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1.
《Geoforum》2015
The paper assesses the role for innovation of one aspect which has been generally overlooked by evolutionary economic geography: context. It analyses how context shapes the impact of collaboration on firm-level innovation for 1604 firms located in the five largest city regions of Norway. Specifically, the analysis shows how the benefits to firms of collaborating within regional, national, and international innovation networks are affected by the knowledge endowments of the region within which the firm is located. Using a logit regression analysis, we find, first, that only national and international networking have a significant positive impact on the likelihood of innovation (the former only for process innovation), whereas the regional knowledge endowments have no direct effect. Second, regional cooperation is particularly effective in regions with high investments in R&D, whereas international cooperation is important in regions with an educated workforce – and regional and national collaboration may be ineffective in such cases. We conclude that, in the case of Norway, context is essential in determining the capacity of firms to set up networks and innovate. Regions with an educated workforce can use the resulting absorptive capacity to successfully assimilate knowledge being diffused through global pipelines from faraway places. However, this absorptive capacity is likely to be heavily filtered if regional firms mainly rely on internal connections within Norway. 相似文献
2.
The role of economic sectoral structure in regional growth and development is widely acknowledged. However, there has been scarce reflection on its role as a policy instrument, particularly for peripheral regions. In reaction, this paper investigates the role of economic sectoral structure as a policy instrument towards more resilient peripheral regions. Through a multiple country policy analysis, the paper determines to what degree economic sectoral structure is reflected in regional development policies of 18 countries with predominantly rural characteristics and lagging regions. Moreover, the role of economic sectoral structure towards more resilient regions is quantified and measured for a specific peripheral region case in South Africa as developing country exhibiting poor economic resilience. The paper highlights related variety as a key ingredient for a region to reach a state of dynamic stability between adaptation and adaptability towards enhanced long-term resilience capacity of the peripheral region. The research concludes that policy focus should support the maintenance of the sectors and industries of comparative advantage on the regional scale, but strongly focus on sectoral comparative advantage within the national scale (if present) to establish a more robust region. This will establish and strengthen the identified peripheral growth centres as centres of national competitiveness and specialisation. Primary policy actions as emanated from the literature and the multiple country policy analysis will promote more efficient sectoral composition as key towards more resilient peripheral regions. It is acknowledged that these policy actions must be informed by a detailed regional economic analysis for different peripheral regions to determine inherent and latent economic potential and link with interdependent industries. This paper will highlight that regional policy should become more explicit by exploiting the role of economic and natural resources as growth engines for the peripheral regional economy in a more effective way through a multi-centred territorial structure.
相似文献3.
《Geoforum》2018
The paper explores value chain governance through a discourse approach to an event which included an exhibition and a conference. This approach appears promising for investigating industries in their formative phase and is particularly relevant for new renewable energy sectors. By studying the European offshore wind value chain, the paper investigates the coupling between wind industries and offshore industries as an encounter of various conventions. The key speakers at the conference, particularly those from the utility companies, introduced new principles for organizing the value chains they are leading, in order to reduce costs, and turn the immature sector into a mature one. Their storyline of industrialization by standardization breaks, however, with the storyline demonstrated by the firms in offshore oil and gas, and maritime industries at the exhibition. The latter offshore suppliers find evidence of quality in their business history and their trust-based relations to their clients. Theoretically the paper contributes to the global value chain governance debate by offering another perspective on power. The discourse approach helps us explain how influential actors could enforce one convention over another. The paper contributes methodically by suggesting a discourse approach to events. Events appear as a significant arena for negotiating industry formation and convenient for researcher’s data gathering for text analysis. 相似文献
4.
