共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
HUANG Guangyuan 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2001,44(2):159-165
Some new imaging formulas for seismic reflection wave and their theoretical basis are given. Phenomena of wave propagation
should be characterized by instantaneous spectrum and expressed by complex function of three variables (time, space and frequency)
in mathematics. Various physical parameters of medium are also complex functions of two variables (space and frequency). The
relationship between reflection coefficient of medium and spectrum of reflected wave is given. Multi-reflection and filter
of formations are considered in inversion formulas. Problems in classical convolution model and wave equation are illustrated.
All these inversion formulas can be used to image underground medium by wavelet transform and method of “3-basic colors”.
Different colors mean different media. 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACTThe Pettitt test is widely used in climate change and hydrological analyses. However, studies show difficulties of this test in detecting change points, especially in small samples. This study presents a bootstrap application of the Pettitt test, and compares it numerically with the classical Pettitt test by an extensive Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed test outperforms the classical test in all simulated scenarios. An application of the tests is conducted on the historical series of naturalized flows of the Itaipu Hydroelectric Plant in Brazil, for which several studies have shown a change point in the 1970s. When the series is split into shorter sub-series, to simulate actual situations of small samples, the proposed test is more powerful than the classical Pettitt test in detecting the change point. The proposed test can be an important tool for detecting abrupt changes in water availability, in support of hydroclimatological resources decision making. 相似文献
3.
Che Yong-tai Yu Jin-zi Zhang Shu-liang Fan Xue-fang Guo Jun-jie Zhang Tian-yuan Yang Jin-lan 《地震学报(英文版)》2002,15(2):226-233
A lot of slow fluctuations of water level have been observed in the original recording maps of subsurface fluid in Well Shuozhou,
Shanxi Province. Some typical recording maps of the “precursors” are introduced in the paper and the features of the “precursors”
recorded by the well are analyzed. The results show that 38% strong earthquakes possess this kind of record, which has a fluctuation
period arranging from several to tens of minutes and appear mostly two days before the earthquakes. Moreover, the mechanism,
transmission and responding conditions of well water level are discussed, as well as the scientific meaning and practical
value of the “precursor” of the well water level in earthquake predictions.
Foundation item: State Natural Science Foundation of China (19973011). 相似文献
4.
We consider an inverse problem of determination of short-period (high-frequency) radiator in an extended earthquake source. This radiator is assumed to be noncoherent (i.e., random), it can be described by its power flux or brightness (which depends on time and location over the extended source). To decide about this radiator we try to use temporal intensity function (TIF) of a seismic waveform at a given receiver point. It is defined as (time-varying) mean elastic wave energy flux through unit area. We suggest estimating it empirically from the velocity seismogram by its squaring and smoothing. We refer to this function as observed TIF. We believe that one can represent TIF produced by an extended radiator and recorded at some receiver point in the earth as convolution of the two components: (1) ideal intensity function (ITIF) which would be recorded in the ideal nonscattering earth from the same radiator; and (2) intensity function which would be recorded in the real earth from unit point instant radiator (intensity Green's function, IGF). This representation enables us to attempt to estimate an ITIF of a large earthquake by inverse filtering or deconvolution of the observed TIF of this event, using the observed TIF of a small event (actually, fore-or aftershock) as the empirical IGF. Therefore, the effect of scattering is stripped off. Examples of the application of this procedure to real data are given. We also show that if one can determine far-field ITIF for enough rays, one can extract from them the information on space-time structure of the radiator (that is, of brightness function). We apply this theoretical approach to short-periodP-wave records of the 1978 Miyagi-oki earthquake (M=7.6). Spatial and temporal centroids of a short-period radiator are estimated. 相似文献
5.
Geospatial-temporal analysis of land-use changes in the Yellow River Delta during the last 40 years 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Research on land use/land cover changes (LUCC)has been the core project of the Global EnvironmentalChanges since the 1990s[1—6]. Scientists at home andabroad have been laying emphasis on integrationstudies on land-use change by “space and process”features[7—10] as researches on LUCC are in a greatdeal. It is of paramount important for us to studyLUCC at various spatial-temporal scales and build aquantitative assessment of land-use conversion by in-tegrated spatial-temporal features. … 相似文献
6.
