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1.
Synthetic ZrSiO4 and (mildly to strongly radiation-damaged) natural zircon samples were irradiated with 8.8 MeV 4He2+ ions (fluences in the range 1 × 1013–5 × 1016 ions/cm2). For comparison, an additional irradiation experiment was done with 30 MeV 16O6+ ions (fluence 1 × 1015 ions/cm2). The light-ion irradiation resulted in the generation of new (synthetic ZrSiO4) or additional (mildly to strongly metamict natural samples) damage. The maximum extent of the damage is observed in a shallow depth range approximately 32–33 μm (8.8 MeV He) and ~12 μm (30 MeV O) below the sample surface, i.e. near the end of the ion trajectories. These depth values, and the observed damage distribution, correspond well to defect distribution patterns as predicted by Monte Carlo simulations. The irradiation damage is recognised from the notable broadening of Raman-active vibrational modes, lowered interference colours (i.e. decreased birefringence), and changes in the optical activity (i.e. luminescence emission). At very low damage levels, a broad-band yellow emission centre is generated whereas at elevated damage levels, this centre is suppressed and samples experience a general decrease in their emission intensity. Most remarkably, there is no indication of notable structural recovery in pre-damaged natural zircon as induced by the light-ion irradiation, which questions the relevance of alpha-assisted annealing of radiation damage in natural zircon.  相似文献   

2.
Static elasticity measurements at high pressures were carried out on oriented fluorapatite single crystals, some of which contained oriented amorphous ion tracks (ITs) implanted with relativistic Au ions (2.2 GeV) from the UNILAC linear accelerator at GSI, Darmstadt. High-pressure experiments on irradiated and non-irradiated crystal sections were carried out in diamond-anvil high-pressure cells under hydrostatic conditions. In situ single-crystal diffraction was performed to determine the high-precision lattice parameters, simultaneously monitoring the widths of X-ray diffraction Bragg peaks. High-pressure Raman spectra were analyzed with respect to the frequency shift and widths of bands, which correspond to the Raman-active vibrational modes of the phosphate tetrahedra. Swift heavy ion irradiation was found to induce anisotropic lattice expansion and tensile strain within the host lattice dependent on the ion-track orientation. The relatively low Grüneisen parameter for the ν 1b(A g) mode, which has been assigned to originate from the volume fraction of the amorphous tracks, and the γ(ν 1a)/γ(ν 1b) ratio reveals compressive strain on the amorphous ITs. The comparative compressibilities for the host lattice reveal approximately equivalent bulk moduli, but significantly different pressure derivatives (K T = 88.4 ± 0.7 GPa, ∂K/∂P = 6.3 ± 0.3 for non-irradiated, K T = 90.0 ± 1.7 GPa, ∂K/∂P = 3.8 ± 0.5 for irradiated samples). The axial compressibility moduli β −1 reveal significant differences, which correlate with the ion-track orientation [ba - 1 \beta_{a}^{ - 1}  = 240 ± 5 GPa, bc - 1 \beta_{c}^{ - 1}  = 361 ± 14 GPa, ∂( ba - 1 ) \left( {\beta_{a}^{ - 1} } \right) /∂P = 11.3 ± 1.2, ∂( bc - 1 ) \left( {\beta_{c}^{ - 1} } \right) /∂P = 11.6 ± 3.4 for irradiation ⊥(100); 246 ± 9 GPa, 364 ± 57 GPa, 9.5 ± 2.9, 14.7 ± 14.1 for irradiation ⊥(001), 230.7 ± 3.6 GPa, 373.5 ± 5.1 GPa, 19.2 ± 1.4, 20.1 ± 1.8 for no irradiation]. Line widths of XRD Bragg peaks in irradiated apatites confirm the strain of the host lattice, which appears to decrease with increasing pressure. By contrast, the bandwidths of Raman modes increase with pressure, and this is attributed to increasing strain gradients on the length scale of the short-range order. The investigations reveal considerable deviatoric stress on the [100]-oriented tracks due to the anisotropic elasticity, while the compression is uniform for the directions perpendicular to the tracks, which are aligned parallel to the c-axis. This difference might be considered to control the diffusion properties related to the annealing kinetics and its observed anisotropy, and hence to cause potential pressure effects on track-fading rates.  相似文献   

