共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 578 毫秒
1.
断层作用热模型及其对烃源岩热演化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从盆地的应力状态分析入手,从断层摩擦生热的角度,建立了断层作用生热的定量模型。在此基础上,确定了断层摩擦产生的热量与断层的性质、深度、构造应力和流体压力等之间的定量关系,定量分析了断层摩擦生热对烃源岩热演化的影响。结果表明:断层作用的生热量主要决定于断层的深度,构造应力的大小、流体压力、断层的位移量、断面摩擦系数等;断层的活动速率对断层摩擦的生热量没有影响,但对断层带内产生的温度却起决定性的作用;在断层快速活动的条件下(地震型),断层摩擦生热虽然可以产生很高的温度,可以造成断层面附近岩石的局部熔融,但其影响范围和影响持续的时间是十分有限的。 相似文献
2.
The friction coefficient controls the brittle strength of the Earth’s crust for deformation recorded by faults. This study proposes a computerized method to determine the friction coefficient of meso-scale faults. The method is based on the analysis of orientation distribution of faults, and the principal stress axes and the stress ratio calculated by a stress tensor inversion technique. The method assumes that faults are activated according to the cohesionless Coulomb’s failure criterion, where the fluctuations of fluid pressure and the magnitude of differential stress are assumed to induce faulting. In this case, the orientation distribution of fault planes is described by a probability density function that is visualized as linear contours on a Mohr diagram. The parametric optimization of the function for an observed fault population yields the friction coefficient. A test using an artificial fault-slip dataset successfully determines the internal friction angle (the arctangent of the friction coefficient) with its confidence interval of several degrees estimated by the bootstrap resampling technique. An application to natural faults cutting a Pleistocene forearc basin fill yields a friction coefficient around 0.7 which is experimentally predicted by the Byerlee’s law. 相似文献
3.
Determination of Shear Strength and Three-dimensional Yield Strength for the Hoek-Brown Criterion 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
S. D. Priest 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2005,38(4):299-327
Summary. Most currently used techniques for analysing the stability of near surface structures, such as rock slopes, are based on the application of the effective Coulomb shear strength parameters cohesion c′, and the angle of friction φ′ on some known or anticipated shear surface subjected to an effective normal stress σ′n. The most widely used of these techniques are the variants of the method of slices and related upper bound techniques. If the Hoek-Brown criterion is to be used to model the strength of near surface fractured rocks, it is necessary to determine equivalent Coulomb shear strength parameters for the specified level of effective normal stress. Calculation of the equivalent Coulomb parameters for the Hoek-Brown criterion for cases when a ≠ 0.5 is not a straightforward matter. A simple procedure for calculating instantaneous values of c′i and φ′i has been developed based on spreadsheet calculations and the application of a numerical optimisation routine. This procedure can also be applied to calculating the Hoek-Brown envelope plotted in shear stress/normal stress space. A simple closed form solution for c′i and tan φ′i has also been developed for the special case when a = 1. A three-dimensional version of the Hoek-Brown criterion has been developed by combining it with the Drucker-Prager criterion. This new yield criterion has been implemented by numerical solution of the governing equations. A simplification of this three-dimensional yield criterion has been developed by introducing an intermediate principal stress weighting factor. Comparison with published results demonstrates that this simplified criterion has the capacity to model the results of true triaxial tests for a range of different rock types over a wide range of stress levels. The new three-dimensional yield criterion has the advantage that its input parameters can be determined from routine uniaxial compression tests and mineralogical examination. 相似文献
4.
5.
岩样三轴压缩的破坏形式和Coulomb强度准则 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
尽管岩样轴向承载能力与围压成线性关系,但岩样在围压下轴向压缩破坏的断面,并不能由Coulomb准则准确预示。截面倾角在45°±φ/2附近时,基于粘聚力和内摩擦力的承载能力变化不大,实际破坏面的方位与岩样内部层理、缺陷等有关。砂岩具有明显的颗粒,岩样破裂面通常含有部分圆锥面,并不完全是平面,而石灰岩、煤的颗粒细微,破裂面则多是平面。对高径比为2的圆柱岩样,在围压影响系数大于4或内摩擦角φ达到36.87°之后,倾角45°±φ/2的平面将起止于岩样的端面,而不是侧面,难以利用Coulomb准则分析岩样的承载特性。 相似文献
6.
