共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 562 毫秒
1.
为了了解2008年5月12日四川汶川MS8.0地震发生的地震活动背景,本文综合历史与现代地震资料,从南北地震带中段及其邻区的视野研究了汶川地震前1~2千年的强震活动性,以及震前20年的地震活动性背景.结果主要表明：（1）至少在2008年之前的1100~1700年中,龙门山断裂带未发生M≥7的地震,相对其南、北两侧的其他活动断裂带（或段）形成一个地震空区,2008年汶川MS8.0地震发生在该空区中;（2）17世纪以来,在由龙门山断裂带大部分地区、川北岷江-虎牙断裂带以及甘南文县-武都断裂带组成的巴颜喀拉块体东边界上共发生了12次M=6.5~8.0地震,显示出一个已持续了近400年、逐渐加速的应变能释放过程,2008年汶川MS8.0地震属于该过程中两次巨大地震之一;（3）汶川地震前20年,龙门山断裂带中、南段不存在背景地震活动的平静,反而显示出比曾经发生过1879年MS8地震的甘南文县-武都断裂带还略高的地震活动背景水平;（4）2008年汶川地震的强度远远超出龙门山断裂带的历史最大地震,说明仅基于数百年至一、两千年的历史地震记载,远不足以正确评估较低滑动速率的、大型活动断裂带的潜在地震危险性. 相似文献
2.
利用2010年和2013年两期一等水准测量数据分析了龙门山断裂带南段芦山MS7.0地震前的应变积累。结果表明:(1)汶川地震的发生明显加速了该区域应变积累的过程,龙门山断裂带南段主要断层区域垂直形变速率为6~9 mm/a,表明汶川地震的发生加速了此次芦山地震的孕育过程;靠近鲜水河断裂带区域垂直形变速率为1~5 mm/a,低于汶川地震前的隆升速度。(2)芦山地震并未释放该区域长期积累的应变能,龙门山断裂带南段仍然具有发生破坏性地震的可能。 相似文献
3.
本文利用2013年芦山M_S7.0级地震同震GPS数据反演了芦山断层几何与断层滑动分布,结果表明:芦山地震发震断层具有南陡北缓、上陡下缓的特征,低倾角的区域位于发震断层北段且靠近映秀断层的一侧;滑动分布模型的最大滑动量为0.82m,其深度为13.67km与小震发生集中平均深度12.5km接近.我们选取1998—2014年龙门山断裂带区域地壳形变观测数据,拟合获得了龙门山断裂带走向方向上的速度分量,发现在汶川M_S8.0地震与芦山M_S7.0地震之间宽度约30km破裂空区,龙门山断裂带西南段与东北段的形变分量以破裂空区为界方向相反.断裂带东北段(汶川地震主要发震断层)的形变分量方向与断层右旋走滑运动方向一致,而在断裂带西南段(芦山地震发震断层)的形变分量方向与断层左旋走滑运动方向一致.芦山地震走滑方向与汶川地震走滑方向相反是因为该断裂带构造运动在特有几何构造下受青藏高原东南向挤压,遇龙门山中段岩石圈楔状构造的阻挡,在汶川M_S8.0地震与芦山M_S7.0地震间的地震空区,形成了构造运动向其两侧分流的结果. 相似文献
4.
本文以龙门山及周边地区为研究对象,考虑区域地质构造差异、主要活动断裂带、地表附加重力影响,建立能反映地表起伏和岩石圈分层结构的龙门山地区三维粘弹性有限元模型。以地壳水平运动速率观测值为约束条件重建研究区现今构造背景应力场,在此基础上分别模拟了汶川地震和芦山地震的发生机理。通过分析同震库仑破裂应力变化与余震空间分布的关系,探讨了2次地震主震对余震的触发作用以及汶川地震对芦山地震的影响。研究表明,汶川地震和芦山地震的余震大部分由其主震触发,汶川地震对芦山地震的余震有约6.78%的触发作用。汶川地震的同震库仑破裂应力在芦山地震主震位置的增加值约为0.016MPa,如果龙门山断裂带南段库仑破裂应力年累积速率按照0.4×10-3-0.6×10-3MPa·a-1计算,汶川地震使芦山地震提前了约27-40年。计算还表明汶川地震和芦山地震的发生使鲜水河断裂带南段和虎牙断裂的库仑破裂应力增加,这些断裂带在未来发生地震的可能性增加。 相似文献
5.