3.
Samples of natural sodalite, Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2, submitted to gamma irradiation and to thermal treatments, have been investigated using the thermoluminescence (TL) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Both, natural and heat-treated samples at 500°C in air for 30 min, present an EPR signal around g = 2.01132 attributed to oxygen hole centers. The EPR spectra of irradiated samples show an intense line at g = 2.0008 superimposed by a hyperfine multiplet of 11 lines due to an O− ion in an intermediate position with respect to two adjacent Al nuclei. In the TL measurements, the samples were annealed at 500°C for 30 min and then irradiated with γ doses varying from 0.001 to 20 kGy. All the samples have shown TL peaks at 110, 230, 270, 365, and 445°C. A correlation between the EPR g = 2.01132 line and the 365°C TL peak was observed. A TL model is proposed in which a Na+ ion acts as a charge compensator when an Al3+ ion replaces a Si4+ lattice ion. The γ ray destruction of the Al–Na complex provides an electron trapped at the Na and a hole trapped at a non-bridging oxygen ion adjacent to the Al3+ ion.  相似文献   

4.
The heat capacity at constant pressure, C p, of chlorapatite [Ca5(PO4)3Cl – ClAp], and fluorapatite [Ca5(PO4)3F – FAp], as well as of 12 compositions along the chlorapatite–fluorapatite join have been measured using relaxation calorimetry [heat capacity option of the physical properties measurement system (PPMS)] and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the temperature range 5–764 K. The chlor-fluorapatites were synthesized at 1,375–1,220°C from Ca3(PO4)2 using the CaF2–CaCl2 flux method. Most of the chlor-fluorapatite compositions could be measured directly as single crystals using the PPMS such that they were attached to the sample platform of the calorimeter by a crystal face. However, the crystals were too small for the crystal face to be polished. In such cases, where the sample coupling was not optimal, an empirical procedure was developed to smoothly connect the PPMS to the DSC heat capacities around ambient T. The heat capacity of the end-members above 298 K can be represented by the polynomials: C pClAp = 613.21 − 2,313.90T −0.5 − 1.87964 × 107 T −2 + 2.79925 × 109 T −3 and C pFAp = 681.24 − 4,621.73 × T −0.5 − 6.38134 × 106 T −2 + 7.38088 × 108 T −3 (units, J mol−1 K−1). Their standard third-law entropy, derived from the low-temperature heat capacity measurements, is S° = 400.6 ± 1.6 J mol−1 K−1 for chlorapatite and S° = 383.2 ± 1.5 J mol−1 K−1 for fluorapatite. Positive excess heat capacities of mixing, ΔC pex, occur in the chlorapatite–fluorapatite solid solution around 80 K (and to a lesser degree at 200 K) and are asymmetrically distributed over the join reaching a maximum of 1.3 ± 0.3 J mol−1 K−1 for F-rich compositions. They are significant at these conditions exceeding the 2σ-uncertainty of the data. The excess entropy of mixing, ΔS ex, at 298 K reaches positive values of 3–4 J mol−1 K−1 in the F-rich portion of the binary, is, however, not significantly different from zero across the join within its 2σ-uncertainty.  相似文献   

5.
Crystallographically oriented sections of natural gemstone quality cordierite single-crystals have been irradiated with swift heavy ions of GeV energy and various fluences. Irradiation effects on the crystal lattice were investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy. Raman line scans along the trajectory of the ions reveal a close correlation of beam parameters (such as fluence and energy loss dE/dx along the ion path) to strain due to associated changes in lattice dimensions and defect concentration. The luminescence background also scales with the ion fluence and suggests the formation of point defects, which could also account for the macroscopically observable colouration of the irradiated samples. In addition, changes in the amount and nature of volatile species inside the structural channels are observed. They also scale with dE/dx and confirm the previously postulated irradiation-induced conversion of CO2 to CO. Irradiations along the crystallographic a-, b- and c-axis reveal no significant anisotropy effect with respect to lattice alterations. The polarisation characteristics of the Raman-active modes confirm the preferred molecular alignment of CO and CO2 along the a-axis direction.  相似文献   