为了推动新兴学科——社会水文学的发展及其在流域水资源管理中的应用,有必要对有关社会水文学的研究工作进行阶段性总结,并对未来的研究方向进行展望。回顾了水文学的发展历程,理解社会水文学产生的背景,阐述社会水文学的概念及其内涵;辨析其与传统水文学、生态水文学和水文经济学等学科在研究内容、方法和理论等方面的异同点;介绍社会水文学的研究进展:本阶段着重于制度、政策和文化等社会因子在水文研究中的表达以及流域示范研究的开展,但大多数研究仍基于传统水文学背景、共进化背景或者水资源管理背景,社会水文学的理论和方法还不够成熟。未来应从以下方面加强社会水文学研究:① 深入开展社会水文学社会部分的定量研究、综合历史分析和水文重建方法、充分利用现有不同流域案例促进过程社会水文学、历史社会水文学和比较社会水文学研究;② 开展社会水文系统社会驱动力的研究,探寻社会水文学的动力机制;③ 引入非线性动力学理论刻画人-水耦合系统的复杂反馈机制,提高社会水文学的普适化数学表述;④ 积极推进“大数据”和知识挖掘技术在社会水文学研究中的应用。 相似文献
5.
Corporate knowledge transfer via interlocking directorates: a network analysis approach 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper explores spatial changes to knowledge transfer by Canadian and American corporate networks from 1976 to 1996. Results support facets of a World Cities approach for Canada. Toronto lies at the top of the hierarchy, while Montreal, Calgary, and Vancouver fall into a third tier of specialized regional cities. The American knowledge network also possesses facets of the world cities approach. The world city, New York, lies at the top of the hierarchy. Further down, Chicago is a specialized national city, while a number of regional centers have emerged to play a larger role over the twenty-year study period. A third tier of cities has emerged to play the critical role of specialized regional cities. This geographical phenomenon can be explained in terms of industry, headquarters locations, and network maturity. Finance, insurance and real estate, as well as “other manufacturing” are three sectors of the economy that are prominent in the network. In Canada, these sectors have increasingly centralized in Toronto while decentralizing in the United States. Similarly, the headquarters location of American firms is decentralizing from New York and Chicago, while Canadian headquarters continue to be centralized in Toronto. Finally, results indicate that the potential for knowledge transfer depends upon maturity of the system under investigation. The mature US network with a large pool of qualified business individuals is better suited for knowledge transfer at the regional level. The Canadian network is less developed and not appropriate for regional systems of knowledge transfer. The result is a Canadian corporate knowledge threshold that encompasses the entire country while a number of much smaller corporate knowledge thresholds appear across the United States. 相似文献
6.
7.
Despite continuing technological advancement in hazard and vulnerability assessment, risk modelling and hazard mitigation techniques, losses to disasters associated with natural hazards continue and in some cases are increasing across Europe and worldwide. This paper focuses on the need to bridge the gap between technical solutions and the sociopolitical contexts in which these are produced, to better understand and create more effective risk management regimes. We do so with application of the science–policy co-production frame to landslide risk management in Italy. The methodology deployed included a desk study informed by semi-structured interviews carried out with selected key stakeholders at national, regional and municipal level. We propose a normative and analytical framework for transferring co-production into natural hazard research by presenting a matrix identifying four contexts within which co-production may unfold. The matrix is based on two axes, which distinguish between innovation and its absence in science and policy domains. We examine several examples of co-production, such as the water–soil integrated approach to risk management or the implementation of hazard/risk assessment. The results highlight that the insulation of science from the institutional context within which knowledge is produced and used is a very problematic issue. This often hinders the implementation of desirable policies and undermines the effectiveness of interventions. Moreover, innovation in science and policy does not automatically result in successful solutions for landslide risk management. Finally, results confirm the utility of co-production but also highlight methodological challenges associated with the introduction of this new conceptual paradigm into the well-structured communities of scientists and policy-makers. 相似文献
8.