汶川地震后中下地壳及上地幔的粘弹性效应引起的应力变化与芦山地震的发生机制 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用多层粘弹性模型计算了2008年5月12日汶川Mw7.9地震对周围地区尤其是龙门山断裂带南段的影响,结合地震活动性分析,探讨了2013年4月20日芦山Mw6.6地震的发生机制,并对沿龙门山断裂带芦山地震与汶川地震之间的地震空段进行了分析.计算结果表明,由于下部地壳及上地幔的粘弹性效应,芦山地震震源处对应的汶川地震同震库仑应力变化(△CFS)为-0.1bar以下量级,其后随时间逐渐增加,在芦山地震前增加到了0.4bar(有效摩擦系数为0.4)或0.6bar(有效摩擦系数为0.2)以上.这表明,芦山地震的发生与汶川地震的非弹性触发密切相关.芦山地震与汶川地震之间的地震破裂空段存在1970年大邑M6.2地震的库仑应力阴影区(下降区),汶川地震及芦山地震未能使阴影区发生根本变化,因此,如没有其他不可知因素,该空段短期内整体发生破裂,引发大地震的可能性不大. 相似文献
6.
青藏高原东缘低地形变速率的龙门山断裂带上相继发生了2008汶川Mw7.9级地震和2013芦山Mw6.6级地震.地震勘探与震源定位结果揭示了龙门山区域地震空间分布特征：纵向上,龙门山断裂带这两次地震主震均发生在龙门山断裂带上地壳的底部（14~19 km）,绝大部分余震均发生在上地壳范围（5~25 km）,而在其中、下地壳深度范围内鲜见余震发生;横向上,地震（Mw>3）在龙门山断裂带青藏高原一侧密集分布且曾有大震发生,而四川盆地地震稀少（Mw>3）.为探讨龙门山断裂带地震发生机理,并解释以上龙门山区域地震空间分布特征,本文建立了龙门山断裂带西南段跨芦山地震震中区域的四种不同流变结构的龙门山断裂带三维岩石圈模型,以地表GPS观测资料为约束边界条件,数值模拟龙门山断裂带岩石圈在数千年以上长期匀速构造挤压作用下的应力积累特征,探讨了地壳分层流变性质对地壳应力积累的影响,分析了该区域地震空间分布与构造应力积累速率的关系.计算结果表明：该区域在数千年的应力积累过程中,脆性上地壳中应力表现近于恒定值的线性增长趋势,龙门山断裂带上地壳底部出现应力集中积累现象,这一应力集中现象可以解释龙门山断裂带汶川地震与芦山地震主震的发生,及其大部分余震在脆性上地壳中的触发;青藏高原一侧上地壳应力积累速率远远高于四川盆地的应力积累速率,这一应力积累分布现象可以解释龙门山区域青藏高原一侧地震密集而四川盆地地震稀少的地震空间分布特征;通过比较不同流变结构模型中的应力积累状态,认为导致这一应力积累空间分布状态的重要控制因素在于青藏高原中、下地壳较低的黏滞系数与四川盆地中、下地壳较高的黏滞系数的差异.在柔性的中、下地壳内,应力增长近于指数形式,稳定状态之后其应力增长速率近于零,构造应力积累难以达到岩石破裂强度,因而鲜见地震发生.地壳各层位的应力增长率差异与地震成层分布的现象共同揭示了龙门山区域岩石圈分层流变结构：脆性上地壳、韧性中、下地壳（青藏高原一侧较弱,四川盆地一侧较强）、韧性岩石圈上地幔. 相似文献
7.