6.
Internal Wave (IW) characteristics and the impact of IW on acoustic field have been studied utilizing the hourly time series of temperature and salinity data collected at a coastal site off Paradeep (north Bay of Bengal) during 24–25 October 2008. The IW characteristics, viz. period (t per ), velocity (C vel ), wavelength (L), and wave numbers (k), are found to be 2.133–34.72 h, 0.135 km h−1, 0.37–6.2 km and 2.70–0.16 cycles km−1, respectively. The semi-diurnal tidal forces are predominant than diurnal as well as at other frequencies and its contribution is about 64% towards the total potential energy (E 0 = 3.34 J m−2). Sound velocity perturbations with space and time in the presence of IW field are examined from Garrettt-Munk (GM) model. Transmission loss anomaly for optimized source-receiver configuration at the depth of 53 m and range of 9 km has been computed from acoustic modelling. The loss in the acoustic transmission is found to be 38.4 dB in the presence of low-frequency IW field.  相似文献   

7.
Structural properties of natural jasper from Taroko Gorge (Taiwan) have been investigated by means of powder X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. The EPR spectrum at room temperature exhibits a sharp resonance signal at g = 2.007 and two more resonance signals centered at g ≈ 4.3 and 14.0. The resonance signal at g = 2.007 has been attributed to the E′ center and is related to a natural radiation-induced paramagnetic defect. Two more resonance signals centered at g ≈ 4.3 and 14.0 are characteristic of Fe3+ ions. The EPR spectra recorded at room temperature of jasper samples, heat-treated at temperatures ranging from 473 to 1,473 K exhibit marked temperature dependence. The resonance signal corresponding to E′ center disappears at elevated temperatures. A broad, intense resonance signal centered at g ≈ 2.0 appears at elevated temperatures. This resonance signal is a characteristic of Fe3+ ions, which are present as hematite in the jasper sample. The intensity of the resonance signal becomes dominant at elevated temperatures at ≥873 K, masking g ≈ 4.3 and g ≈ 14.0 resonance signals. The EPR spectra of jasper heat-treated at 673 K have been recorded at temperatures between 123 and 296 K. The population of spin levels (N) has been calculated for the broad g ≈ 2.0 resonance signal. It is found that N decreases with decreasing temperature. The linewidth (ΔH) of g ≈ 2.0 resonance signal of the heat-treated jasper is found to increase with decreasing temperature. This has been attributed to spin–spin interaction of the Fe3+ ions present in the form of hematite in the studied jasper sample.  相似文献   

8.
Creep strength of oriented orthopyroxene single crystals was investigated via shear deformation experiments under lithospheric conditions [P (pressure) = 1.3 GPa and T (temperature) = 973–1,373 K]. For the A-orientation (shear direction [001] on (100) plane), the samples have transformed completely to clinoenstatite and much of the deformation occurred after transformation. In contrast, for the B-orientation (shear direction [001] on (010) plane), samples remained orthoenstatite and deformation occurred through dislocation motion in orthoenstatite. The strength of orthopyroxene with these orientations is smaller than for olivine aggregates under all experimental conditions. Flow of the B-orientation samples is described by a power-law, and the pre-exponential constant, the apparent activation energy, and the stress exponent are determined to be A = 10−9.5 s−1·MPa−4.2, Q = 114 kJ/mol and n = 4.2. However, for the A-orientation, the results cannot be fit by a single flow law and we obtained the following: A = 108.9 s−1·MPa−3.0, Q = 459 kJ/mol and n = 3.0 at high temperatures (≥1,173 K), and A = 10−27.4 s−1·MPa−14.3, Q = 296 kJ/mol and n = 14.3 at low temperatures (<1,173 K). The stress exponent for the low-temperature regime is high, suggesting that deformation involves some processes where the activation energy decreases with stress such as the Peierls mechanism. Our study shows that orthopyroxene with these orientations is significantly weaker than olivine under the lithospheric conditions suggesting that orthopyroxene may reduce the strength of the lithosphere, although the extent to which orthopyroxene weakens the lithosphere depends on its orientation and connectivity.  相似文献   