According to the urbanization extent of Beijing area, and with 1980 as a turning point, the duration from 1961 to 2000 is divided into two periods: one is defined as the slow urbanization period from 1961 to 1980, and other one as the fast urbanization period from 1981 to 2000. Based on the 40-year’s precipi-tation data of 14 standard weather stations in Beijing area, the effect of urbanization on precipitation distribution is studied. It is found that there has been a noticeable and systematic change of wi... 相似文献
7.
The properties of rock resitivity were studied under pressure, particularly with “stress reversal”, a procedure in which the
pressure applied was increased and decreased.
It was observed that, 1) With pressure increasing, the main feature of resistivity change was increase-steady-decrease for
high-saturation rock samples (saturation 70–100%). But the main feature for low-saturation samples was different. 2) In 10
out of 11 cases of “stress reversal” for high-saturation samples the resistivity droped (about 2%). Such drop could explain
the anomalies in geoelectricity terms, which are commonly observed before earthquakes in China. 3) It was also observed shortly
before rock failure that, a) the resistivity drops more dramatically (about 20%) during “stress reversal” period, which is
much more than ordinary drops. b) these drops occurred not only during stress decrease but also during stress increase. c)
Resistivity exhibits anisotropy: the resistivity along different directions may differ by 10%. These three features may indicate
that the rock is nearing failure, while ordinary resistivity drops are only connected with “stress reversal” and may not mean
the imminence of rock failure. 4) Resistivity increase was observed during the “stress reversal” period for low-saturation
rock samples.
The results mentioned above were explained with the effect of water flowing in and out of the cracks of rock. The temporary
factors which yield a reduction of the maximum main stress, may enhence the possibility of earthquake occurrence. 相似文献
8.
J. Kelman A. de M. Vieira J. E. Rodriguez-Amaya 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2000,14(2):123-138
Stochastic models are often fitted to historical data in order to produce streamflow scenarios. These scenarios are used
as input data for simulation/optimization models that support operational decisions for water resource systems. The streamflow
scenarios are sampled from probability distributions conditioned on the available information, such as recent streamflow data.
In this paper we introduce a procedure for further conditioning the probability distributions by considering the recent measurements
of climatic variables, such as sea temperatures, that are used to describe the occurrence of El Ni?o. We adopt an auto-regressive
model and use the “El Ni?o information” to refine the parameter estimation process for each time step. The corresponding methodology
is tested for the monthly energy time series, “inflowing” to the power plants of Colombia. This is a linear combination of
streamflow values for the 18 most important rivers of the country. 相似文献
9.
Variation of snow water resources in northwestern China, 1951–1997 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
Peiji Li 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1999,42(1):72-79
Two models are used to simulate the high-altitude permafrost distribution on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The two models are
the “altitude model”, a Gaussian distribution function used to describe the latitudinal zonation of permafrost based on the
three-dimensional rules of high-altitude permafrost, and the “frost number model”, a dimensionless ratio defined by manipulation
of freezing and thawing degree-day sums. The results show that the “altitude model” can simulate the high-altitude permafrost
distribution under present climate conditions accurately. Given the essential hypotheses and using the GCM scenarios from
HADCM2, the “altitude model” is used for predicting the permafrost distribution change on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The
results show that the permafrost on the plateau will not change significantly during 20–50 a, the percentage of the total
disappeared area will not be over 19%. However, by the year 2099, if the air temperature increases by an average of 2.91°C
on the plateau, the decrease in the area of permafrost will exceed 58%—almost all the permafrost in the southern plateau and
in the eastern plateau will disappear.
Project “Fundamental Research of Cryosphere” supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 相似文献
10.