Global climate change, nonpoint source pollution, watershed and wildlife habitat destruction, and unsustainable development
are damaging the natural world, threatening the socio-cultural integrity of communities, and jeopardizing the livelihood security
of peoples worldwide. Despite the past 50 years of progress in addressing environmental damage in the United States and elsewhere,
intractable problems have arisen that to date have eluded successful technological or policy responses. Solutions have been
sought by recognizing that these problems are very complex and demand interdisciplinary approaches that require building effective
partnerships among relevant academic institutions, governmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and private business,
as well as levering various disciplines and traditional knowledge systems. Such thinking has evolved to now consider humans
to be an integral part of nature, which is captured in the idea of the ‘human ecosystem’, where biophysical, socioeconomic,
and cultural systems interact via a complex set of organizational, spatial, and temporal ‘couplings’. Within such a context,
environmental problems can be viewed as coupled human and natural systems, which afford unique and novel approaches to their
solutions. This paper discusses the development of the coupled systems approach as a scientific methodology, reviews its key
characteristics and principles, provides an example of how it has been applied to assess conservation issues in alpine areas
of Northwest Yunnan Province, China, and recommends how this scientific approach might be further developed for use in mountainous
landscape regions of Central Asia and elsewhere. 相似文献
9.
Jens C. Hansen 《Geoforum》1983,14(4):353-361
This article examines the role of regional policy in the light of the significant changes in the economic geography of Norway in the last thirty years. It focuses on the way in which regional policy has become the major instrument of government policy for the protection of the settlement pattern inherited from a previous period of industrial development. The author explains how national wealth from North Sea oil has made this possible and speculates on the future prospects of this policy. 相似文献
10.
广义水资源高效利用核算是从更广泛的视角进行区域/流域尺度的水资源核算,以水资源循环模拟揭示区间、行业、部门间的水利联系为基础,在核算水源上为广义水资源;在核算对象上为区域自然生态系统和人工系统;在核算指标上包括行业、部门和区域的广义水资源利用效率和效益。界定了不同用户蒸发蒸腾消耗水分的高效和低效部分,提出了包括人工系统和天然生态系统的不同用户、不同部门和区域整体的广义水资源利用核算指标体系。以宁夏平原区为例,进行了现状区域广义水资源利用效用核算研究。 相似文献
11.
《Geoforum》2015
Adaptive governance is the use of novel approaches within policy to support experimentation and learning. Social learning reflects the engagement of interdependent stakeholders within this learning. Much attention has focused on these concepts as a solution for resilience in governing institutions in an uncertain climate; resilience representing the ability of a system to absorb shock and to retain its function and form through reorganisation. However, there are still many questions to how these concepts enable resilience, particularly in vulnerable, developing contexts. A case study from Uganda presents how these concepts promote resilient livelihood outcomes among rural subsistence farmers within a decentralised governing framework. This approach has the potential to highlight the dynamics and characteristics of a governance system which may manage change. The paper draws from the enabling characteristics of adaptive governance, including lower scale dynamics of bonding and bridging ties and strong leadership. Central to these processes were learning platforms promoting knowledge transfer leading to improved self-efficacy, innovation and livelihood skills. However even though aspects of adaptive governance were identified as contributing to resilience in livelihoods, some barriers were identified. Reflexivity and multi-stakeholder collaboration were evident in governing institutions; however, limited self-organisation and vertical communication demonstrated few opportunities for shifts in governance, which was severely challenged by inequity, politicisation and elite capture. The paper concludes by outlining implications for climate adaptation policy through promoting the importance of mainstreaming adaptation alongside existing policy trajectories; highlighting the significance of collaborative spaces for stakeholders and the tackling of inequality and corruption. 相似文献
12.
Knut Bjørn Lindkvist 《GeoJournal》1996,39(2):195-202
This article discusses problems of economic readjustment facing the peripheral fishery-dependent communes in Norway. The situation in these communes is analyzed using a theory of territorial production systems, focusing in particular on the role played by principal actors in the fishery system. The principal actors' need to defend the prevalent structures of the territorial production system for cultural reasons, is discussed. This defense inhibit important adaptive processes in peripheral industries. In addition the principal actors must defend the socioeconomic systems controlled by the fishing communities in the central parts of Norway if deemed necessary. The principal actors in the periphery thereby stand forward as defenders of the actual centre-periphery structure in the Norwegian fishery system. 相似文献
13.