9.
The in situ electrical conductivity of hydrous garnet samples (Py20Alm76Grs4–Py73Alm14Grs13) was determined at pressures of 1.0–4.0 GPa and temperatures of 873–1273 K in the YJ-3000t apparatus using a Solartron-1260 impedance/gain-phase analyzer for various chemical compositions and oxygen fugacities. The oxygen fugacity was controlled by five solid-state oxygen buffers (Fe2O3 + Fe3O4, Ni + NiO, Fe + Fe3O4, Fe + FeO, and Mo + MoO2). Experimental results indicate that within a frequency range from 10−2 to 106 Hz, electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on signal frequency. Electrical conductivity shows an Arrhenius increase with temperature. At 2.0 GPa, the electrical conductivity of anhydrous garnet single crystals with various chemical compositions (Py20Alm76Grs4, Py30Alm67Grs3, Py56Alm43Grs1, and Py73Alm14Grs13) decreases with increasing pyrope component (Py). With increasing oxygen fugacity, the electrical conductivity of dry Py73Alm14Grs13 garnet single crystal shows an increase, whereas that of a hydrous sample with 465 ppm water shows a decrease, both following a power law (exponents of 0.061 and −0.071, respectively). With increasing pressure, the electrical conductivity of this hydrous garnet increases, along with the pre-exponential factors, and the activation energy and activation volume of hydrous samples are 0.7731 ± 0.0041 eV and −1.4 ± 0.15 cm3/mol, respectively. The results show that small hopping polarons ( \textFe\textMg · ) \left( {{\text{Fe}}_{\text{Mg}}^{ \cdot } } \right) and protons ( \textH · {\text{H}}^{ \cdot } ) are the dominant conduction mechanisms for dry and wet garnet single crystals, respectively. Based on these results and the effective medium theory, we established the electrical conductivity of an eclogite model with different mineral contents at high temperatures and high pressures, thereby providing constraints on the inversion of field magnetotelluric sounding results in future studies.  相似文献   

10.
The crystal structure of chromite FeCr2O4 was investigated to 13.7 GPa and ambient temperature with single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The unit-cell parameter decreases continuously from 8.3832 (5) to 8.2398 (11) Å up to 11.8 GPa. A fit to the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (EoS) based on the P–V data gives: K 0 = 209 (13) GPa, K′ = 4.0 (fixed), and V 0 = 588 (1) Å3. The FeO4 tetrahedra and CrO6 octahedra are compressed isotropically with pressure with their Fe–O and Cr–O bond distances decreasing from 1.996 (6) to 1.949 (7) Å and from 1.997 (3) to 1.969 (7) Å, respectively. The tetrahedral site occupied by the Fe2+ cation is more compressible than the octahedral site occupied by the Cr3+ cation. The resulting EoS parameters for the tetrahedral and the octahedral sites are K 0 = 147 (9) GPa, K′ = 4.0 (fixed), V 0 = 4.07 (1) Å3 and K 0 = 275 (24) GPa, K′ = 4.0 (fixed), V 0 = 10.42 (2) Å3, respectively. A discontinuous volume change is observed between 11.8 and 12.6 GPa. This change indicates a phase transition from a cubic (space group Fd-[`3]{\overline{3}} m) to a tetragonal structure (space group I41 /amd). At the phase transition boundary, the two Cr–O bonds parallel to the c-axis shorten from 1.969 (7) to 1.922 (17) Å and the other four Cr–O bonds parallel to the ab plane elongate from 1.969 (7) to 1.987 (9) Å. This anisotropic deformation of the octahedra leads to tetragonal compression of the unit cell along the c-axis. The angular distortion in the octahedron decreases continuously up to 13.7 GPa, whereas the distortion in the tetrahedron rises dramatically after the phase transition. At the pressure of the phase transition, the tetrahedral bond angles along the c-axis direction of the unit cell begin decreasing from 109.5° to 106.6 (7)°, which generates a “stretched” tetrahedral geometry. It is proposed that the Jahn–Teller effect at the tetrahedrally coordinated Fe2+ cation becomes active with compression and gives rise to the tetrahedral angular distortion, which in turn induces the cubic-to-tetragonal transition. A qualitative molecular orbital model is proposed to explain the origin and nature of the Jahn–Teller effect observed in this structure and its role in the pressure-induced phase transition.  相似文献   