Although the Indus-Tsangpo Suture(ITS) is the most spectacular thrust system of continent-continent collision in the world, fundamental questions about its strength evolution and deformation behavior transition remain unanswered. Here we reported, for the first time, frictional melting-induced pseudotachylytes in the intensively deformed felsic rocks along the ITS zone in southern Tibet. This study reveals that pseudotachylytes induced profound weakness of the boundary fault between Indian and Asian plates. The intrinsically low strength of the foliated microlites crystallized from frictional melt or glass(i.e., pseudotachylyte) at seismogenic depths compared with the surrounding coarse-grained quartzofeldspathic rocks in the brittle and semi-brittle regime is sufficient to explain the localization of shear strain, the development of ductile shear zones embedded in strong wall rocks, and the transition from the strong to weak fault behaviors without invoking the presence of high fluid pressure or low friction coefficient metasomatic materials(e.g., smectite or lizardite) within the faults. 相似文献
7.
J. Ole Kaven Stephen H. Hickman Nicholas C. Davatzes Ovunc Mutlu 《Computational Geosciences》2012,16(3):613-624
Frictional sliding on quasi-statically deforming faults and fractures can be modeled efficiently using a linear complementarity
formulation. We review the formulation in two dimensions and expand the formulation to three-dimensional problems including
problems of orthotropic friction. This formulation accurately reproduces analytical solutions to static Coulomb friction sliding
problems. The formulation accounts for opening displacements that can occur near regions of non-planarity even under large
confining pressures. Such problems are difficult to solve owing to the coupling of relative displacements and tractions; thus,
many geomechanical problems tend to neglect these effects. Simple test cases highlight the importance of including friction
and allowing for opening when solving quasi-static fault mechanics models. These results also underscore the importance of
considering the effects of non-planarity in modeling processes associated with crustal faulting. 相似文献
8.
A plastic deviatoric model with hardening is developed on the basis of geomechanical tests performed in the saturated case on low permeable porous material such as argillite. This model is a generalized Mohr–Coulomb plastic criterion combined with a Drucker–Prager plastic potential and the hardening parameter is the plastic distortion. Three different hardening functions have been introduced on the basis of triaxial tests: an increase of friction angle, a decrease of cohesion after a threshold and a contractancy to dilatancy transition for volumetric plastic strain. This plastic model has been adapted to the partially saturated case. The effective stress is expressed thanks to the equivalent interstitial pressure π. Numerical results are presented for the excavation and monotonous ventilation of a deep cylindrical cavity. A first plastification due to excavation is followed by a second one due to desaturation. The extent of the non-saturated zone provokes an extent of a plastic zone in the rock mass. Analysis shows that the origin of the plastification can be found in the deviatoric stresses because mean effective stresses are compressive during drying. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
A. N. Galybin 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1998,22(3):175-196
The problem of the equilibrium of a plane with a circular hole and a shear crack is considered to model failure of an excavation (borehole or circular opening) in rocks weakened by discontinuities (planes of weakness). It is assumed that sliding occurs in a part of the plane of weakness when the Mohr–Coulomb friction criterion is satisfied due to the stress redistribution caused by the excavation. The method of singular integral equations is employed to solve the boundary value problem. Geomechanical problems concerning borehole breakout and rockburst caused by fault-opening interaction are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Faults in sedimentary rocks can act as fluid pathways or barriers to flow and display a range of deformation styles. These
features can be explained by behaviours observed in deformation experiments on sedimentary rocks that reveal a transition
from dilatant brittle faulting and permeability enhancement to cataclasis and permeability reduction, with increasing porosity,
grain size and confining pressure. This transition implies that faults in sedimentary rocks are unlikely to act as fluid pathways
shallower than ~3 km, unless the sediments have undergone early cementation, or have been exposed following burial and uplift.
This has important implications for many geological processes, including fluid circulation in geothermal systems, formation
of sediment-hosted mineral deposits and earthquakes in subduction zones. Stratiform Zn–Pb deposits that have been interpreted
as syngenetic, seafloor deposits could instead be interpreted as early epigenetic deposits representing the depth at which
faults change from fluid pathways to barriers. 相似文献
11.
The question of whether single- or multi-layers of sedimentary rocks will fault or fold when subjected to layer-parallel shortening is investigated by means of the theory of elastic-plastic, strain-hardening materials, which should closely describe the properties of sedimentary rocks at high levels in the Earth's crust. The most attractive feature of the theory is that folding and faulting, intimately related in nature, are different responses of the same idealized material to different conditions.When single-layers of sedimentary rock behave much as strain-hardening materials they are unlikely to fold, rather they tend to fault, because contrasts in elasticity and strength properties of sedimentary rocks are low. Amplifications of folds in such materials are negligible whether contacts between layer and media are bonded or free to slip for single layers of dolomite, limestone, sandstone, or siltstone in media of shale. Multilayers of these same rocks fault rather than fold if contacts are bonded, but they fold readily if contacts between layers are frictionless, or have low yield strengths, for example due to high pore-water pressure. Faults may accompany the folds, occurring where compression is increased in cores of folds. Where there is predominant reverse faulting in sedimentary sequences, there probably were few structural units. 相似文献
12.