2013年4月20日四川芦山发生7.0级地震.本文运用反投影远震P波的方法研究了中心频率为1 Hz的芦山地震震源破裂特征.研究结果显示2013年芦山7.0级地震破裂长度约为20 km,震源破裂时间约为26 s.本文认为在芦山地震的开始阶段(0~4 s)震源的破裂是向震中位置两侧进行的.而芦山地震破裂的第二阶段(5~26 s)是单侧破裂.芦山地震最大能量释放区域位于震中以北.本文对比了运用相同方法研究的发生在同一断裂带上的2008年汶川地震震源破裂特征.发现2013年芦山地震和2008年汶川地震有三点相似之处,即,破裂主要沿北东走向的龙门山断裂带发展;最大能量释放区域没有位于震中;能量都是通过多次子事件来释放的,且第二次能量释放是最大能量释放.对比两次地震破裂区域,可以看出芦山地震的破裂区域是在2008年汶川地震破裂区域的西南端发展的.两次地震的破裂区域占了整个龙门山断裂带的三分之二. 相似文献
8.
龙门山断裂带可分为南段、中段和北段,2008年汶川M8.0级地震发生在该断裂带中-北段. 龙门山断裂带南段是否存在发生强震的危险性倍受关注. 利用1977-2012年四川区域地震台网资料,获得了龙门山断裂带南段的地震活动性参数b值图像以及汶川地震前、后b值的差值Δb图像. 同时,根据宽频带数字地震波形资料,计算了2007年以来南段及附近区域ML≥3.8级地震的视应力. 结果表明,2008年汶川地震后,龙门山断裂带南段天全-芦山、泸定和宝兴北部等区域应力增强,而靠近汶川余震区南端的大邑地区应力水平降低. 天全至宝兴段应力水平相对较高,具有发生中-强地震的条件. 鲜水河断裂带康定以南段应力水平低,短期内发生强震的可能性较小. 相似文献
9.
2013年4月20日四川芦山M7.0级地震发生在龙门山断裂带南段,震源机制解为逆冲型.震后3天震区已发生3000多次余震,其中M5级余震4次,最大余震是4月21日17时05分芦山、邛崃交界M5.4级地震,余震区长轴约45 km,短轴约20 km.芦山M7.0级地震与2008年5月12日汶川M8.0级地震均位于龙门山断裂带,但汶川地震发生在该断裂带中-北段,两个地震的余震区存在约45 km的间隔,芦山M7.0级地震不是汶川地震的余震,但两者密切相关. 相似文献
10.
继2008年汶川MS8.0地震和2013年芦山MS7.0地震后,2022年6月1日在龙门山断裂带南段又发生了一次MS6.1强震,距离2013年芦山MS7.0地震震中位置仅10 km.为研究此次地震的发震断层及两次芦山地震的关系,对震后60天的余震序列进行重定位,获得了933个高精度定位结果,EW,NS和UD方向上的定位误差分别为0.15 km,0.13 km和0.23 km.余震序列在水平分布上沿北东—南西向略长,在深度上主要分布在12—20 km,10 km以浅余震很少.余震震源深度剖面显示发震断层面倾向南东,与2013年芦山MS7.0地震发震断层结构中的反冲断层倾向一致,两次芦山地震的发震断层结构相交为复式Y型断裂结构,此次芦山地震的发震断层为其中一条深度更深的反冲断层.此次地震没有产生地表破裂,推测发震断层为一条埋深较深的隐伏断层.两次芦山地震的余震震中分布区跨过了该区域的一条大型逆冲型断裂带,即双石—大川断裂带.深度剖面显示芦山MS7.0地震的南东... 相似文献
11.