Karel Diviš Viktor Höschl Stanislav Hrách Reviewer M. Pick 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1981,25(1):14-23
Summary The results of pressure tests of gravimeters Worden No. 961, CG-2 Nos 174 G, 323 and 374 in a pressure chamber are presented. Apart from deriving the barometric correction, the authors have also studied accompanying phenomena, which occur during pressure tests of gravimeters — the barometric after-effect and hysteresis. The processing of the results in two ways differing in the method of eliminating the drift of the gravimeter, yields nearly identical results. The hysteresis was investigated for atmospheric pressures of 720±150 Torr (1 Torr=0.133322 kPa), a rate of change of 30 Torr/min and a temperature of 22°C. The barometric after-effect was investigated in greater detail for the CG-2 gravimeter No. 174 G at a pressure difference of 225 Torr, rate of change of 30, 15 and 7.5 Torr/min and a gravimeter heating temperature of 35 °C. It was also found that the barometric correction can be determined, using the method given, with sufficient accuracy. As a result of the existence of hysteresis, however, the derived results must be applied carefully in field gravity measurements with some gravimeters. 相似文献
11.
An alternative “direct method” to “mean dynamic topography” (MDT) computations using satellite altimetry-derived “mean sea
surface” (MSS) and “global geopotential model” (GGM), without direct application of the geoid, is devised. The developed approach,
which is based on derivation of an equipotential surface of the gravity field of the Earth that fits to global MSS in least
squares sense, is formulated via a constrained optimization problem. The validity of our method is numerically tested by computing
a global MDT model based on DNSC08 MSS model and EGM2008 GGM as input data. 相似文献
12.
Lake water levels change under the influences of natural and/or anthropogenic environmental conditions. Among these influences are the climate change, greenhouse effects and ozone layer depletions which are reflected in the hydrological cycle features over the lake drainage basins. Lake levels are among the most significant hydrological variables that are influenced by different atmospheric and environmental conditions. Consequently, lake level time series in many parts of the world include nonstationarity components such as shifts in the mean value, apparent or hidden periodicities. On the other hand, many lake level modeling techniques have a stationarity assumption. The main purpose of this work is to develop a cluster regression model for dealing with nonstationarity especially in the form of shifting means. The basis of this model is the combination of transition probability and classical regression technique. Both parts of the model are applied to monthly level fluctuations of Lake Van in eastern Turkey. It is observed that the cluster regression procedure does preserve the statistical properties and the transitional probabilities that are indistinguishable from the original data. 相似文献
13.
Willem V. R. Malkus 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1983,121(3):391-400
A new formulation of the problem of the statistical stability of fully turbulent shear flow is proposed, in which one seeks
mean fields that bound the observed flow from the stable side. In the spirit of maximum transport theory, this formulation
admits a larger set of “flows” than are dynamically possible. A sequence of constraints derived from the equations of motion
can narrow this set, permitting at each step the determination of a “most stable” field free of any empirical elements. Turbulent
channel flow is proposed as the first application and test of this quantitative theory. Past deductive theories for this flow,
from “mean field” to “transport upper bounds,” are assessed. It is shown why these theories do not retain the significant
destabilizing mechanisms of the actual flow. The implications for turbulent flow of recent work on the nonlinear and three-dimensional
instability of laminar shearing flow are described. In first exploration of the “decoupled mean” stability theory proposed
here, approximate analytical and numerical stability methods are used to find an amplitude and structure for the averaged
flow propoerties. The quantitative results differ by considerably less than two from the observed values, providing an incentive
for a more complete numerical study and for further constraints on the admitted class of flows. In the language now current
for nonlinear stability theory, evidence is advanced here that anN-dimensional central manifold is adjacent to the realized turbulent flow, whereN has the largest possible value compatible with the dynamical relations. 相似文献
14.
B. Růžek P. Hrubcová M. Novotný A. Špičák O. Karousová 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2007,51(1):141-164
A series of kinematic inversions based on robust non-linear optimization approach were performed using travel time data from
a series of seismic refraction experiments: CELEBRATION 2000, ALP 2002 and SUDETES 2003. These experiments were performed
in Central Europe from 2000 to 2003. Data from 8 profiles (CEL09, CEL10, Alp01, S01, S02, S03, S04 and S05) were processed
in this study. The goal of this work was to find seismic velocity models yielding travel times consistent with observed data.
Optimum 2D inhomogeneous isotropic P-wave velocity models were computed. We have developed and used a specialized two-step
inverse procedure. In the first “parametric” step, the velocity model contains interfaces whose shapes are defined by a number
of parameters. The velocity along each interface is supposed to be constant but may be different along the upper and lower
side of the interface. Linear vertical interpolation is used for points in between interfaces. All parameters are searched
for using robust non-linear optimization (Differential Evolution algorithm). Rays are continuously traced by the bending technique.
