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1.
In this paper, almost all available observational data and the latest 6.0 version of Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) model were employed to investigate a heavy sea fog event occurring over the Yellow Sea from 2 to 5 May 2009. The evolutionary process of this event was documented by using Multifunctional Transport Satellites-1 (MTSAT-1) visible satellite imagery. The synoptic situation, sounding profiles at two selected stations were analyzed. The difference between the air temperature and sea surface temperature during the sea fog event over the entire sea region was also analyzed. In order to better understand this event, an RAMS modeling with a 15 km×15 km resolution was performed. The model successfully reproduced the main characteristics of this sea fog event. The simulated height of fog top and the area of lower atmospheric visibility derived from the RAMS modeling results showed good agreement with the sea fog area identified from the satellite imagery. Examinations of both observational data and RAMS modeling results suggested that advection cooling seemed to play an important role in the formation of this sea fog event. 相似文献
2.
The Chinese east coastal areas and marginal seas are foggy regions.The development of effective forecasting methodsrests upon a comprehensive knowledge of the fog phenomena.This study provides new observations associated with the sea fogsover the northwestern Yellow Sea by means of L-band radar soundings with a high vertical resolution of 30 m.The monthly tem-perature lapse rate,the Richardson Numbers,and the humidity show obvious seasonal variations in the lower level of the planetaryboundary layer (PBL) that are related to the onset,peak and end of the Yellow Sea fog season.The typical pattern of stratification forthe sea fog season in the northwestern Yellow Sea is that a stable layer of about 400 m thick caps a 150 m conditionally unstable layer.Besides,the differences between fogs and stratus clouds in terms of humidity,turbulence and temperature are analyzed,which is ofsignificance for sea fog forecast and detection by satellites.The thickness of the sea fogs varies in different stages of the fog season,and is associated with the temperature inversion.The numerical simulation proves that the seasonal variations obtained by the radarwell represent the situations over the Yellow Sea. 相似文献
3.
Recent observations and modeling study about sea fog over the Yellow Sea and East China Sea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ZHANG Suping 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2012,11(4):465-472
This review presents some of the latest achievements in sea fog research,including fog climatology,fog structure in the marine atmospheric boundary layer,and numerical simulations and forecasting of fog.With the development of atmospheric observational techniques and equipments,new facts about sea fog are revealed.The mechanisms involved in the formation,development and dissipation of sea fog are further explored with the help of advanced atmospheric models. 相似文献
4.
Atmospheric turbulence plays a vital role in the formation and dissipation of fog. However,studies of such turbulence are typically limited to observations with ultrasonic anemometers less than 100 m above ground. Thus,the turbulence characteristics of upper fog layers are poorly known. In this paper,we present 4-layers of data,measured by ultrasonic anemometers on a wind tower about 400 m above the sea surface; we use these data to characterize atmospheric turbulence atop a heavy sea fog. Large differences in turbulence during the sea fog episode were recorded. Results showed that the kinetic energy,momentum flux,and sensible heat flux of turbulence increased rapidly during the onset of fog. After onset,high turbulence was observed within the uppermost fog layer. As long as this turbulence did not exceed a critical threshold,it was crucial to enhancing the cooling rate,and maintaining the fog. Vertical momentum flux and sensible heat flux generated by this turbulence weakened wind speed and decreased air temperature during the fog. Towards the end of the fog episode,the vertical distribution of sensible heat flux reversed,contributing to a downward momentum flux in all upper layers. Spatial and temporal scales of the turbulence eddy were greater before and after the fog,than during the fog episode. Turbulence energy was greatest in upper levels,around 430 m and 450 m above mean sea level(AMSL),than in lower levels of the fog(390 m and 410 m AMSL); turbulence energy peaked along the mean wind direction. Our results show that the status of turbulence was complicated within the fog; turbulence caused fluxes of momentum and sensible heat atop the fog layer,affecting the underlying fog by decreasing or increasing average wind speed,as well as promoting or demoting air temperature stratification. 相似文献
5.