11.
The rate of static dislocation recovery in Fo90 olivine has been studied under conditions of high temperature and controlled atmosphere in compressively deformed polycrystals hot-pressed from synthetic (sol–gel) and natural (San Carlos) precursor powders. The sol–gel olivine, containing a small fraction of orthopyroxene, was deformed to a final strain of 19% with a maximum differential stress of 266 MPa whereas the San Carlos specimen was deformed to 15% strain and 260 MPa differential stress. Small samples cut from these deformed materials were annealed under high-temperature, controlled atmosphere conditions, for different durations to allow partial recovery of the dislocation sub-structures. Oxidative-decoration of the microstructural features, followed by backscattered electron imaging at 5 kV and image analysis, was used to determine dislocation density. The variation of dislocation density ρ with time t at absolute temperature T was fitted to a second-order rate equation, in integral form, 1/ρ(t) − 1/ρ(0) = kt with k = k 0 exp(−E a/RT). The activation energy E a of the recovery process is 240 ± 43 and 355 ± 81 kJ mol−1 for sol–gel and San Carlos olivine polycrystals, respectively. The measured rates are one to two orders of magnitude lower than those reported in previous studies on natural single crystal olivine. The difference may be explained by several factors such as high dislocation densities measurable from large areas at high magnification for the SEM and the technique used to estimate dislocation densities. Comparison between fine-grained sol–gel olivine and the coarser-grained San Carlos olivine aggregate did not indicate that grain boundaries play an important role in dislocation recovery, but the absence of grain boundaries might also have contributed to the high dislocation recovery rates previously measured for single crystals.  相似文献   

12.
An unusual phytoplankton bloom dominated by unidentified green coloured spherical algal cells (∼5μm diameter) and dinoflagellates (Heterocapsa, Scripsiella and Gymnodinium) was encountered along the coast of Goa, India during 27 and 29 January, 2005. Pigment analysis was carried out using both fluorometric and HPLC methods. Seawater samples collected from various depths within the intense bloom area showed high concentrations of Chl a (up to 106 mg m − 3) associated with low bacterial production (0.31 to 0.52 mg C m − 3 h − 1) and mesozooplankton biomass (0.03 ml m − 3). Pigment analyses of the seawater samples were done using HPLC detected marker pigments corresponding to prasinophytes, dinoflagellates and diatoms. Chlorophyll b (36–56%) followed by peridinin (15–30%), prasinoxanthin (11–17%) and fucoxanthin (7–15%) were the major diagnostic pigments while pigments of cryptophytes and cyanobacteria including alloxanthin and zeaxanthin formed <10%. Although microscopic analysis indicated a decline in the bloom, pheaophytin concentrations in the water column measured by both techniques were very low, presumably due to fast recycling and/or settling rate. The unique composition of the bloom and its probable causes are discussed in this paper.  相似文献   

13.
A single crystal X-ray diffraction study on lithium tetraborate Li2B4O7 (diomignite, space group I41 cd) has been performed under pressure up to 8.3 GPa. No phase transitions were found in the pressure range investigated, and hence the pressure evolution of the unit-cell volume of the I41 cd structure has been described using a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (BM-EoS) with the following parameters: V 0  = 923.21(6) Å3, K 0  = 45.6(6) GPa, and K′ = 7.3(3). A linearized BM-EoS was fitted to the axial compressibilities resulting in the following parameters a 0  = 9.4747(3) Å, K 0a  = 73.3(9) GPa, K′ a  = 5.1(3) and c 0  = 10.2838(4) Å, K 0c  = 24.6(3) GPa, K′ c  = 7.5(2) for the a and c axes, respectively. The elastic anisotropy of Li2B4O7 is very large with the zero-pressure compressibility ratio β 0c /β 0a  = 3.0(1). The large elastic anisotropy is consistent with the crystal structure: A three-dimensional arrangement of relatively rigid tetraborate groups [B4O7]2− forms channels occupied by lithium along the polar c–axis, and hence compression along the c axis requires the shrinkage of the lithium channels, whereas compression in the a direction depends mainly on the contraction of the most rigid [B4O7]2− units. Finally, the isothermal bulk modulus obtained in this work is in general agreement with that derived from ultrasonic (Adachi et al. in Proceedings-IEEE Ultrasonic Symposium, 228–232, 1985; Shorrocks et al. in Proceedings-IEEE Ultrasonic Symposium, 337–340, 1981) and Brillouin scattering measurements (Takagi et al. in Ferroelectrics, 137:337–342, 1992).  相似文献   