The strength of frozen soils has been one of the most extensively studied aspects in frozen soil mechanics. When carrying
out deep excavations using freezing methods, high stress states are often encountered. Therefore, the strength of frozen soils
under high confining pressures is of major concern. This paper first reviews the present failure criteria for frozen soils,
especially with regard to the effect of confining pressure on the strength. It is suggested that the strength consists of
two components, cohesion and friction, and can be expressed by the Mohr–Coulomb criterion and in the framework of the Drucker–Prager
criterion. However, these two components are both dependent on the stress state. Duncan’s equation for the friction angle
is extended to frozen soils. A frozen Lanzhou fine sand is taken as study subject. The frozen sand is compressed at a high
strain rate under three different temperatures and under a wide range of confining pressure. Experimental results have confirmed
the generally recognized principle that the strength increases with the confining pressure up to certain value. Thereafter,
it decreases with continued increase in confining pressure. Experimental data from our own tests and literature are fitted
to the new criterion, which shows its validity. 相似文献
13.
大尺度断层往往控制了沉积盆地的形成和油气成藏,而小尺度断层则影响着注水开发效果和剩余油分布.大尺度断层可以通过二维或三维地震资料识别,而小尺度断层的识别则特别困难.本文提出了一种基于断层分形生长模式和三维地质力学模拟相结合来确定小尺度断层的数量、发育位置和方位的方法,并根据油田开发动态资料来确定小尺度断层对注水开发和剩余油分布的影响.将地震上识别的大尺度断层引入到三维数值力学模型中,模拟大尺度断层形成时期断裂带附近的应力扰动作用,然后结合破裂准则来建立最易发生破裂的方位和最大库伦剪切应力网格,以这两套网格和断层尺度的幂律分布确定的小尺度断层数量为约束条件来确定随机模型,对小尺度断层的密度、产状和发育位置进行定量预测.研究表明:利用分形理论和三维地质力学模拟可以对大尺度断层伴生小尺度断层进行有效预测;小尺度断层对注水开发效果和剩余油分布的影响取决于小尺度断层的规模(断距)以及小尺度断层方位和注采方向的关系. 相似文献
14.
压缩作用下岩石内部细观裂纹扩展导致岩石产生损伤,其对岩石变形、强度等力学特性有着重要影响;然而,岩石内部裂纹扩展与剪切特性（黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力）动态演化关系很少被研究。基于裂纹扩展机制推出的岩石应力-应变本构模型,并结合摩尔-库仑失效准则,推出了在岩石应力-应变关系峰值应力（对应岩石压缩强度）状态时,本构模型细观力学参数与岩石黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切强度之间的状态关系。然后,引入岩石应力-应变本构关系塑性变形阶段服从摩尔-库仑屈服准则的力学流动规律,进而将已推出的应力-应变关系峰值状态点所满足的细观力学参数与黏聚力、内摩擦角关系,推广到岩石进入塑性变形后,岩石内部裂纹扩展（或应变）与黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力动态演化的理论关系。随着裂纹扩展或应变增加,黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力先增大,达到一个峰值点后减小,该结果与应力-应变本构曲线变化趋势相对应。通过试验结果验证了所提出理论结果的合理性。并讨论了初始裂纹之间摩擦系数对黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力随裂纹扩展或应变演化规律的影响。 相似文献
15.
为研究北京富水砂卵石地层冻结后的强度特性,以北京某地铁暗挖车站砂卵石为研究对象,进行不同温度（?5、?10、?15、?20℃）,不同围压（0.0、0.3、0.8、1.3、2.0、3.0、4.0、8.0 MPa）条件下三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：冻结砂卵石的应力-应变曲线以应变软化形态为主,高负温、高围压条件下,呈现理想塑性破坏形态;砂卵石强度、黏聚力和摩擦角均随温度降低而增大,其中强度呈指数分布,黏聚力和摩擦角呈线性分布;强度和弹性模量随围压增加而增大,但增大趋势逐渐减小,低围压压缩区强度满足线性Morh-Coulomb（简称M-C）准则;冻结砂卵石的破坏形态以破裂面始/终于试样侧面的剪切破坏为代表,张拉型破坏受冰影响显著,仅存在于低围压条件下,高围压、高负温时易出现体胀型破坏。 相似文献
16.