A stratus-sea fog event that occurred over the Yellow and East China Seas on 3 June 2011 is investigated using observa-tions and a numerical model, with a focus on the effects of background circulation and Sea Surface Temperature Front (SSTF) on the transition of stratus into sea fog. Southerly winds of a synoptic high-pressure circulation transport water vapor to the Yellow Sea, creating conditions favorable for sea fog/stratus formation. The subsidence from the high-pressure contributes to the temperature inversion at the top of the stratus. The SSTF forces a secondary circulation within the ABL (Atmospheric Boundary Layer), the sink-ing branch of which on the cold flank of SSTF helps lower the stratus layer further to reach the sea surface. The cooling effect over the cold sea surface counteracts the adiabatic warming induced by subsidence. The secondary circulation becomes weak and the fog patches are shrunk heavily with the smoothed SSTF. A conceptual model is proposed for the transition of stratus into sea fog over the Yellow and East China Seas. Finally, the analyses suggest that sea fog frequency will probably decrease due to the weakened SSTF and the reduced subsidence of secondary circulation under global warming. 相似文献
6.
In this study, a sea fog event which occurred on 27 March 2005 over the Yellow and Bohai Seas was investigated observationally and numerically. Almost all available observational data were used, including satellite imagery of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-9, three data sets from station observations at Dandong, Dalian and Qingdao, objectively reanalyzed data of final run analysis (FNL) issued by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) results. Synoptic conditions and fog characteristics were analyzed. The fog formed when warm,moist air was advected northwards over the cool water of the Yellow and Bohai Seas, and dissipated when a cold front brought northerly winds and cool, dry air. In order to better understand the fog formation mechanism, a high-resolution RAMS modeling with a 6km×6km grid, initialized and validated by FNL data, was designed. A 48h modeling that started from 12 UTC 26 March 2005reproduced the main characteristics of this sea fog event. The simulated lower visibility area agreed reasonably well with the sea fog region identified from the satellite imagery. Advection cooling effect seemed to play a significant role in the fog formation. 相似文献
7.
The concentration of suspended load can be determined by its linear relationship to turbidity. Our results present the basic
distribution of suspended load in North Yellow Sea. In summer, the suspended load concentration is high along the coast and
low in the center of the sea. There are four regions of high concentration in the surface layer: Penglai and Chengshantou
along the north of the Shandong Peninsula, and the coastal areas of Lüshun and Changshan Islands. There is a 2 mg/L contour
at 124°E that separates the North Yellow Sea from regions of lower concentrations in the open sea to the west. And there is
a 2 mg/L contour at 124°E that separates the North Yellow Sea from regions of lower concentrations in the open sea to the
west. The distribution features in the 10 m and bottom layer are similar to the surface layer, however, the suspended load
concentration declines in the 10 m layer while it increases in the bottom layer. And in the bottom layer there is a low suspended
load concentration water mass at the region south of 38°N and east of 123°E extending to the southeast. In general, the lowest
suspended load concentration in a vertical profile is at a depth of 10 to 20 m, the highest suspended load concentration is
in the bottom near Chengshantou area.
In winter, the distribution of suspended load is similar to summer, but the average concentrations are three times higher.
There are two tongue-shaped high suspended load concentration belt, one occurring from surface to seafloor, extends to the
north near Chengshantou and the other invades north to south along the east margin of Dalian Bay. They separate the low suspended
load concentration water masses in the center of North Yellow Sea into east and west parts. Vertical distribution is quite
uniform in the whole North Yellow Sea because of the cooling effect and strong northeast winds. The distribution of suspended
load has a very close relationship to the current circulation and wind-induced waves in the North Yellow Sea. Because of this,
we have been able to show for the first time that the distribution of suspended load can be used to identify water masses. 相似文献
8.
