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1.
The theoretical power spectrum of velocity fields and flux fluctuations at the solar photosphere is calculated using a quasi-nonlinear framework of superposition of unstable convective eigenmodes excited in the solar convection zone. It is demonstrated that this power spectrum exhibits at least three distinct peaks corresponding to granulation, mesogranulation and supergranulation. The vertical velocity and the brightness fluctuation at the solar surface are found to be correlated. The theoretical framework can be adopted for application to other types of stars in order to predict the dominant length scales in the power spectrum of convection in these stars. 相似文献
2.
The mechanisms of absorption formation in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum at the frequency of the 21-cm line of the transition between the ground-state hyperfine sublevels of the hydrogen atom are analyzed. We show that a strong nonlinearity at the compression stage of primordial matter density fluctuations can give rise to a significant (in depth) absorption even before the explosions of the first stars. In this case, the main effect is due to the heating of matter in a certain narrow range of temperatures under cloud compression. We consider a steady-state radiative transfer in the 21-cm line in a medium that represents a contracting primordial matter density fluctuation at a given redshift z modeled by a homogeneous spherically symmetric cloud in the state of collapse with an adiabatic change in the gas temperature. For a sequence of cloud states with different degrees of compression we have calculated the frequency profiles of the line in the flux of radiation emerging from the cloud. In the initial state we specify the cloud radius r0, while the gas density is assumed to be equal to the mean cosmological density for a given redshift. We show that for a separate cloud at z = 20, r0 = 1 kpc, and a degree of radius compression of 1.9 the absorption depth in the line center can reach 0.9 K. When averaged over an ensemble of clouds, the central frequency of the line and its width are determined by the details of the fluctuation evolution dynamics.
相似文献3.
Calculations of spectral darkening and visibility functions for the brightness oscillations of the Sun resulting from global solar oscillations are presented. This has been done for a broad range of the visible and infrared continuum spectrum. The procedure for the calculations of these functions includes the numerical computation of depth-dependent derivatives of the opacity caused by p modes in the photosphere. A radiative-transport code was used for this purpose to get the disturbances of the opacities from temperature and density fluctuations. The visibility and darkening functions are obtained for adiabatic oscillations under the assumption that the temperature disturbances are proportional to the undisturbed temperature of the photosphere. The latter assumption is the only way to explore any opacity effects since the eigenfunctions of p-mode oscillations have not been obtained so far. This investigation reveals that opacity effects have to be taken into account because they dominate the violet and infrared part of the spectrum. Because of this dominance, the visibility functions are negative for those parts of the spectrum. Furthermore, the darkening functions show a wavelength-dependent change of sign for some wavelengths owing to these opacity effects. However, the visibility and darkening functions under the assumptions used contradict the observations of global p-mode oscillations, but it is beyond doubt that the opacity effects influence the brightness fluctuations of the Sun resulting from global oscillations. 相似文献
4.
The variations in the form of the cosmic-ray fluctuation power spectrum as an interplanetary shock wave approaches the Earth have been calculated for different values of cosmic ray anisotropy. The relevant experimental estimates of the power spectra are inferred from the data of cosmic ray detection with the ground-based neutron monitors at cosmic-ray stations. A comparison between the theoretical and experimental estimates has demonstrated an important role of the cosmic ray anisotropy spectrum in the generation of the power spectrum as the latter is rearranged before the interplanetary medium disturbances. 相似文献
5.
Spectral recordings in the region near 2800 Å are examined from the IUE archives for the twenty most active radio stars, which are also close binary systems. In all of these spectra, the doublet k and h Mg II is seen in strong emission. We find that the observed fluxes of the magnesium doublet emission are directly proportional to the mean fluxes of the observed radio emission at the frequency of 8.4 GHz. The same correlation is found between the absolute luminosities of the radio emission and magnesium doublet emissions. It is argued that the source of both emissions, radio and magnesium doublet, is related to a high temperature stratified cloud located between the components of the binary system. The fluxes of the magnesium doublet emission of these sources are much larger, by one or two orders of magnitude, compared with the usual chromospheric magnesium emission seen in single stars. 相似文献
6.
The problem on heating the atmospheres of T Tauri stars by radiation from an accretion shock has been solved. The structure and radiation spectrum of the emerging so-called hot spot have been calculated in the LTE approximation. The emission not only in continuum but also in lines has been taken into account for the first time when calculating the spot spectrum. Comparison with observations has shown that the strongest of these lines manifest themselves as narrow components of helium and metal emission lines, while the weaker ones decrease significantly the depth of photospheric absorption lines, although until now, this effect has been thought to be due to the emission continuum alone. The veiling by lines changes the depth of different photospheric lines to a very different degree even within a narrow spectral range. Therefore, the nonmonotonic wavelength dependence of the degree of veiling r found for some CTTS does not suggest a nontrivial spectral energy distribution of the veiling continuum. In general, it makes sense to specify the degree of veiling r only by providing the set of photospheric lines from which this quantity was determined. We show that taking into account the contribution of lines to the veiling of the photospheric spectrum can cause the existing estimates of the accretion rate onto T Tauri stars to decrease by several times, with this being also true for stars with a comparatively weakly veiled spectrum. Neglecting the contribution of lines to the veiling can also lead to appreciable errors in determining the effective temperature, interstellar extinction, radial velocity, and v sin i. 相似文献
7.