A list of volcanic eruption plumes observed to ascend into or near the stratosphere since 1883 shows that the volcanoes divide readily into two groups, one at low and one at higher latitudes. A model for the rise of a buoyant volcanic plume rise as applied to volcanic eruptions is corrected for realistic temperature profiles and for the finite vertical extent of the resultant debris clouds. The utility of the model can be questioned, however, owing to the highly uncertain and variable nature of the efficiency of use of heat energy of buoyant rise. The observed correlation of stratospheric plumes with climatic effects indicates that those plumes nearer the equator have the largest impact on surface temperatures. Analysis of the observations also suggests that injection of debris into the stratosphere is more important in determining the effect on climate than either the total volcanic explosivity of the eruption or the actual height reached within the stratosphere. 相似文献
12.
The earth's largest positive geoid height anomalies are associated with subduction zones and hotspots. Although the correlation with subduction has been noted for many years, the correlation with hotspots is fully evident only when the subduction-related geoid highs are removed from the observed field. Using the assumption that subducted lithospheric slabs are uncompensated and are thermally re-equilibrated with the asthenosphere at the maximum depth of earthquakes, the expected geoid anomaly over subduction zones is calculated. This field provides a satis-factory fit to the observed circum-Pacific high. Subtraction of this predicted anomaly leaves a residual field which is correlated, at greater than the 99% confidence level, with the distribution of hotspots. Broad residual geoid highs occur over the central Pacific and the Africa/eastern Atlantic regions, the same areas where the hotspots are concentrated. The mass anomalies associated with hotspots and subducted slabs apparently control the location of the earth's spin axis. 相似文献
13.
Pore water testing and analysis: the good,the bad,and the ugly 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
The increasingly common practice of collecting and assessing sediment pore water as a primary measure of sediment quality is reviewed. Good features of this practice include: pore water is a key exposure route for some organisms associated with sediments; pore water testing eliminates particle size effects; pore water analyses and tests can provide useful information regarding contamination and pollution. Bad features include: pore water is not the only exposure route; pore water tests lack chemical or biological realism: their "sensitivity" relative to other tests may be meaningless due to manipulation and laboratory artifacts; many sediment and surface dwelling organisms are not directly influenced by pore water. Bad features can become ugly if: other exposure pathways are not considered (for toxicity or bioaccumulation); manipulation techniques are not appropriate; pore water tests are inappropriately linked to population-level effects. Pore water testing and analyses can be effective tools provided their limitations are well understood by researchers and managers. 相似文献
14.
15.
Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb were determined in filtered water, suspended particulate matter, and bottom sediments from a 2000 km section of the Ob and Irtysh Rivers. Dissolved Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni concentrations are similar to, or higher than, results from other Russian Arctic and large world river-estuaries. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in suspended particulate matter are generally comparable to results from other Russian Arctic and large world rivers and estuaries. Comparison of trace metal ratios in crustal material and suspended particulate matter and bottom sediment suggests that the source of Cr, Cu and Ni is continental weathering. Particulate Cd and Pb are elevated relative to their crustal abundance, suggesting a source of these metals to the Ob-Irtysh in addition to continental weathering. 相似文献
16.