Various satellite data, JRA-25 (Japan reanalysis of 25 years) reanalyzed data and WRF (Weather Research Forecast) model are used to investigate the in situ effect of the ESKF (East China Sea Kuroshio Front) on the MABL (marine atmospheric boundary layer). The intensity of the ESKF is most robust from January to April in its annual cycle. The local strong surface northerly/northeasterly winds are observed right over the ESKF in January and in April and the wind speeds decrease upward in the MABL. The thermal wind effect that is derived from the baroclinic MABL forced by the strong SST gradient contributes to the strong surface winds to a large degree. The convergence zone existing along the warm flank of the ESKF is stronger in April than in January corresponding to the steeper SST (sea surface temperature) gradient. The collocations of the cloud cover maximum and precipitation maximum are basically consistent with the convergence zone of the wind field. The clouds develop higher (lower) in the warm (cold) flank of the ESKF due to the less (more) stable stratification in the MABL. The lowest clouds are observed in April on the cold flank of the ESKF and over the Yellow Sea due to the existence of the pronounced temperature inversion. The numerical experiments with smoothed SST are consistent with the results from the ovservations. 相似文献
9.
潘海 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1993,11(1):80-88
A stratification parameter ,defined as theamount of mechanical energy required to bring about vertical mixing, has been calculated for theYellow Sea using available data over the past ten years.T he monthly distributions of Log are obtained to explain the features of the Yellow Sea stratification.Fronts of the shallow shelf sea are often inseparably related with its stratifications. The front of the Yellow Sea in the warm half-year is generated in May and disappears in November. The shelf front moves shoreward and becomes strong in the heating season, but becomes weak in the cooling season upon return. 相似文献
10.
On spatiotemporal characteristics of sea fog occurrence over the Northern Atlantic from 1909 to 2008
In this paper, the International Comprehensive Ocean and Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) is utilized to investigate the horizontal distribution of sea fog occurrence frequency over the Northern Atlantic as well as the meteorological and oceanic conditions for sea fog formation. Sea fog over the Northern Atlantic mainly occurs over middle and high latitudes. Sea fog occurrence frequency over the western region of the Northern Atlantic is higher than that over the eastern region. The season for sea fog occurrence over the Northern Atlantic is generally from April to August. When sea fogs occur, the prevailing wind direction in the study area is from southerly to southwesterly and the favorable wind speed is around 8 m s-1. It is most favorable for the formation of sea fogs when sea surface temperature(SST) is 5℃ to 15℃. When SST is higher than 25℃, it is difficult for the air to get saturated, and there is almost no report of sea fog. When sea fogs form, the difference between sea surface temperature and air temperature is mainly-1 to 3℃, and the difference of 0℃ to 2℃ is the most favorable conditions for fog formation. There are two types of sea fogs prevailing in this region: advection cooling fog and advection evaporating fog. 相似文献
11.
Tide gauge data are used to investigate sea level variability off the northwest coast of the South China Sea (SCS) in 2012, and a significant sea level elevation with a magnitude approaching 79 mm is observed. Analysis suggests that an abnormal sea surface heat flux and freshwater flux may have contributed to this abnormal rise in sea level, together with the remote influence of an ENSO event. Further investigation shows that the event was dominated by the positive freshwater flux, where large volumes of water entered the ocean, and a maximum is centered to the south of Guangdong province, China. Simultaneously, a positive anomalous heat flux occurred in the northwestern part of the SCS, which is considered to have made a positive contribution to the high local sea level elevation. In addition to the heat flux, the ENSO event also had a significant effect on the event, where the La Niña-induced northwest Pacific cyclone contributed to sea level rise over the northwestern SCS through dynamic and thermodynamic interactions. 相似文献
12.