We estimate energy spectra and fluxes at the Earth’s surface of the cosmic and Galactic neutrino backgrounds produced by thermonuclear reactions in stars. The extra-galactic component is obtained by combining the most recent estimates of the cosmic star formation history and the stellar initial mass function with accurate theoretical predictions of the neutrino yields all over the thermonuclear lifetime of stars of different masses. Models of the structure and evolution of the Milky Way are used to derive maps of the expected flux generated by Galactic sources as a function of sky direction. The predicted neutrino backgrounds depend only slightly on model parameters. In the relevant 50 keV–10 MeV window, the total flux of cosmic neutrinos ranges between 20 and 65 cm−2 s−1. Neutrinos reaching the Earth today have been typically emitted at redshift z2. Their energy spectrum peaks at E0.1–0.3 MeV. The energy and entropy densities of the cosmic background are negligible with respect to the thermal contribution of relic neutrinos originated in the early universe. In every sky direction, the cosmic background is outnumbered by the Galactic one, whose integrated flux amounts to 300–1000 cm−2 s−1. The emission from stars in the Galactic disk contributes more than 95% of the signal. 相似文献
8.
J. R. Wayland 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1969,3(3):357-364
We have investigated the origin of cosmic radiation in terms of a sudden injection of particles in time, momentum and space. The appropriate boundary conditions for the various regions through which the particles pass were used. With all of the acceleration within a turbulent region, we find that the observed spectrum is explained by a continuous deceleration in which statistical fluctuations dominate. This is contradictory to the usual assumptions in which fluctuations do not play an important part. We find that the time dependent solution has an exponent of the power law spectrum that varies weakly with the momentum and time. The steady state solution shows the usual constant exponent.This work was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant NsG-695. 相似文献
9.
We succeeded in several attempts at measuring the solar limb-darkening in the continuous spectrum between 1800 Å and 2900 Å. Good spectroheliograms were obtained during a rocket flight in November 1964 and during a balloon flight in October 1966 at 2190 Å, 2665 Å, 2885 Å, and 1980 Å, 2235 Å respectively. A rocket flown at the beginning of 1967 provided excellent spectra allowing the measurement of center-to-limb variation in the continuum and lines from 1800 Å to 2800 Å.The first series of pictures yielded absolute values of the central intensity leading to a minimum temperature close to 4700 °K. The continuous opacity of the photosphere layers has been deduced from the two first experiments. It seems that a non-metallic source of continuous absorption must be taken into account between 2500 Å and 3000 Å. Moreover, as the source functions for the shortest wavelengths show a very flat variation near the minimum temperature, it seems that the transition zone between the photosphere and the chromosphere must be very gradual.These results are discussed in the light of the latest results deduced from the new spectra obtained. 相似文献
10.
The recent discovery of a distortion in the 3K spectrum of the black-body background cosmic radiation has led to suggestions that a part or even all of the radiation was generated by pregalactic supermassive stars. A general upper limit on the mass of a cluster of these objects and the entropy of the radiation produced by them is obtained. 相似文献
11.
V. A. Sheminova 《Solar physics》2012,280(1):83-102
The extended wings of the Ca?ii H and K lines provide excellent diagnostics of the temperature stratification of the photosphere of the Sun and of other cool stars, thanks to their LTE opacities and source functions and their large span in formation height. The aim of this study is to calibrate the usage of the H and K wings in a one-dimensional interpretation of spatially averaged spectra and in deriving per-pixel stratifications from resolved spectra. I use multi-dimensional simulations of solar convection to synthesize the H and K wings, derive one-dimensional models from these wings as if they were observed, and compare the resulting models to the actual simulation input. I find that spatially averaged models constructed from the synthesized wings generally match the simulation averages well, except for the deepest layers of the photosphere where large thermal inhomogeneities and Planck-function non-linearity gives large errors. The larger the inhomogeneity, the larger the error. The presence of strong network fields increases such inhomogeneity. For quiet photospheric conditions the temperature excesses reach about 200?K. One-dimensional stratification fits of discrete structures such as granulation and small-scale magnetic concentrations give satisfactory results with errors that are primarily due to steep temperature gradients and abrupt changes of temperature with depth. I conclude that stratification modeling using the H and K wings is a useful technique for the interpretation of solar high-resolution observations. 相似文献
12.