Variations of gravity before and after the Haicheng earthquake, 1975, and the Tangshan earthquake, 1976 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1979,18(4):330-338
Before and after the Haicheng earthquake of magnitude 7.3 which occurred on February 4, 1975, five repeated gravimeter surveys were carried out, three before and two after the earthquake, along a northwest-southeast profile of about 250 km in length not far on the west of the epicenter. The mean-square error of the measurements of the gravity differences between two consecutive points on the profile is less than 40 μGal. From June, 1972 to May, 1973, within a period of about one year, the results of three surveys indicated a clear decrease of the gravity values at points on the southeastern portion of the profile, amounting to about 352 μGal. After the earthquake, the fourth survey, which was carried out in March, 1975, revealed that the gravity values had recovered to the levels of the first survey and continued to increase as was shown by a fifth survey carried out in July of the same year.Variations of gravity were also observed before and after the Tangshan earthquake of magnitude 7.8 which occurred on July 28, 1976, but in this case, gravity was increasing instead of decreasing before the earthquake. Along an east-west profile of about 270 km in length and not far on the north of the epicenter, two gravity surveys were made before and two after the earthquake. The results showed that after the main shock, the gravity values of the whole profile, especially at those points closer to Tangshan, tended to return gradually to their values of the first survey before the earthquake.From these results, there seems to be a close relationship between these gravity variations and the occurrences of earthquakes. Based on results of repeated levelling work done in these regions, the estimated amount of gravity change caused by the change of elevation of the ground surface is far too small to account for the observed value. Therefore we speculate that some large earthquakes might be associated with some sort of mass transfer under ground, within the crust or in the upper mantle. This transfer would cause a large part of the gravity variation observed. We have made a theoretical analysis of this effect and attempted to obtain some estimate of the magnitude of this mass transfer, even though we are not yet clear about the physics of it. 相似文献
17.
Monsoon and arid regions in the Asia-Africa-Australia(A-A-A) realm occupy more than 60% of the total area of these continents. Geological evidence showed that significant changes occurred to the A-A-A environments of the monsoon and arid regions, the land-ocean configuration in the Eastern Hemisphere, and the topography of the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in the Cenozoic. Motivated by this background, numerical experiments for 5 typical geological periods during the Cenozoic were conducted using a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model to systemically explore the formations and evolutionary histories of the Cenozoic A-A-A monsoon and arid regions under the influences of continental drift and plateau uplift. Results of the numerical experiments indicate that the timings and causes of the formations of monsoon and arid regions in the A-A-A realm were very different. The northern and southern African monsoons existed during the mid-Paleocene, while the South Asian monsoon appeared in the Eocene after the Indian Subcontinent moved into the tropical Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, the East Asian monsoon and northern Australian monsoon were established much later in the Miocene. The establishment of the tropical monsoons in northern and southern Africa, South Asia, and Australia were determined by both the continental drift and seasonal migration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ), while the position and height of the TP were the key factor for the establishment of the East Asian monsoon. The presence of the subtropical arid regions in northern and southern Africa,Asia, and Australia depended on the positions of the continents and the control of the planetary scale subtropical high pressure zones, while the arid regions in the Arabian Peninsula and West Asia were closely related to the retreat of the Paratethys Sea. The formation of the mid-latitude arid region in the Asian interior, on the other hand, was the consequence of the uplift of the TP.These results from this study provide insight to the important roles played by the earth's tectonic boundary conditions in the formations and evolutions of regional climates during geological times. 相似文献
18.
亚-非-澳洲季风区和干旱区的面积约占这三大洲陆地总面积的60%以上.基于新生代以来亚-非-澳洲季风和干旱环境以及东半球海陆分布和青藏高原等地形显著变化的地质事实,利用全球海-气耦合模式开展新生代5个特征地质时期气候模拟试验,系统探讨了新生代亚-非-澳洲季风区和干旱区形成演化及其受大陆漂移和高原隆升的影响.结果表明,亚-非-澳洲季风区和干旱区形成的时间和原因明显不同.北非与南非季风在古新世中期已经存在,南亚次大陆季风在始新世印度大陆移入北半球热带后开始出现,而东亚和澳大利亚北部季风在中新世才建立.北非、南非、南亚和澳大利亚热带季风的建立是大陆漂移的位置和热带辐合带季节性迁移共同决定的,而青藏高原的位置和高度则是东亚季风建立的关键因素.北非、南非、亚洲和澳大利亚副热带干旱区的存在取决于大陆的位置和行星尺度副热带高压的控制,阿拉伯半岛和西亚干旱区的发展与区域尺度海陆变迁,特别是古特提斯海的退缩密切相关,而亚洲内陆中纬度干旱区的形成则是青藏高原隆升的结果.这一研究揭示了地球构造边界条件在地质时期区域气候环境形成演化中的重要作用. 相似文献
19.