14.
We report major and trace element composition, Sr–Nd isotopic and seismological data for a picrite–basalt–rhyolite suite from the northern Tarim uplift (NTU), northwest China. The samples were recovered from 13 boreholes at depths between 5,166 and 6,333 m. The picritic samples have high MgO (14.5–16.8 wt%, volatiles included) enriched in incompatible element and have high 87Sr/86Sr and low 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios (εNd (t) = −5.3; Sri = 0.707), resembling the Karoo high-Ti picrites. All the basaltic samples are enriched in TiO2 (2.1–3.2 wt%, volatiles free), have high FeOt abundances (11.27–15.75 wt%, volatiles free), are enriched in incompatible elements and have high Sr and low Nd isotopic ratios (Sri = 0.7049–0.7065; εNd (t) = −4.1 to −0.4). High Nb/La ratios (0.91–1.34) of basalts attest that they are mantle-derived magma with negligible crustal contamination. The rhyolite samples can be subdivided into two coeval groups with overlapping U–Pb zircon ages between 291 ± 4 and 272 ± 2 Ma. Group 1 rhyolites are enriched in Nb and Ta, have similar Nb/La, Nb/U, and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions to the associated basalts, implying that they are formed by fractional crystallization of the basalts. Group 2 rhyolites are depleted in Nb and Ta, have low Nb/La ratios, and have very high Sr and low Nd isotopic ratios, implying that crustal materials have been extensively, if not exclusively, involved in their source. The picrite–basalt–rhyolite suite from the NTU, together with Permian volcanic rocks from elsewhere Tarim basin, constitute a Large Igneous Province (LIP) that is characterized by large areal extent, rapid eruption, OIB-type chemical composition, and eruption of high temperature picritic magma. The Early Permian magmatism, which covered an area >300,000 km2, is therefore named the Tarim Flood Basalt.  相似文献   

15.
Chemical and structural data are reported for C2/c pyroxene phenocrysts collected from three potassic series (Group A: basanite-tephrite, Group B: tephrite-phonolitic tephrite, Group C: alkaline basalt-trachybasalt) of the Neogene alkaline volcanics (NAVs) in northeastern Turkey, in order to investigate the evolution of the magmatic plumbing system and the location of magma chamber(s) with crystallization conditions. The rock series hosting the clinopyroxene phenocrysts show generally porphyritic texture and have a variable phenocryst-rich nature (20–58%), with phenocryst assemblages characterized by cpx ± ol ± plag ± foid ± amp ± bio. The clinopyroxene phenocrysts can be chemically classified as Ti- and Fe3+-rich Al-diopsides for Groups A and B (AB-cpxs) and Ti- and Fe3+-poor Al-diopsides for Group C (C-cpxs). They have poorly variable composition, clustering in the diopside field. Structurally, the diopside groups have nearly similar a (ranging from 9.73 to 9.75 ?), V cell (437.2–440.9 ?3), and 〈beta〉 angle values (106.01°–106.23°), but some differences in polyhedral parameters and geometries of the AB-cpxs and C-cpxs have been observed. For example, the AB-cpxs are characterized by larger c (5.27–5.30 vs. 5.25–5.28 ?), V T (2.27–2.30 vs. 2.23–2.28 ?3), and V M2 (25.53–25.72 vs. 25.41–25.59 ?3) values and smaller b (8.87–8.88 vs. 8.88–8.91 ?) and V M1 (11.49–11.63 vs. 11.64–11.83 ?3) values with respect to the C-cpxs. In addition, the AB-cpxs show higher values of V M2/V M1 (2.20–2.23) due to large V M2 and small V M1 compared to the V M2/V M1 ratios of the C-cpxs (<2.19). Such differences in the crystal structure of the AB-cpxs and C-cpxs from the NAVs are partly related to different crystallization pressures, but mostly related to variation in melt composition and, possibly, the influence of other crystallizing mineral phases. In particular, R(M2-O1) and R(M1-O2) (i.e. bond lengths) differences in the clinopyroxenes of different groups support the presence of evolved host rocks with different alkaline character (i.e. silica-undersaturated Groups A–B and silica-saturated Group C). Based on the cpx-geothermobarometry, the crystallization pressures for the C-cpxs are lower than 4.5 kbars, but the AB-cpxs have relatively high-pressure values (5.6–10.6 kbars), suggesting that the AB-cpxs crystallized in higher pressure environments. The relatively higher crystallization temperatures of the AB-cpxs also indicate higher cooling rates. The P–T estimates suggest that the source regions of the clinopyroxene phenocrysts from the NAVs were crustal magma chambers in a closed plumbing system at a moderate- to low-pressure regime.  相似文献   