Regional innovation strategies in the knowledge-based economy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Sam Ock Park 《GeoJournal》2001,53(1):29-38
This paper aims to examine major regional innovation strategies for regional development in the knowledge-based economy in Korea. Innovation policy and Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) are becoming important issues in Korea in both national and regional perspectives. These issues have been evolving since the mid 1990s, especially since the financial crisis of 1997 in Korea. Five major policy issues for promoting innovation and regional competitiveness are examined in this paper. The major policy issues are: promoting region-specific clustering; building habitats for innovation and entrepreneurship; collective learning processes and innovation networks; building a stock of social capital; and promoting local and global networks. Several strategies are suggested for each of these policy issues. These major policy issues and related strategies for regional innovation and competitiveness can be regarded as common issues required for the successful development of RIS. Taking these basic policy issues into account, each region can develop their own region-specific RIS, with appropriate consideration of distinctive regional characteristics such as the level of development, industrial specialization, local labor market, local business climate, local financial system, etc. 相似文献
14.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(5):406-418
Extreme events are significant determinants of the character and evolution of many natural and human systems. When extreme events occur at the interface between natural and human systems, they are often called “disasters.” Here, we use a systemic, contextual view of disasters to construct a framework for organizing research and policy. Within this framework, reduction of vulnerability is the organizing principle, and decision processes (which lead to reduced vulnerability) are the fundamental unit of analysis and action. Scientific research is connected to decision processes through knowledge—integrating activities such as prediction, observation, and heuristics. But the value of research depends on its capacity to enhance decision-making capabilities. Our goal is to define an approach by which policy—relevant research questions can be more readily recognized. and societally valuable (i.e., vulnerabilityreducing) knowledge can be more effectively created and used. 相似文献
15.
《Geoforum》2015
As diaspora strategies have become an integral aspect of national economic development strategies, so too have universities begun to formally identify and mobilise diasporic scientists, researchers and scholars in an effort to create global knowledge networks. This paper will identify this new role for diasporic academics. It begins by emphasising the increasing internationalisation of the academic labour market, arguing that an increasing number of researchers have multiple national affiliations and relationships. It shows how diasporic academics have become central to the creation of global knowledge networks. These knowledge networks derive from multiple sources including the institutional ambitions of universities who are seeking to expand their research remits in increasingly resource constrained environments, international and national funding bodies who are increasingly focused on research ‘grand challenges’, and the aspirations of individual researchers for whom global networks are increasingly important to successful careers. 相似文献
16.
五星级酒店的建设在旅游业和国民经济迅速发展的前提下日益繁荣。本文以杭州青山湖中都国际度假酒店为例,阐述景区建筑(度假酒店)应充分利用自然景观,发掘地区的历史人文因素,进而营造现代化的建筑形象和独特的空间品质。 相似文献
17.
Situated justice in environmental decision-making: Lessons from river management in Southeastern Australia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mick Hillman 《Geoforum》2006,37(5):695-707
The practical application of environmental justice in natural resource management depends upon moving beyond generic principles to situated understanding. This understanding in turn requires knowledge of both historical and geographical contexts, including how decision-making frameworks develop and the nature of the biophysical environment itself. This paper examines these requirements based on case material from the Hunter Valley, New South Wales. In the Hunter Valley, the colonial history of river management was one of the creation, and subsequent inclusion and exclusion, of particular ‘stakes’ from the decision-making process, resulting in a narrowly defined ‘community of justice’ that became institutionalised at the catchment scale. However, even within this restricted community, distributive injustices occurred due to a failure of policy to engage with environmental variability at both spatial and temporal scales. This combination of procedural injustice and environmental variability also resulted in ecological injustice - that is a disconnected or even antagonistic human-nature relationship that restricted the opportunity to redress the severe degradation of riverine ecosystems that had occurred since European settlement. In the light of these examples, broader challenges in the application of environmental justice to river management are explored in terms of ecological complexity and contested perceptions of environmental health. Based on this material, a historically and geographically situated, ecologically informed vision of environmental justice is proposed as an essential part of sustainable river management. 相似文献
18.