Two hundred observations of frictional behavior of seven low-porosity silicate rocks were made at temperatures to 700°C and pressures from 2.5 to 6 kbar. For all rocks except one, peridotite, stick-slip occurred at low temperature and gave way to stable sliding at some high temperature, different for each rock. These differences could be related to the presence or absence of minerals such as amphibole, mica, or serpentine. Up to some temperature, depending on rock type, the friction stress was relatively unaffected by temperature. The shear stress decreased at higher temperature, and in some cases such decrease was related to the coincidence of fracture and friction strength. While somewhat dependent on rock type, the friction stress for the seven rocks studied was about the same, within 10–15%. Up to 265°C, water had little effect on the frictional behavior of faulted granite at 3 kbar effective pressure. The frictional stresses measured in the laboratory were significantly higher than estimated for natural faults. This difference could be accounted for by high pore pressure or weak alteration materials in the natural fault zone. 相似文献
17.
18.
广西大瑶山古里脑和龙头山金矿岩浆期后断裂成矿作用及找矿意义 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
通过对大瑶山区古里脑和龙头山金矿床地层、岩浆岩含矿性的分析,并进行断裂构造作用多期性的分析和岩浆期后断裂成矿作用的讨论,认为该区深部地层和岩体中的金元素在次火山—斑岩期后断裂构造热液的作用下逐步向上叠加、富集成矿;矿体与岩浆岩体在空间上具有密切的关系;构造-热液作用导致次火山岩、斑岩体或周围地层产生破碎,并使成矿热液沿裂隙充填和再充填而形成金矿体,区内凡构成工业富集的富矿体和含金石英脉或破碎带都与多期次活动的构造-热液作用有关。因此,多期活动的构造-热液作用在大瑶山区具有非常重要的找矿意义。 相似文献
19.
The Ivrea Zone in Northern Italy consists of amphibolite and granulite facies metasedimentary, metabasic, and ultrabasic rocks, and is thought to represent a section through the deep continental crust. Detailed mapping of the high grade part of this zone has revealed a series of high temperature shear zones, which, after the effects of later low temperature faulting and folding have been removed, appears to accommodate extension of the sequence. The shear zones formed at temperatures similar to those at which thermal equilibration occurred in the host rocks, and locally show evidence for development under prograde conditions. These observations fit well with thermal effects calculated from a simple heat flow model for extensional faulting. In this model the effects of shear heating and displacement of cool hanging-wall rocks against hotter footwall rocks are calculated.
These observations indicate that faulting as a mode of failure may be important during extension of the lower continental crust, especially when basic rocks are the dominant components of the rock pile. A restored section through the extended lower crust as observed in the Ivrea Zone is presented, and the extent to which the features observed are able to explain seismic reflectivity of the lower crust is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Schuman Wu 《Tectonophysics》1989,170(3-4):171-182
In a low-temperature environment, the thin-section scale rock-deformation mode is primarily a function of confining pressure and total strain at geological strain rates. A deformation mode diagram is constructed from published experimental data by plotting the deformation mode on a graph of total strain versus the confining pressure. Four deformation modes are shown on the diagram: extensional fracturing, mesoscopic faulting, incipient faulting, and uniform flow. By determining the total strain and the deformation mode of a naturally deformed sample, the confining pressure and hence the depth at which the rock was deformed can be evaluated. The method is applied to normal faults exposed on the gently dipping southeast limb of the Birmingham anticlinorium in the Red Mountain expressway cut in Birmingham, Alabama. Samples of the Ordovician Chickamauga Limestone within and adjacent to the faults contain brittle structures, including mesoscopic faults and veins, and ductile deformation features including calcite twins, intergranular and transgranular pressure solution, and deformed burrows. During compaction, a vertical shortening of about 45 to 80% in shale is indicated by deformed burrows and relative compaction of shale to burrows, about 6% in limestone by stylolites. The normal faults formed after the Ordovician rocks were consolidated because the faults and associated veins truncate the deformed burrows and stylolites, which truncate the calcite cement. A total strain of 2.0% was caused by mesoscopic faults during normal faulting. A later homogenous deformation, indicated by the calcite twins in veins, cement and fossil fragments, has its major principal shortening strain in the dip direction at a low angle (about 22°) to bedding. The strain magnitude is about 2.6%. By locating the observed data on the deformation mode diagram, it is found that the normal faulting characterized by brittle deformation occurred under low confining pressure (< 18 MPa) at shallow depth (< 800 m), and the homogenous horizontal compression characterized by uniform flow occurred under higher confining pressure (at least 60 MPa) at greater depth (> 2.5 km). 相似文献