Peaks in the Cascade Range in northern Washington State are on average ～800 m higher than in southern Washington. The influences of differential valley excavation and variations in hillslope length and average slope on these altitudinal trends were tested using a 3‐dimensional model for isostatic rock uplift and calculations of hillslope length and slope respectively. The magnitude of isostatic peak uplift calculated by the model is highly dependent on the flexural rigidity (D) and the related effective elastic thickness (Te) of the crust of this region. Crustal rigidity was constrained using published estimates and by estimating the depth of the seismogenic zone in the area (D > 1 × 1023 Nm and Te > 24 km). With these constraints, isostatic compensation due to differential erosion added < 700 m and 300 m, or < 25% overall, of height to peaks in the northern and southern Cascades, respectively. Deeper valley incision in the northern Cascades accounts for < 300 m of the 800 m difference in peak altitudes between north and south. Similarly, variation in valley spacing and slope account for < 350 m of the difference in mean altitude between northern and southern regions. Hence, at least several hundred m difference in altitude between the northern and southern regions of the Cascades in Washington must be due to tectonic, geologic, or geophysical factors rather than surficial and geomorphic effects like isostatic response to valley incision and hillslope geometry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
Gerry Gilmore 《Astronomy& Geophysics》2001,42(5):5.12-5.19
Great things are expected of the GAIA Observatory, currently expected to launch in 2011. Gerry Gilmore explains how it will provide accurate measurements that will help us understand the formation of the Milky Way and the distribution of dark matter.
The GAIA Observatory, ESA's Cornerstone 6 mission, addresses the origin and evolution of our galaxy, and a host of other scientific challenges. GAIA will provide unprecedented positional and radial velocity measurements with the accuracies needed to produce a stereoscopic and kinematic census of about one billion stars in our galaxy and throughout the Local Group, about 1% of the galactic stellar population. Combined with astrophysical information for each star, provided by on-board multicolour photometry, these data will have the precision and depth necessary to address the three key questions which underlie the GAIA science case: l when did the stars in the Milky Way form? l when and how was the Milky Way assembled? l what is the distribution of dark matter in our galaxy? The accurate stellar data acquired for this purpose will also have an enormous impact on all areas of stellar astrophysics, including luminosity calibrations, structural studies, and the cosmic distance scale. Additional scientific products include detection and orbital classification of tens of thousands of extrasolar planetary systems, a comprehensive survey of objects ranging from huge numbers of minor bodies in our solar system, including near-Earth objects, through galaxies in the nearby universe, to some 500 000 distant quasars. GAIA will also provide several stringent new tests of general relativity and cosmology. 相似文献
The GAIA Observatory, ESA's Cornerstone 6 mission, addresses the origin and evolution of our galaxy, and a host of other scientific challenges. GAIA will provide unprecedented positional and radial velocity measurements with the accuracies needed to produce a stereoscopic and kinematic census of about one billion stars in our galaxy and throughout the Local Group, about 1% of the galactic stellar population. Combined with astrophysical information for each star, provided by on-board multicolour photometry, these data will have the precision and depth necessary to address the three key questions which underlie the GAIA science case: l when did the stars in the Milky Way form? l when and how was the Milky Way assembled? l what is the distribution of dark matter in our galaxy? The accurate stellar data acquired for this purpose will also have an enormous impact on all areas of stellar astrophysics, including luminosity calibrations, structural studies, and the cosmic distance scale. Additional scientific products include detection and orbital classification of tens of thousands of extrasolar planetary systems, a comprehensive survey of objects ranging from huge numbers of minor bodies in our solar system, including near-Earth objects, through galaxies in the nearby universe, to some 500 000 distant quasars. GAIA will also provide several stringent new tests of general relativity and cosmology. 相似文献