16.
A case study for the ion–aerosol interactions is presented from the simultaneous measurements of mobility spectra of atmospheric ions in the mobility range of 2.29 to 2.98 × 10 − 4 cm2 V − 1 s-1^{-1}(diameter range 0.41–109 nm) and of size distribution of atmospheric aerosol particles in the size ranges of 4.4–700 nm and 500–20,000 nm diameters made at Maitri (70°45′52′ ′S, 11°44′2.7′ ′E; 130 m above mean sea level), Antarctica, on two days January 17 and February 18, 2005, with contrasting meteorological conditions. In contrast to January 17, on February 18, winds were stronger from the morning to noon and lower from the noon to evening, atmospheric pressure was lower, cloudiness was more, the land surface remained snow-covered after a blizzard on February 16 and 17 and the airmass over Maitri, descended from an altitude of ~3 km after an excursion over ocean. On these days mobility spectra showed two modes, corresponding to intermediate ions and light large ions and an indication of additional one/two maxima for small/cluster ions and heavy large ions. The small ions generated by cosmic rays, and the nucleation mode particles generated probably by photochemical reactions grew in size by condensation of volatile trace gases on them and produced the cluster and intermediate ion modes and the Aitken particle mode in ion/particle spectra. Particles in the size range of 9–26 nm have been estimated to grow at the rate of 1.9 nm h − 1 on February 18, 2005. Both, ions and aerosol particles show bimodal size distributions in the 16–107 nm size range, and comparison of the two size distributions suggests the formation of multiple charged ions. Attachment of small ions to particles in this bimodal distribution of Aitken particles together with the formation of multiple charged ions are proposed to result in the light and heavy large ion modes. Growth of the nucleation mode particles on February 18, 2005 is associated with the passage of the airmass over ocean. In contrast, though the ion size distributions were not much different, the aerosol size distributions did not show a dominant peak for the formation and growth of nucleation mode particles on January 17. More measurements are needed before the conclusion of this case study is generalized.  相似文献   

17.
An in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study was carried out on ε-FeOOH at room temperature up to a pressure of 8.6 GPa using the energy-dispersive method. The linear compressibility was determined to be β a  = 1.69(3) × 10−3 GPa−1, β b  = 2.86(6) × 10−3 GPa−1, and β c  = 1.73(5) × 10−3 GPa−1. The b-axis of the unit cell is more compressible than the a and c axes. The pressure–volume data were fitted to a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. The best fit was found using a room temperature isothermal bulk modulus of K 0 = 126(3) GPa and its pressure derivative K′ = 10(1).  相似文献   