In the second “tomographic” step, small-scale velocity perturbations are introduced in a dense grid covering the currently
obtained velocity model. Rays are fixed in this step. Final velocity models yield travel time residuals comparable to typical
picking errors (RMS ∼ 0.1 s).
As a result, depth-velocity cross-sections of P waves along all processed profiles are obtained. The depth range of the models
is 35–50 km, the velocity varies in the range 3.5–8.2 km/s. Lowest velocities are detected in near-surface depth sections
crossing sedimentary formations. The middle crust is generally more homogeneous and has typical P wave velocity around 6 km/s.
Surprisingly the lower crust is less homogeneous and the computed velocity is in the range 6.5–7.5 km/s. The MOHO is detected
in the depth ≈30–45 km. 相似文献
15.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2):353-366
Abstract Statistical analyses of hydrological time series play a vital role in water resources studies. Twenty-nine statistical tests for detecting time series characteristics were evaluated by applying them to analyse 46 years of annual rainfall, 47 years of 1-day maximum rainfall and consecutive 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-day maximum rainfalls at Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. The performance of all the tests was evaluated. No severe outliers were found, and both the annual and maximum rainfall series were found to be normally distributed. Based on the known physical parameters affecting the homogeneity, the cumulative deviations and the Bayesian tests were found to be superior to the classical von Neumann test. Similarly, the Tukey test proved excellent among all the multiple comparison tests. These tests indicated that all the seven rainfall series are homogeneous. Two parametric t tests and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test indicated stationarity in all the rainfall series. Of 12 trend detection tests, nine tests indicated no trends in the rainfall series. The Kendall's Rank Correlation test and the Mann-Kendall test were found equally powerful. Moreover, the Fourier series analysis revealed no apparent periodicities in all the seven rainfall series. The annual rainfall series was found persistent with a time lag of nine years. All the rainfall series were subjected to stochastic analysis by fitting 35 autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) models of different orders. The best-fit models for the original annual rainfall and 1-, 2- and 3-day maximum rainfall series were found to be ARMA(0,4), ARMA(0,2), ARMA(0,2) and ARMA(3,0), respectively. The best-fit model for the logarithmically transformed 4-day maximum rainfall was found to be ARMA(0,2). However, for the inversely transformed 4-, 5- and 6-day maximum rainfall series, ARMA(0,1) was obtained as the best-fit model. It is concluded that proper selection of time series tests and use of several tests is indispensable for making useful and reliable decisions. 相似文献
16.
Bertrand Guillier Kuvvet Atakan Jean-Luc Chatelain Jens Havskov Matthias Ohrnberger Fabrizio Cara Anne-Marie Duval Stratos Zacharopoulos Paula Teves-Costa The SESAME Team 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2008,6(1):3-31
For an optimal analysis of the H/V curve, it appears necessary to check the instrument signal to noise ratio in the studied
frequency band, to ensure that the signal from the ground noise is well above the internal noise. We assess the reliability
and accuracy of various digitizers, sensors and/or digitizer-sensor couples. Although this study is of general interest for
any kind of seismological study, we emphasize the influence of equipment on H/V analysis results. To display the impact of
the instrumental part on the H/V behavior, some series of tests have been carried out following a step-by-step procedure:
first, the digitizers have been tested in the lab (sensitivity, internal noise...), then the three components sensors, still
in the lab, and finally the usual user digitizers-sensors couple in lab and outdoors. In general, the digitizer characteristics,
verified during this test, correspond well to the manufacturer specifications, however, depending on the digitizer, the quality
of the digitized waveform can be very good to very poor, with variation from a channel to another channel (gain, time difference
etc.). It appears very clearly that digitizers need a warming up time before the recording to avoid problems in the low-frequency
range. Regarding the sensors, we recommend strongly to avoid the use of “classical” accelerometers (i.e., usual force balance
technology). The majority of tested seismometers (broadband and short period, even 4.5 Hz) can be used without problems from
0.4 to 25 Hz. In all cases, the instrumentation should be checked first to verify that it works well for the defined study
aim, but also to define its limit of use (frequency, sensitivity...). 相似文献
17.