Cheng Yinhe Zhou Shengqi Wang Dongxiao Lu Yuanzheng Huang Ke Yao Jinglong You Xiaobao 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2016,34(3):619-628
The observed characteristics of lower atmospheric ducts over the South China Sea(SCS) were analyzed based on Global Position Systerm(GPS) radiosonde data collected four times daily during autumn open cruises from 2006 to 2012.Duct occurrence,thickness,and strength over the SCS were about 40%,150-m thick,and 8 M units,respectively,which were larger than during the summer monsoon period.Most ducts occurred at heights 1 500 m and these ducts easily trap electromagnetic wave clusters with wavelengths 2 m.Diurnal variation of the SCS ducts appeared evident.They occurred more often at midnight at higher altitudes(about 1 100 m),with a thickest layer of about 145 m and less frequently during the evening at lower altitudes(about 800 m),with a thinnest layer of about 125 m.Moreover,ducts during the daytime at a mean height of about 900 m,with the greatest strength of about 10 M units.Furthermore,all duct variables observed over the SCS in autumn decreased from north to south.These findings are useful not only in the design of radar and communication systems,but also for evaluating possible effects of anomalous propagation on meteorological radar and military applications. 相似文献
13.
1 Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ18Ｏｉｎｍａｒｉｎｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｐｌａｙｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｏｃｅａｎｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｓｔｕｄｙ .Ａｓａｓｔａｂｌｅｉｓｏｔｏｐｅｏｆｏｘｙｇｅｎ ,18ＯｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒｗｉｔｈｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎａｔｏｍｓｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｓｗａｔｅｒｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅＨ218ＯａｎｄｍｏｖｅｓｗｉｔｈａｌａｒｇｅａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆＨ2 Ｏｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅｓｉｎｓｅａｗａｔｅｒ.Ｓｏｔｈａｔδ18Ｏｂｅｃｏｍｅｓａｎｉｄｅａｌｔｒａｃｅｒｆｏｒｔｈｅｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏ… 相似文献
14.
Fog has recently become a frequent high-impact weather phenomenon along the coastal regions of North China. Accurate fog forecasting remains challenging due to limited understanding of the predictability and mechanism of fog formation associated with synoptic-scale circulation. One frequent synoptic pattern of fog formation in this area is associated with cold front passage(cold-front synoptic pattern, CFSP). This paper explored the predictability of a typical CFSP fog event from the perspective of analyzing key characteristics of synoptic-scale circulation determining fog forecasting performance and the possible mechanism. The event was ensemble forecasted with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Two groups of ensemble members with good and bad forecasting performance were selected and composited. Results showed that the predictability of this case was largely determined by the simulated strengths of the cold-front circulation(i.e., trough and ridge and the associated surface high). The bad-performing members tended to have a weaker ridge behind a stronger trough, and associated higher pressure over land and a weaker surface high over the sea, leading to an adverse impact on strength and direction of steering flows that inhibit warm moist advection and enhance cold dry advection transported to the focus region. Associated with this cold dry advection, adverse synoptic conditions of stratification and moisture for fog formation were produced, consequently causing failure of fog forecasting in the focus region. This study highlights the importance of accurate synoptic-scale information for improved CFSP fog forecasting, and enhances understanding of fog predictability from perspective of synoptic-scale circulation. 相似文献
15.
在华北地块西部,自最北部的山西鹅毛口至大同,向南至附城、豫东,石炭纪以海陆交互相为主,边缘出观陆棚。华北地块中部广大地区为海陆交互相。在华北地块东部,碎屑岩比自北而南递减,海相灰岩层数和厚度递增,越向南越呈现扬子型沉积特点。综合这些特征是:1.华北地块南北边缘接近古陆(岛),且陆缘不甚稳定;2.石炭系海相层自北而南逐渐发育,本溪组、太原组的岩石组合特征逐渐接近扬子型,并与苏北滨海县扬子型石炭系呈现连续过渡;3.华北本溪组、太原组(豫东、徐淮地区)与下扬子区黄龙组、船山组共同发育了相同或极相似的(?)带,腕足类等也呈现混生杂处。这些特征显示石炭纪华北海与下扬子海在苏皖地区呈现较广阔的连通。在华北南部和西部,华北海与中、上扬子海及祁连海连通。 相似文献
16.
