, HSI)模型,并通过交叉验证确定最优模型。结果表明:海州湾长蛇鲻在秋季最适宜栖息的底层水温范围为17.5～18℃,最适底层盐度范围为31.3～32.0,最适水深范围为24～37 m;选择其3种主要饵料生物作为生物因子,即枪乌贼(Loligo spp.)、戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei)和六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema),与底层水温、底层盐度和水深共同作为影响因子建立HSI模型。结果显示,对长蛇鲻空间分布总偏差贡献率最高的是饵料因子,其次是水深和底层水温。通过交叉验证发现,运用算术平均算法,且赋予权重的HSI模型具有较低的赤池信息准则值(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)。研究发现,海州湾秋季长蛇鲻的最适栖息地(HSI≥0.7)主要分布在34.5°～36°N,119°～121°E之间,其中35°～36°N海域的最适栖息地分布范围大,而且从近岸至远海,HSI指数有增加的趋势。  相似文献   

17.
Factors influencing suitable habitats of juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) within the Galveston Bay Complex (GBC), Texas, were assessed using generalized additive models (GAM). Fishery independent data collected with bag seines throughout the GBC from 1999 to 2009 were used to predict the probability of southern flounder occurrence. Binomial GAMs were used to assess presence/absence of southern flounder and models included temporal variables, benthic variables such as distance to habitats generated within a geographic information system, and physicochemical conditions of the water column. Separate models were generated for newly settled southern flounder, young-of-the-year (YOY) southern flounder observed in the summer, and YOY southern flounder observed in fall based on size and collection month. Factors affecting southern flounder occurrence changed seasonally, as did the corresponding shifts in the spatial distribution of suitable habitat. Temporal effects (year and month) were retained in all models. Physicochemical conditions (temperature, turbidity, and measures of environmental variability), and the presence of seagrass beds were influential for newly settled southern flounder. Distance to marine and/or freshwater sources were found to be important for YOY southern flounder in the summer and fall seasons. The abundance of brown shrimp was found to only influence the distribution of YOY southern flounder in the fall, when intermediate abundances of the potential prey item increased the occurrence of southern flounder. After model completion, the availability and spatial distribution of suitable habitat within the GBC was predicted using available environmental and spatial data for 2005. Spatial distributions of predicted suitable habitat stress the relative importance of West Bay during the newly settled stage and in the fall season, and Upper Bay during the summer and fall of the first year of life. These models demonstrate the potential dynamics of suitable habitats for juvenile southern flounder and provide insight into ontogenetic shifts in habitat preference during the first year of life.  相似文献   

18.
鲣是大洋中重要经济种类,主要分布于太平洋中西部海域,其渔场和资源丰度易受海洋环境因子影响。根据1995-2014年中西太平洋金枪鱼围网船队在主要作业海域（15°S~10°N,120°E~155°W）的生产数据,结合弱、中、强拉尼娜条件下的海表温度（SST）和海面高度（SSH）数据,运用算术平均法（AM）建立基于SST和SSH的栖息地指数综合模型。结果表明,在栖息地综合指数（HIS）大于0.6的海域,各拉尼娜时期作业比重均在60%以上。利用弱拉尼娜（2005年12月-2006年3月）、中拉尼娜（2011年10月-2012年3月）和强拉尼娜（2010年6月-2011年4月）数据进行模型验证,分析认为作业渔场主要分布在HSI大于0.6的海域,作业次数所占比重分别为53.9%、66.5%、63.6%。在中西太平洋区域,随着拉尼娜强度的增加,资源丰度上升,其渔场分布向东北和东南方向扩散。研究表明,基于SST和SSH各强度拉尼娜时期的栖息地模型均可较好预测中西太平洋鲣渔场,并为以后拉尼娜期间中心渔场的分析提供参考。  相似文献   

19.
《Journal of Sea Research》2004,51(3-4):199-210
MacCall's basin model postulates that the geographic range of marine fish will co-vary with population density as a function of habitat selection. Therefore the geographic range of a stock will increase with increasing abundance, while the opposite is true of declining stocks. In this paper we investigated range contraction, and expansion, in the distribution of yellowtail flounder on the Grand Banks in relation to sediment type, temperature and depth. Yellowtail flounder were mainly distributed on gravely sand, sand-shell hash, rock-sandy sediments an to a lesser extent on rocky bottoms. As well, yellowtail flounder are highly associated with shallow, warmer waters more frequently than expected based on its occurrence in the environment. Employing a generalised additive model (GAM), we modelled the spatial distribution of yellowtail flounder in association with the environmental variables. The GAM provided a reasonable fit to the spatial distribution of yellowtail (58% overall). During periods of lower abundance, the fit of the spatial model increased, demonstrating the importance of depth and temperature in influencing the distribution of this species. We concluded that the observed range contraction of yellowtail flounder at low population levels represents selection for preferred habitats, whereas during periods of stock increase, the range of yellowtail flounder expands into less favourable habitats in support of MacCall's basin hypothesis.  相似文献   

20.
Potential spawning habitat is defined as the area where environmental conditions are suitable for spawning to occur. Spawning adult data from the first quarter (January–March) of the International Bottom Trawl Survey have been used to study the inter-annual variability of the potential spawning habitat of North Sea plaice from 1980 to 2007. Generalised additive models (GAM) were used to create a model that related five environmental variables (depth, bottom temperature and salinity, seabed stress and sediment type) to presence–absence and abundance of spawning adults. Then, the habitat model was applied each year from 1970 to 2007 to predict inter-annual variability of the potential spawning habitat. Predicted responses obtained by GAM for each year were mapped using kriging. A hierarchical classification associated with a correspondence analysis was performed to cluster spawning suitable areas and to determine how they evolved across years. The potential spawning habitat was consistent with historical spawning ground locations described in the literature from eggs surveys. It was also found that the potential spawning habitat varied across years. Suitable areas were located in the southern part of the North Sea and along the eastern coast of England and Scotland in the eighties; they expanded further north from the nineties. Annual survey distributions did not show such northward expansion and remained located in the southern North Sea. This suggests that this species' actual spatial distribution remains stable against changing environmental conditions, and that the potential spawning habitat is not fully occupied. Changes in environmental conditions appear to remain within plaice environmental ranges, meaning that other factors may control the spatial distribution of plaice spawning habitat.  相似文献   

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