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本文以实际震例为依据,叙述了天山地震带中强地震前地下水中硫化氢气体的短临异常特征。以硫化氢气体为例,对地下气体的地震前兆机理进行了粗浅的讨论。指出中强地震前,硫化氢气体普遍出现短期异常变化,临震突变现象也比较清楚。硫化氢气体在短临异常阶段的特征具有动力过程(应力应变能的预释放)的突发性、气量增长的突变性和异常时间的短促性。文中还对前兆近场和前兆远场在不同孕震阶段中的受力状态和异常特征进行了分析。认为主破裂前的加速蠕滑和微破裂以及由此而产生的超声振动和低频形变波的传播是临震前地下水中硫化氢气、氡气和其他气体浓度普遍增高的主要原因。 相似文献
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态矢量方法的实验研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
在地震等灾变的发生之前，会出现一定的前兆现象。中通过实验方法对这些前兆现象之一的态矢量的异常变化进行了研究。实验使用声发射技术(Acoustic Emission)，对三轴应力条件下岩石试件内部微裂纹的产生和扩展进行了记录。实验结果表明在岩石试件最终破坏之前，表征态矢量的相关参量都发生了异常明显的变化，这表明态矢量的异常变化可以被用作为岩石等脆性材料灾变的前兆，使用态矢量方法可以对脆性材料的破坏乃至地震作出预测。 相似文献
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K. -K. Liu T. -F. Yui Y. -H. Yeh Y. -B. Tsai T. -L. Teng 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(2-4):231-244
Radon (222Rn) concentration in geothermal waters and CO2-rich cold springwaters collected weekly in duplicate samples from four stations in northern Taiwan were measured from July 1980 to December 1983. Seven spike-like radon anomalies (increases of 2 to 3 times the standard deviation above the mean) were observed at three stations. Following every anomaly except one, an earthquake ofM
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above 4.6 occurred within 4 to 51 days, at an epicentral distance 14 to 45 km, and at a focal depth of less than 10 km. The distribution of the earthquakes preceded by radon anomalies is skewed in certain directions from the radon stations; the radon stations seem to be insensitive to earthquakes occurring in the other directions. At the fourth station, near a volcanic area, much gas (mainly CO2) is discharged from the well, together with hot water. A very high concentration of radon was detected in the discharged gas; therefore trapping of gas in the water can result in anomalously high radon contents. According to limited measurements, the radon concentration in water appears to be undersaturated with respect to that in gas. This suggests that hot water is very susceptible to radon loss, and monitoring of radon in gas is more desirable. 相似文献
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嘉峪关气氡浓度在多年上升的背景下,于2017年出现了转折异常变化,但祁连山地震带内一直没有发生与异常幅度和持续时间相匹配的地震,直到2021年5月22日,在距离嘉峪关气氡测点570 km的玛多发生MS7.4地震。为了判断嘉峪关气氡浓度异常与玛多地震的关系,结合震例,从异常信度、震前异常特征、震后异常变化及地质构造背景等方面对其进行深入分析。结果发现:嘉峪关气氡浓度的异常特征与地震所处的构造有关,发生在祁连山地震带内的地震,气氡浓度异常表现为1年或半年尺度的年畸变,发生在该地震带以外远距离的地震,气氡浓度异常表现为多年的趋势性变化;玛多地震发生后,嘉峪关气氡浓度下降速率减缓之后转折,呈恢复状态;嘉峪关气氡测点与玛多地震都位于青藏高原东北部,具有相同的动力背景且在构造上具有关联性。综合分析认为嘉峪关气氡多年趋势异常与玛多MS7.4地震有关,研究对建立可靠的异常指标体系、提高地震预测水平具有重要意义。 相似文献
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松原5.7级地震震中区土壤氢气变化特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2018年5月28日吉林松原发生5.7级地震,为了探究地震对断层气的影响以及震后断层气变化特征,震后在震中区进行了多期土壤氢气浓度观测工作,得到了震中区氢气浓度的最大值、背景值等多项指标。结合地震前后氢气浓度数据,分析震中区震前、震后氢气浓度趋势性变化情况,结果显示:在此次地震活动中,氢气浓度变化有"震前缓慢升高—临震下降—震后迅速升高—强余震前再次骤升"的现象;氢气浓度变化与地震活动间有很好的映震关系,主震对氢气浓度的上升起主要作用,而余震则起诱发作用,余震的活动会使赋存在地下岩石裂隙的氢气释放量增大,表明氢气对余震活动的响应较灵敏;另外,震后某一时刻空气中的氢气浓度也会升高,这可能与区域断层中的氢气逸散到大气中有一定关系。 相似文献
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Mechanisms for interpreting anomalous decreases in radon in ground water prior to earthquakes are examined with the help of a case study to show that radon potentially is a sensitive tracer of strain changes in the crust preceding an earthquake. The 2003 Chengkung earthquake of magnitude (M) 6.8 on December 10, 2003, was the strongest earthquake near the Chengkung area in eastern Taiwan since 1951. The Antung radon-monitoring station was located 20 km from the epicenter. Approximately 65 d prior to the 2003 Chengkung earthquake, precursory changes in radon concentration in ground water were observed. Specifically, radon decreased from a background level of 780 pCi/L to a minimum of 330 pCi/L. The Antung hot spring is situated in a fractured block of tuffaceous sandstone surrounded by ductile mudstone. Given these geological conditions, we hypothesized that the dilation of brittle rock mass occurred at a rate faster than the recharge of pore water and gas saturation developed in newly created cracks preceding the earthquake. Radon partitioning into the gas phase may explain the anomalous decrease of radon precursory to the 2003 Chengkung earthquake. To support the hypothesis, vapor-liquid, two-phase radon-partitioning experiments were conducted at formation temperature (60 degrees C) using formation brine from the Antung hot spring. Experimental data indicated that the decrease in radon required a gas saturation of 10% developed in rock cracks. The observed decline in radon can be correlated with the increase in gas saturation and then with the volumetric strain change for a given fracture porosity. 相似文献