P. Galiatsatou P. Prinos 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2011,25(2):165-183
In the present paper a statistical model for extreme value analysis is developed, considering seasonality. The model is applied
to significant wave height data from the N. Aegean Sea. To build this model, a non-stationary point process is used, which
incorporates apart from a time varying threshold and harmonic functions with a period of one year, a component μ
w(t) estimated through the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a dual role in the present study. It detects the significant
“periodicities” of the signal by means of the wavelet global and scale-averaged power spectra and then is used to reconstruct
the part of the time series, μ
w(t), represented by these significant features. A number of candidate models, which incorporate μ
w(t) in their location and scale parameters are tried. To avoid overparameterisation, an automatic model selection procedure
based on the Akaike information criterion is carried out. The best obtained model is graphically evaluated by means of diagnostic
plots. Finally, “aggregated” return levels with return periods of 20, 50 and 100 years, as well as time-dependent quantiles
are estimated, combining the results of the wavelet analysis and the Poisson process model, identifying a significant reduction
in return level estimation uncertainty, compared to more simple non-stationary models. 相似文献
18.
Different statistical methodologies can be employed to identify possible trend components in any hydro-meteorological time series. A pre-whitening (P-W) procedure has been suggested to reduce the serial correlation effect on Mann-Kendall (M-K) trend analysis. In this paper, instead of P-W, an over-whitening (O-W) procedure is suggested, which generates serially independent series with the same trend slope value. Analytically necessary formulations for O-W are presented with a non-parametric but simple innovative trend assessment procedure, which are supported by extensive simulation studies. The applications of the methodology are presented for eight factual time series records from tropical, temperate and arid regions including temperature, rainfall, streamflow, relative humidity and CO2 concentrations for different short and long durations. Relative humidity and CO2 records are monthly time series and, hence, there are trend and periodicity components. It is noticed in all cases that the natural trends remain as they were after the O-W procedure, thus providing an opportunity to determine reliably the trends embedded even in the serially dependent series. The O-W procedure is applicable even in the cases of periodicity in the original records. 相似文献
19.
SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating from K-bentonite in the top of Ordovician of Wangjiawan Section,Yichang, Hubei,China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hirnantian Stage (the latest stage of the Ordovician System) is defined at a point 0.39m below the base of the Kuanyinchiao Bed in the Wangjiawan North Section, which is the upper most "golden spike" of the Ordovician. However, this "golden spike" is lack of reliable geochronology data. This article gives a sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMPII) zircon U-Pb dating for a K-bentonite sample from the Kuany-inchiao Bed in the Wangjiawan North Section. The age of the K-bentonite sample is 443.2±1.6 Ma, that is to say, the isotopic age of the uppermost of Hirnantian Stage, the point of Ordovician-Silurian boundary, should be near to, but slightly younger than 443.2±1.6 Ma. This age is identical to the Ordovi-cian-Silurian boundary age 443.7±1.5 Ma as declared by International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). So, this research provides some good geochronlogical data for the Hirnantian Stage and the Ordovician-Silurian boundary as well as the global correlation. 相似文献
20.
Based on grey set, grey numbers and their operation properties, the grey numerical model of groundwater seepage system was
set up for the first time, the whole grey solving method of the model was given and it was proved that the common solving
method of the model was only a special case of the grey solving methods. At the same time, the grey solving method was compared
widely with common solving method, classical numerical method. The study shows that the grey solving method is better in depicting
the procedure of transporting grey data of groundwater system. On the basis of the theoretical study, two basic kinds of cases
about groundwater seepage were selected: the prediction of pit yield and the evaluation of groundwater resources on a groundwater
basin. In the cases, systematical analyses were made for generalization and greylization of the hydrogeologic conditions,
setting up of the grey model, identification and correction of the model as well as its prediction and evaluation. It was
pointed out that when the grey numerical model is used to predict pit yield, the upper limit of the “grey band” of groundwater
level cannot be higher than planed safe groundwater level, when evaluating the groundwater resource, the lower limit of the
“grey band” of groundwater level cannot be lower than controlled level of groundwater. 相似文献