18.
The melting temperature of Fe–18 wt% Si alloy was determined up to 119 GPa based on a change of laser heating efficiency and the texture of the recovered samples in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments. We have also investigated the subsolidus phase relations of Fe–18 wt% Si alloy by the in-situ X-ray diffraction method and confirmed that the bcc phase is stable at least up to 57 GPa and high temperature. The melting curve of the alloy was fitted by the Simon’s equation, P(GPa)/a = (T m(K)/T 0) c , with parameters, T 0 = 1,473 K, a = 3.5 ± 1.1 GPa, and c = 4.5 ± 0.4. The melting temperature of bcc Fe–18 wt% Si alloy is comparable with that of pure iron in the pressure range of this work. The melting temperature of Fe–18 wt% Si alloy is estimated to be 3,300–3,500 K at 135 GPa, and 4,000–4,200 K at around 330 GPa, which may provide the lower bound of the temperatures at the core–mantle boundary and the inner core–outer core boundary if the light element in the core is silicon.  相似文献   

19.
The effect of intergranular water on the conductivity of polycrystalline brucite, Mg(OH)2, was investigated using impedance spectroscopy at 2 GPa, during consecutive heating–cooling cycles in the 298–980 K range. The grain boundary hydration levels tested here span water activities from around unity (wet conditions) down to 10−4 (dry conditions) depending on temperature. Four orders of magnitude in water activity result in electrical conductivity variations for about 6–7 orders of magnitude at 2 GPa and room temperature. Wet brucite samples containing, initially, about 18 wt% of evaporable water (i.e. totally removed at temperatures below 393 K in air), display electrical conductivity values above 10−2–10−3 S/m. A.C. electrical conductivity as a function of temperature follows an Arrhenius behaviour with an activation energy of 0.11 eV. The electrical conductivity of the same polycrystalline brucite material dried beforehand at 393 K (dry conditions) is lower by about 5–6 orders of magnitude at room temperature and possesses an activation energy of 0.8–0.9 eV which is close to that of protonic diffusion in (001) brucitic planes. Above ca. 873 K, a non-reversible conductivity jump is observed which is interpreted as a water transfer from mineral bulk to grain boundaries (i.e. partial dehydration). Cooling of such partially dehydrated sample shows electrical conductivities much higher than those of the initially dry sample by 4 orders of magnitude at 500 K. Furthermore, the corresponding activation energy is decreased by a factor of about four (i.e. 0.21 eV). Buffering of the sample at low water activity has been achieved by adding CaO or MgO, two hygroscopic compounds, to the starting material. Then, sample conductivities reached the lowest values encountered in this study with the activation energy of 1.1 eV. The strong dependency of the electrical conductivity with water activity highlights the importance of the latter parameter as a controlling factor of diffusion rates in natural processes where water availability and activity may vary grandly. Water exchange between mineral bulk and mineral boundary suggests that grain boundary can be treated as an independent phase in dehydroxylation reactions.  相似文献   

20.
The accepted standard state entropy of titanite (sphene) has been questioned in several recent studies, which suggested a revision from the literature value 129.3 ± 0.8 J/mol K to values in the range of 110–120 J/mol K. The heat capacity of titanite was therefore re-measured with a PPMS in the range 5 to 300 K and the standard entropy of titanite was calculated as 127.2 ± 0.2 J/mol K, much closer to the original data than the suggested revisions. Volume parameters for a modified Murgnahan equation of state: V P,T  = V 298° × [1 + a°(T − 298) − 20a°(T − 298)] × [1 – 4P/(K 298 × (1 – 1.5 × 10−4 [T − 298]) + 4P)]1/4 were fit to recent unit cell determinations at elevated pressures and temperatures, yielding the constants V 298° = 5.568 J/bar, a° = 3.1 × 10−5 K−1, and K = 1,100 kbar. The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of titanite, −2456.2 kJ/mol (∆H°f = −2598.4 kJ/mol) was calculated from the new entropy and volume data combined with data from experimental reversals on the reaction, titanite + kyanite = anorthite + rutile. This value is 4–11 kJ/mol less negative than that obtained from experimental determinations of the enthalpy of formation, and it is slightly more negative than values given in internally consistent databases. The displacement of most calculated phase equilibria involving titanite is not large except for reactions with small ∆S. Re-calculated baric estimates for several metamorphic suites yield pressure differences on the order of 2 kbar in eclogites and 10 kbar for ultra-high pressure titanite-bearing assemblages.  相似文献   

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