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中国水氡观测历经50余年,观测仪器老化严重。2011年至今分别引入新生产的3批次64套FD-125型氡钍分析仪。经过仪器测试、地震台站运行以及多次现场实验,发现:该仪器定标器阈值不应按照地震水文地球化学观测技术规范选定的2 V,需选择0.7 V甚至更低阈值,才能保证测值的可靠稳定,保障水氡观测继续发挥防灾减灾作用。 相似文献
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Geochemical precursors to seismic activity 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Donald Thomas 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,126(2-4):241-266
Studies of earthquake precursory phenomena during the last several decades have found that significant geophysical and geochemical changes can occur prior to intermediate and large earthquakes. Among the more intensely investigated geochemical phenomena have been: (1) changes in the concentrations of dissolved ions and gases in groundwaters and (2) variations in the concentrations of crustal and mantle volatiles in ground gases. The concentration changes have typically showed no conanomalies trend (either increasing or decreasing), and the spatial and temporal distribution of the observed anomalies have been highly variable. As a result, there is little agreement on the physical or chemical processes responsible for the observed anomalies. Mechanisms proposed to account for precursory groundwater anomalies include ultrasonic vibration, pressure sensitive solubility, pore volume collapse, fracture induced increases in reactive surfaces, and aquifer breaching/fluid mixing. Precursory changes in soil gas composition have been suggested to result from pore volume collapse, micro-fracture induced exposure of fresh reactive silicate surfaces, and breaching of buried gas-rich horizons. An analysis of the available field and laboratory data suggests that the aquifer breaching/fluid mixing (AB/FM) model can best account for many of the reported changes in temperature, dissolved ion and dissolved gas concentrations in groundwater. Ultrasonic vibration and pressure sensitive solubility models cannot reasonably account for the geochemical variations observed and, although the pore collapse model could explain some of the observed chemical changes in groundwater and ground gas, uncertainties remain regarding its ability to generate anomalies of the magnitude observed. Other geochemical anomalies, in particular those associated with hydrogen and radon, seem best accounted for by increases in reactive surface areas (IRSA model) that may accompany precursory deformation around the epicenter of an impending earthquake. Analysis of the probable response of these models to the earthquake preparation process, as well as to other environmental factors, suggests that geochemical monitoring programs can provide information that may be valuable in forecasting the probability of an earthquake; however, because of the complexity of the earthquake preparation process, the absolute prediction of seismic events using geochemical methods alone, does not presently appear to be feasible. 相似文献
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《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2012,32(12):1678-1689
Study on the failure process of high concrete dams subjected to strong earthquakes is crucial to reasonable evaluation of their seismic safety. Numerical simulation in this aspect involves dynamic failure analysis of big bulk concrete dam subjected to cyclic loading. The Rock Failure Process Analysis (RFPA) proposed by C.A. Tang, with successful applications to failure modeling of rock and concrete specimens mainly subjected to static loading, is extended for this purpose. For using the proposed model, no knowledge on the cracking route needs to be known beforehand, and no remeshing is required. Simulation of the whole process of elastic deformation, initiation and propagation of microcracks, severe damage and ultimate failure of concrete dams in earthquakes with a unified model is enabled. The model is verified through a shaking table test of an arch dam. Finally a practical gravity dam is employed as a numerical example. Considering the uncertainty in ground motion input and concrete material, typical failure process and failure modes of gravity dam are presented. Several small cracks may occur due to tension particularly at dam neck, dam faces and dam heel, and a few of them evolve into dominant ones. Relatively smaller earthquake may cause damage to the dam neck while a bigger one may bring on cracks at lower parts of the dams. Cracking at the dam bottom may incline to a direction almost perpendicular to the downstream face after propagating horizontally for a certain distance when the shaking is strong enough. 相似文献
