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1.
The climate warming, which has an evident effect on the warm/ice-rich permafrost, should be considered in the engineering design of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost areas. Based on the rule mentioned above, many design ideas and measures such as cooling embankment and controling of heat conduction, radiation and convection were proposed during the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway to reduce the permafrost temperature and to reduce the impact of climate warming on the railway. These measures ensure the stability of the railway embankment in permafrost regions. 相似文献
2.
气候变化对高温高含冰量冻土影响显著，因此，青藏铁路穿越多年冻土地区的筑路工程设计必须考虑未来气候变化的影响。为了减缓、适应气候变化的影响，解决高温高含冰量路基稳定性问题，修建青藏铁路时提出了冷却路基、降低多年冻土温度的设计新思想。该筑路工程技术通过采用调控热的传导、辐射和对流以及综合调控措施达到降低多年冻土温度、适应气候变化的目的，最大限度地确保多年冻土区路基的稳定性。 相似文献
3.
Alpine ecosystems in permafrost region are extremely sensitive to climate change. The headwater regions of Yangtze River and
Yellow River of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau permafrost area were selected. Spatial-temporal shifts in the extent and distribution
of tundra ecosystems were investigated for the period 1967–2000 by landscape ecological method and aerial photographs for
1967, and satellite remote sensing data (the Landsat’s TM) for 1986 and 2000. The relationships were analyzed between climate
change and the distribution area variation of tundra ecosystems and between the permafrost change and tundra ecosystems. The
responding model of tundra ecosystem to the combined effects of climate and permafrost changes was established by using statistic
regression method, and the contribution of climate changes and permafrost variation to the degradation of tundra ecosystems
was estimated. The regional climate exhibited a tendency towards significant warming and desiccation with the air temperature
increased by 0.4–0.67°C/10a and relative stable precipitation over the last 45 years. Owing to the climate continuous warming,
the intensity of surface heat source (HI) increased at the average of 0.45 W/m2 per year, the difference of surface soil temperature and air temperature (DT) increased at the range of 4.1°C–4.5°C, and
the 20-cm depth soil temperature within the active layer increased at the range of 1.1°C–1.4°C. The alpine meadow and alpine
swamp meadow were more sensitive to permafrost changes than alpine steppe. The area of alpine swamp meadow decreased by 13.6–28.9%,
while the alpine meadow area decreased by 13.5–21.3% from 1967 to 2000. The contributions of climate change to the degradation
of the alpine meadow and alpine swamp was 58–68% and 59–65% between 1967 and 2000. The synergic effects of climate change
and permafrost variation were the major drivers for the observed degradation in tundra ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. 相似文献
4.
全球气候变化,特别是升温、降水强度增加以及极端天气气候事件频发,会通过影响重大工程的设施本身、重要辅助设备以及重大工程所依托的环境,从而进一步影响工程的安全性、稳定性、可靠性和耐久性,并对重大工程的运行效率和经济效益产生一定影响,气候变化还对重大工程的技术标准和工程措施产生影响。本文以青藏铁路（公路）工程、高速铁路工程、重大水利水电工程为典型工程阐述气候变化对重大工程的影响。青藏铁路（公路）沿线的冻土环境的热平衡极易打破,多年冻土环境一经破坏,难以恢复,气候变化已经使多年冻土环境发生变化,并且未来的多年冻土退化在全球变暖的背景下将变得更加严重。未来中国地区的地表气温、年平均降水量、台风等都将发生变化,极端天气气候事件频发,影响我国高速铁路的气候变化向着不利于高铁工程的趋势发展,将给高铁基础设施的服役寿命以及高铁运输秩序等方面带来影响。气候变化导致的温度变化、降水变化,改变了水资源的时空分布规律,对水工程和水安全在水量分配和调度、水资源利用和水文风险管理等产生影响。 相似文献
5.