Spatial and seasonal variabilities of submesoscale currents in the northeastern South China Sea are investigated by employing a numerical simulation with a horizontal resolution of 1 km. The results suggest that submesoscale currents are widespread in the surface mixed layer mainly due to the mixed layer instabilities and frontogenesis. In horizontal, submesoscale currents are generally more active in the north than those in the south, since that active eddies, especially cyclonic eddies, mainly occur in the northern area. Specifically, submesoscale currents are highly intensified in the east of Dongsha Island and south of Taiwan Island. In temporal sense, submesoscale currents are more active in winter than those in summer,since the mixed layer is thicker and more unstable in the winter. The parameterization developed by FoxKemper et al. is examined in terms of vertical velocity, and the results suggest that it could reproduce the vertical velocity if mixed layer instability dominates there. This study improves our understanding of the submesoscale dynamics in the South China Sea. 相似文献
17.
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18.
The mixed layer depth (MLD) in the upper ocean is an important physical parameter for describing the upper ocean mixed layer.
We analyzed several major factors influencing the climatological mixed layer depth (CMLD), and established a numerical simulation
in the South China Sea (SCS) using the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) with a high-resolution (1/12°×1/12°) grid nesting
method and 50 vertical layers. Several ideal numerical experiments were tested by modifying the existing sea surface boundary
conditions. Especially, we analyzed the sensitivity of the results simulated for the CMLD with factors of sea surface wind
stress (SSWS), sea surface net heat flux (SSNHF), and the difference between evaporation and precipitation (DEP). The result
shows that of the three factors that change the depth of the CMLD, SSWS is in the first place, when ignoring the impact of
SSWS, CMLD will change by 26% on average, and its effect is always to deepen the CMLD; the next comes SSNHF (13%) for deepening
the CMLD in October to January and shallowing the CMLD in February to September; and the DEP comes in the third (only 2%).
Moreover, we analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of CMLD and compared the simulation result with the ARGO observational
data. The results indicate that ROMS is applicable for studying CMLD in the SCS area. 相似文献
19.
The Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) is one of the principal currents in the Yellow Sea in winter. Former examinations on current
activity in the Yellow Sea have not observed a stable YSWC because of the positioning of current meters. To further understand
the YSWC, a research cruise in the southern Yellow Sea was carried out in the winter of 2006/2007. Five moorings with bottom-mounted
acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) were deployed on the western side of the central trough of the Yellow Sea. The existence
and distributional features of the YSWC were studied by analyzing three ADCP moorings in the path of the YSWC in conjunction
with conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data over the observed area in the southern Yellow Sea. The results show the following.
(1) The upper layer of the YSWC is strongly influenced by winter cold surge; its direction and speed often vary along a south-north
axis when strong cold surges arrive from the north. (2) The YSWC near the bottom layer is a stable northwest flowing current
with a speed of 4 to 10 cm/s. By combining the analyses of the CTD data, we speculate that the core of the YSWC may lie near
the bottom. (3) On a monthly average timescale, the YSWC is stably oriented with northward flow from the sea surface to the
sea floor. 相似文献
20.
On the basis of subsidence history analysis and balanced cross-section analysis, the vertical uplift/subsidence history and horizontal extension/compression history of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin are quantitatively studied. The results show that the tectonic evolution of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin since late Cretaceous can be divided into a rifting phase (late Cretaceous to Paleogene) and a post-rifting phase (Neogene to Quaternary). The rifting phase can be further subdivided into an initial rifting stage (late Cretaceous), an intensive rifting stage (Paleocene), a rifting termination stage (Eocene), and an inversion-uplifting stage (Oligocene). Together, this division shows the characteristics of an episodic-evolved intracontinental rift-depression basin. The deformation of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin since late Cretaceous was mainly fault-related. The horizontal extension and tectonic subsidence were controlled by the activity of faults. The differential evolution of faults also caused variations in local uplift/subsidence movements and the regional heterogeneity in extension. The late Cretaceous initial rifting of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin is related to the Pacific-Eurasia convergence. From the Paleocene intensive rifting stage to present, the Pacific-Eurasia convergence and India-Eurasia convergence have played important roles in the evolution of this region. 相似文献