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Study on the failure process of high concrete dams subjected to strong earthquakes is crucial to reasonable evaluation of their seismic safety. Numerical simulation in this aspect involves dynamic failure analysis of big bulk concrete dam subjected to cyclic loading. The Rock Failure Process Analysis (RFPA) proposed by C.A. Tang, with successful applications to failure modeling of rock and concrete specimens mainly subjected to static loading, is extended for this purpose. For using the proposed model, no knowledge on the cracking route needs to be known beforehand, and no remeshing is required. Simulation of the whole process of elastic deformation, initiation and propagation of microcracks, severe damage and ultimate failure of concrete dams in earthquakes with a unified model is enabled. The model is verified through a shaking table test of an arch dam. Finally a practical gravity dam is employed as a numerical example. Considering the uncertainty in ground motion input and concrete material, typical failure process and failure modes of gravity dam are presented. Several small cracks may occur due to tension particularly at dam neck, dam faces and dam heel, and a few of them evolve into dominant ones. Relatively smaller earthquake may cause damage to the dam neck while a bigger one may bring on cracks at lower parts of the dams. Cracking at the dam bottom may incline to a direction almost perpendicular to the downstream face after propagating horizontally for a certain distance when the shaking is strong enough. 相似文献
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下关34井气氡高值异常特征分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
介绍下关34井气氡测点及资料对应地震情况,针对2007-2010年气氡观测资料几乎每年相同时段出现的高值异常现象,结合该井水温、降雨、湿度、水位及可能出现的影响因素分析,认为异常可能是由于湿度和集气容积随水位变化与地震前兆异常叠加的结果,为判别气氡异常提供参考和借鉴,以利于提高气氡观测质量及在地震分析预报中的应用. 相似文献
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Two species of microcracks 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
We identify two interrelated but independent species of microcracks with differentorigins and different distributions. One species is the classic high-stress microcracksidentified in laboratory stress-cells associated with acoustic emissions as microcracks openwith increasing stress. The other species is the low-stress distributions of closely-spacedstress-aligned fluid-saturated microcracks that observations of shear-wave splitting （SWS）demonstrate pervade almost all in situ rocks in the upper crust, the lower crust, and theuppermost 400 km of the mantle. On some occasions these two sets of microcracks may beinterrelated and similar （hence ＇species＇） but they typically have fundamentally-differentproperties, different distributions, and different implications. The importance for hydrocarbonexploration and recovery is that SWS in hydrocarbon reservoirs monitors crack alignmentsand preferred directions of fluid-flow. The importance for earthquake seismology is that SWSabove small earthquakes monitors the effects of increasing stress on the pervasive low-stressmicrocrack distributions so that stress-accumulation before, possibly distant, earthquakes canbe recognised and impendin~ earthquakes stress-forecast. 相似文献
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通过系统整理和深入剖析姑咱水氡自有观测以来的数据和所有5级以上地震震例资料,借助过去多次攻关成果经验,尽可能排除姑咱水氡的各种干扰及仪器标定产生的参数变更,总结姑咱水氡的短临异常特征、中短期异常特征及中短期异常特征随时间变化规律,提出了姑咱水氡短临异常指标。 相似文献
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汶川8.0级地震氡观测值震后效应特征初步分析 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
文中收集了2008年5月12日的四川汶川8.0级地震放射性同位素氡的观测资料, 初步分析了汶川地震氡观测值震后效应的特征。 结果表明, 氡震后效应的观测点大多沿着地震破裂带分布即在震源北侧的北东向与南侧的南北向, 变化以阶变上升型为主, 而且部分观测点发生了可能与氡射气浓度相关的水位或流量同步变化。 截止到2008年10月, 大部分产生震后效应的观测点已经恢复到原来测值状态, 但仍有少部分测点保持震后变化的的高值或低值, 甚至有的测点继续上升。 对氡震后效应的初步统计分析结果, 肯定了氡射气具有对地震波响应的特点, 也提出了研究地球化学组分变化与含水层动力过程的关系等问题, 这有利于氡的地震前兆机理的研究。 相似文献