Economic geography has been enriched by modern scientific methods based on the ideas of systems analysis, optimisation, and economic-mathematical simulation. A system of models proposed by the Institute of Economics and Organisation of Industrial Production (IEOIP) of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences has as its methodological basis the programme-objective approach. It is national economic criteria that are used for selection of optimum alternatives of interregional proportions, development of each region being appraised according to its contribution to development of national production. For each region, in accordance with the place occupied by it in the territorial division of labour, complex programmes are drawn up, situational analysis being used widely with different probabilities of particular events being taken into account. The system of models of the IEOIP reflects interactions of two hierarchic structures of the economy (production and territory), includes five subsystems (blocks), and covers three main echelons of national economic planning. Two blocks of spatial models are intended for optimisation of schemes of locating productive forces of the nation, particular regions, and parts thereof: territorial-production complexes (TPC), zones of complete assimilation and industrial centres. The optimisation problems of national economy spatial structure, of production and spatial structure of the economy of particular regions are solved in co-operation with national economic models, models of separate sectors and multi-sectoral complexes. The main tool for optimising spatial structure of the national economy and regions are various versions of the intersectoral interregional model and a group of models for optimising creation of TPCs. With the help of these models a series of practical problems has been solved at the IEOIP, the findings of which are a basis for some propositions relating to development of productive forces of the nation, of Siberia as a whole, of particular regions in 1975, 1990, and 2000. 相似文献
19.
Satoshi Nakagawa 《GeoJournal》2004,61(3):255-262
This study examines recent changes in the structure of migration and population by gender in the Extended Bangkok Region (EBR)
taking the influences of economic globalization into consideration. The EBR is understood here to consist of three concentric
zones, namely the Bangkok Metropolis (BM), the Vicinity and the Extended Urban Region (EUR). The spatial policy of the Thai
government has encouraged investors to build manufacturing factories outside the BM. Consequently the industrial structure
of the BM has turned strongly into service-dominated while the Vicinity and the EUR have attracted factories mainly owned
by foreign capitals. Light industries and electronics industries, both of which set up relatively earlier, concentrated on
the Vicinity, the adjacent provinces to the BM, while heavy and petrochemical industries are recently have developed in the
outer regions, the EUR. Service sectors and light industries as well as electronics industries prefer females to males to
employ as workers. As a consequence the population structures of the BM and the Vicinity became female-dominant while male
workers were likely to gather in the EUR attracted by heavy and petrochemical industries. The gender imbalance in the population
in the areas in concern may have been one of the consequences of the economic globalization of Thailand. The Thai government
supported the economic globalization through its investment promotion policy, but it seems that the government did not assume
the policy resulted in such gender imbalance. It can be suggested that in the future this gender imbalance may cause changes
in family formation behaviors of the Thai population.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
气候变化适应对策的评价方法和工具 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
气候变化影响和适应对策方法评估的研究目的主要是建立和应用先进有效的分析工具和评价方法对气候变化脆弱性和适应对策进行科学评估. 因此需要了解当前已经在自然资源和环境研究中广泛使用的决策分析工具,掌握和了解各种适应对策评估工具的关键特性及其优缺点. 首先介绍各种有关适应对策的定义及两大类适应评估方法途径, 同时举例介绍不同方法在气候变化影响和适应评估研究中的应用. 常规的适应对策评估分析主要以政府间气候变化专业委员会(IPCC)气候变化影响和适应对策评估技术指南中的方法工具为代表, 另一种适应对策研究则致力于改善各种对气候变化敏感系统的适应能力和复原能力. 文中对各种适应对策评估方法和工具进行了介绍和讨论,并提出气候变化适应研究的新方向. 相似文献