We present results of near infrared observation of 21 molecular outflow sources and two non-outflow sources with compact cores. Combined with IRAS and other surface station observations we analyse their spectra and find that the outflow sources have, on average, steeper spectral gradients than the non-outflow sources in the range 2.28–25 μ. Most of the bipolar outflow sources have gradients greater than 2.0. Using a revised blackbody photosphere model we calculate the contributions to the JHK fluxes by the central young star and the circumstellar envelope. For the sources with known bolometric luminosity we derive the photospheric temperature of the central star and the circumstellar extinction. Results show that most of the young stars associated with molecular outflows are probably T Tauri stars (5000–7000 K) or emission line stars (9000–26000 K). The circumstellar extinction in JHK is around 10 to 20 magnitudes. These facts show that molecular outflow sources are young objects still embedded deep inside or around the interior of compact cores. Fitting the 3.5– 25 μ and 60–100 μ spectra with a λ-1 dust emission model to five source gives a negative power law for the temperature profile of the circumstellar shell with exponents between 0.39 and 0.48, close to the theoretical results for molecular clouds associated with HI I regions. 相似文献
13.
General relativistic spectra of accretion discs around rapidly rotating neutron stars: effect of light bending 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sudip Bhattacharyya Dipankar Bhattacharya Arun V. Thampan 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,325(3):989-994
We present computed spectra, as seen by a distant observer, from the accretion disc around a rapidly rotating neutron star. Our calculations are carried out in a fully general relativistic framework, with an exact treatment of rotation. We take into account the Doppler shift, gravitational redshift and light-bending effects in order to compute the observed spectrum. We find that light bending significantly modifies the high-energy part of the spectrum. Computed spectra for slowly rotating neutron stars are also presented. These results would be important for modelling the observed X-ray spectra of low-mass X-ray binaries containing fast-spinning neutron stars. 相似文献
14.
EChO is a dedicated mission to investigate exoplanetary atmospheres. When extracting the planetary signal, one has to take care of the variability of the hosting star, which introduces spectral distortion that can be mistaken as planetary signal. Magneticvariability has to be taken into account in particular for M stars. To this purpose, assuming a one spot dominant model for the stellar photosphere, we develop a mixed observational-theoretical tool to extract the spot’s parameters from the observed optical spectrum. This method relies on a robust library of spectral M templates, which we derive using the observed spectra of quiet M dwarfs in the SDSS database. Our procedure allows to correct the observed spectra for photospheric activity in most of the analyzed cases, reducing the spectral distortion down to the noise levels. Ongoing refinements of the template library and the algorithm will improve the efficiency of our algorithm. 相似文献
15.
Two models of the origin of the spectrum of type I supernovae are analysed: (I) the photosphere of the ‘central remnant’ and the expanding shell are separated by a density cavity; (II) the ‘photosphere’ (the layer which produces the continuous spectrum) is the inner part of the expanding shell. The arguments are given in favour of model I. Opacity of the shell close to light maximum for λ>4000 Å is mostly due to Thomson scattering; soon after light maximum (and it may be already at light maximum) the shell becomes completely transparent in this region of the spectrum. The problem of the origin of the very large width and of the relatively high central residual intensities of the absorption lines in the spectra of type I supernovae are analysed. A very noticeable dispersion in the velocities of the radial gas motions in the shell is the principal cause of the large equivalent width of the absorption lines in the spectra of these supernovae. The role played by the inhomogeneities in the shell is also discussed. The depth of the strong absorption lines produced by a very inhomogeneous shell may be equal to the filling factor of the medium. From the analysis of the spectra of supernova 1972e a lower limit for the mass of the shell is obtained (M>1031 g). Then from the fact of absence of a detectable H-absorption line and a simultaneous presence of strong Siii absorption lines (6347, 6371 Å) in the spectrum of supernova 1972e it follows that the ratio Si/H is at least two or three orders greater than that for the ‘normal’ stars. 相似文献
16.
Stochastic temperatures and turbulence are characterized by average velocities u
th
and < u
turb
> ≡ u
0 and fluctuations u￠th {u'_{th}} and u′ (<u′ > = 0). Thus, the Doppler width of a line also has a fluctuating component Dl￠D \Delta {\lambda '_D} . Observed spectra correspond to the radiative flux averaged over time and over a star’s surface, <Hλ>. Usually, only the average velocities u
th
and u
0 are taken into account in photospheric models and these yield the Doppler width DlD(0) \Delta \lambda_D^{(0)} of a line in the customary way. The fluctuations Dl￠D \Delta {\lambda '_D} mean that near a line center the average absorption coefficient < αλ > is larger than the usual αλ, which depends only on the average velocities u
th
and u
0. This enhances the absorption line near the center and is not explained by the photospheric models. This new statistical
effect depends on the wavelength of the line. A comparison of observed lines with model profiles yields an estimate for the
average level of fluctuations in the Doppler width, h =
á | Dl￠D |
ñ