应用逻辑回归和逐步回归方法对青藏铁路青海段由降水引发铁路水害气象风险评估进行研究,以青藏铁路公司提供的铁路沿线水害统计资料为依据,选取2000—2014年青藏铁路沿线青海境内14个气象站点和28个加密气象站降水资料,开展降水引发的水害气象风险评估,结果表明:青藏铁路水害的发生不仅与降水量级有关,还与降水的性质和持续时间有关,铁路水害主要集中在7—8月,高发路段是乐都-平安、湟源-海晏段。导致青藏铁路沿线水害的主要降水类型为区域性强降水和连阴雨。考虑到降水持续时间对水害的影响,通过计算得出的铁路水害诱发指数和水害有效降水因子,且距水害发生时间愈近,日降水量对水害发生的作用就愈大。采用逻辑回归模型判断青藏铁路青海境内各区段水害的发生有无,其预测模型总判对率均超过86.2%,其次运用逐步回归评估模型计算出水害预报等级,经检验对最高级别1级的预报准确率达88.9%。可见,逻辑回归模型和逐步回归评估模型在青藏铁路青海境内铁路水害预报和评估工作中具有较高的预报准确率。 相似文献
6.
Permafrost Thaw Accelerates in Boreal Peatlands During Late-20th Century Climate Warming 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Philip Camill 《Climatic change》2005,68(1-2):135-152
Permafrost covers 25% of the land surface in the northern hemisphere, where mean annual ground temperature is less than 0°C. A 1.4–5.8 °C warming by 2100 will likely change the sign of mean annual air and ground temperatures over much of the zones of sporadic and discontinuous permafrost in the northern hemisphere, causing widespread permafrost thaw. In this study, I examined rates of discontinuous permafrost thaw in the boreal peatlands of northern Manitoba, Canada, using a combination of tree-ring analyses to document thaw rates from 1941–1991 and direct measurements of permanent benchmarks established in 1995 and resurveyed in 2002. I used instrumented records of mean annual and seasonal air temperatures, mean winter snow depth, and duration of continuous snow pack from climate stations across northern Manitoba to analyze temporal and spatial trends in these variables and their potential impacts on thaw. Permafrost thaw in central Canadian peatlands has accelerated significantly since 1950, concurrent with a significant, late-20th-century average climate warming of +1.32 °C in this region. There were strong seasonal differences in warming in northern Manitoba, with highest rates of warming during winter (+1.39 °C to +1.66 °C) and spring (+0.56 °C to +0.78 °C) at southern climate stations where permafrost thaw was most rapid. Projecting current warming trends to year 2100, I show that trends for north-central Canada are in good agreement with general circulation models, which suggest a 4–8 °C warming at high latitudes. This magnitude of warming will begin to eliminate most of the present range of sporadic and discontinuous permafrost in central Canada by 2100. 相似文献
7.
General circulation models (GCMs) are unanimous in projecting warmer temperatures in an enhanced CO2 atmosphere, with amplification of this warming in higher latitudes. The Hudson Bay region, which is located in the Arctic and subarctic regions of Canada, should therefore be strongly influenced by global warming. In this study, we compare the response of Hudson Bay to a transient warming scenario provided by six-coupled atmosphere-ocean models. Our analysis focuses on surface temperature, precipitation, sea-ice coverage, and permafrost distribution. The results show that warming is expected to peak in winter over the ocean, because of a northward retreat of the sea-ice cover. Also, a secondary warming peak is observed in summer over land in the Canadian and Australian-coupled GCMs, which is associated with both a reduction in soil moisture conditions and changes in permafrost distribution. In addition, a relationship is identified between the retreat of the sea-ice cover and an enhancement of precipitation over both land and oceanic surfaces. The response of the sea-ice cover and permafrost layer to global warming varies considerably among models and thus large differences are observed in the projected regional increase in temperature and precipitation. In view of the important feedbacks that a retreat of the sea-ice cover and the distribution of permafrost are likely to play in the doubled and tripled CO2 climates of Hudson Bay, a good representation of these two parameters is necessary to provide realistic climate change scenarios. The use of higher resolution regional climate model is recommended to develop scenarios of climate change for the Hudson Bay region. 相似文献
8.
E. A. G. Schuur B. W. Abbott W. B. Bowden V. Brovkin P. Camill J. G. Canadell J. P. Chanton F. S. Chapin III T. R. Christensen P. Ciais B. T. Crosby C. I. Czimczik G. Grosse J. Harden D. J. Hayes G. Hugelius J. D. Jastrow J. B. Jones T. Kleinen C. D. Koven G. Krinner P. Kuhry D. M. Lawrence A. D. McGuire S. M. Natali J. A. O’Donnell C. L. Ping W. J. Riley A. Rinke V. E. Romanovsky A. B. K. Sannel C. Schädel K. Schaefer J. Sky Z. M. Subin C. Tarnocai M. R. Turetsky M. P. Waldrop K. M. Walter Anthony K. P. Wickland C. J. Wilson S. A. Zimov 《Climatic change》2013,119(2):359-374
Approximately 1700 Pg of soil carbon (C) are stored in the northern circumpolar permafrost zone, more than twice as much C than in the atmosphere. The overall amount, rate, and form of C released to the atmosphere in a warmer world will influence the strength of the permafrost C feedback to climate change. We used a survey to quantify variability in the perception of the vulnerability of permafrost C to climate change. Experts were asked to provide quantitative estimates of permafrost change in response to four scenarios of warming. For the highest warming scenario (RCP 8.5), experts hypothesized that C release from permafrost zone soils could be 19–45 Pg C by 2040, 162–288 Pg C by 2100, and 381–616 Pg C by 2300 in CO2 equivalent using 100-year CH4 global warming potential (GWP). These values become 50 % larger using 20-year CH4 GWP, with a third to a half of expected climate forcing coming from CH4 even though CH4 was only 2.3 % of the expected C release. Experts projected that two-thirds of this release could be avoided under the lowest warming scenario (RCP 2.6). These results highlight the potential risk from permafrost thaw and serve to frame a hypothesis about the magnitude of this feedback to climate change. However, the level of emissions proposed here are unlikely to overshadow the impact of fossil fuel burning, which will continue to be the main source of C emissions and climate forcing. 相似文献
9.
全球变暖背景下的中国西部地区气候变化研究进展 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
全球变暖是19世纪80年代以来,地球的年平均气温和地表温度呈上升趋势的现象.在全球变暖的大背景下,我国的气候也发生了显著的变化.探讨全球变暖背景下中国西部地区的气温、降水、气候转型以及青藏高原对中国气候的影响等,对我国应对气候变化问题有着重要的意义.本文从气温、降水、气候转型以及青藏高原对中国气候的影响等方面概述了近年来中国西部地区气候变化的最新研究进展,并探讨了未来的研究方向. 相似文献
10.
本文基于耦合模式比较计划第5阶段（CMIP5）的17个全球气候模式,确定了1.5℃温升（相对于1861-1880年）的发生时间,预估了全球升温1.5℃时,北半球冻土和积雪的变化,并对预估结果的不确定性进行了讨论。结果表明,全球平均地表温度在3种排放情景下（RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP8.5）分别于2027、2026、2023年达到1.5℃阈值。当全球升温1.5℃,北半球多年冻土南界北移1°～3.5°,冻土退化主要发生在中西伯利亚南部。多年冻土面积在全球升温1.5℃时,在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5排放情景下较1986-2005年分别减少约3.43×106 km2（21.12%)、3.91×106 km2（24.10%）和4.15×106 km2（25.55%);北半球超过一半以上的区域雪水当量减少,只在中西伯利亚地区略微增加;北美洲中部、欧洲西部以及俄罗斯西北部减少较显著,减少约40%以上。青藏高原多年冻土面积在RCP2.6、RCP4.5以及RCP8.5排放情景下分别减少0.15×106 km2（7.28%)、0.18×106 km2（8.74%）和0.17×106 km2（8.25%)。青藏高原冬、春季雪水当量分别减少约14.9%和13.8%。 相似文献