共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Takeyuki Tsuda 《GeoJournal》2011,76(6):641-659
Although research on immigrants in the US provides strong evidence that human capital is more important than social capital
in determining their wages, data from Hamamatsu, Japan indicates that social capital variables are the primary determinant
of immigrant earnings and human capital does not have a significant effect. The divergent impact of these two variables on
the earnings of immigrants are a result of the different economic and social conditions that immigrants encounter in Japan
compared to the United States. In a recent country of immigration like Japan where immigrant labor markets are relatively
undeveloped and foreign workers are confined to unskilled, marginal jobs, the human capital that they acquire over time is
not reflected in better jobs with higher earnings. In contrast, immigrants with access to social capital in the form of immigrant
networks, gender, and ethnicity are able to obtain jobs with higher wages in Japan. Because foreign workers are still temporary
target earners, they therefore rely heavily on their immigrant social networks to find better-paying jobs. In addition, Japan
is a country with significant gender and ethnic discrimination where employers strongly prefer male foreign workers and ethnically
similar nikkeijin (Japanese descendants born and raised abroad) and are willing to pay them significantly higher wages. Therefore,
depending on the local context of immigrant reception, the relative importance of human versus social capital in explaining
economic outcomes among immigrants can vary considerably. 相似文献
2.
Achieving gender well-being and equality is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. A close examination of female livelihood time allocation can reveal gender inequality in livelihood choices between males and females. Using the feminist political ecology framework, this paper examines how gendered knowledge, roles, and responsibilities influence female livelihood time use in a patriarchal society like Bangladesh. We use a nationally representative household survey data to create Multiple Linear Regression Model to understand the association between economic, cultural, and environmental shocks with the total time allocation toward livelihood activities by women. Our results suggest that use of ‘Purdah’ by Muslim women acts as a negative detrimental factor towards their livelihood time allocation, thus affirming the complex role of culture and gendered economic activities. Women also allocate less time toward livelihood activities during pregnancy and/or breastfeeding. We find that female livelihood time use also depends on their ability to speak in public, their autonomy in livelihood decision processes, and their ownership in business enterprises. This research suggests creating more robust and gender sensitive policies in Bangladesh that can help achieve the United Nation’s goals of Sustainable Development.
相似文献3.
Diane Perrons 《GeoJournal》2002,56(4):271-280
The concept 'new economy' is widely used to characterise the outcomes of contemporary restructuring processes – but in contrasting
ways: by globalisation and the increasing use of communication and information technologies as well as by deregulation, polarisation,
feminisation of employment and new, more flexible patterns and hours of work. These tendencies are interlinked and partly
account for growing social and gender divisions. They pose problems for social sustainability but also develop differently
in different economic and social formations. This paper develops a theoretical understanding of widening social divisions
and their gendered form, indicates how these tendencies have developed to different degrees within the European Union and
illustrates how the divisions are experienced by people in a local labour market in the neo liberal UK, where social and gender
divisions are particularly wide.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
《Geoforum》2016
This paper examines the multiple processes that shape the use of agrochemicals and wastewater irrigation in Ghanaian urban agriculture. It further explores whether and how these processes present bodily health challenges for women and men farmers. Qualitative fieldwork was conducted in Ashaiman, a municipal area located about 30 km north-east of Accra, Ghana’s capital. Methods of data collection involved in-depth interviews, focus groups and participatory risk ranking and scoring. Conceptually, the paper brings political ecologies of health into closer conversation with scholarship on embodiment and gender. Overall, the findings demonstrate how specific urban agricultural practices are socially produced, how these practices come to affect the human body, and the long-term gendered consequences. One of the contributions of the paper is to draw attention to the nature and cost of urban agriculture in Ghana, a cost not in financial or environmental sense, but in the realm of embodied experiences of exposure to agrochemicals. The paper argues that the current problem confronting urban agriculture in Ashaiman, Ghana, cannot be adequately addressed unless understood as socially produced and historically determined. Further, the health impact of urban agriculture is not only a full bodily experience, but is also gendered. In the end, a case is made as to why gendered bodies demand more critical analysis in scholarship involving political ecologies of health. 相似文献
5.
Saraswati Raju 《GeoJournal》2006,65(4):287-300
The policy environment on gender is fraught with contradictions and contestation of varying degrees in India that does not
disappear even as recent transformative mode of participatory initiatives seem to place women’s agency at the core of empowerment
agenda. Drawing from two collaborative projects at the grassroots, the paper argues that even well conceptualised projects
miss the cutting edge distinction between women and gender and continue to engage with an instrumental logic of women’s development
and empowerment at the expense of issues of gender equality and equity in translating the intention into action. It is also
observed, however, that spatially embedded social and cultural specificities impact policy discourse resulting in very different
outcomes of conceptually comparable policy formulations. According to the author acknowledging spatiality of experiences provides
a vantage point to critically engage with context-specific strategies to resolve gendered conflicts and tensions resulting
from confining social relations and normative gender codes. 相似文献
6.
This paper examines how neoliberal development discourse contributes to the production and maintenance of problematic gendered hierarchies and spaces. By interrogating the basic assumptions undergirding this discourse, this paper explores how neoliberalism produces spaces which normalise certain identities—especially those associated with individualism and economic rationality, and makes errant values such as communalism and altruism. Drawing on perspectives from feminist geographies, we argue that by normalising and privileging certain masculine identities, neoliberalism reinscribes and legitimizes gendered power relations that are counterproductive to addressing HIV/AIDS. The ‘ideal’ person fighting HIV/AIDS in the neoliberal framework is rational, competitive and self-interested, but these characteristics are complicit in worsening HIV prevalence and mobilize problematic gender roles and identities. Given the pervasiveness of this ideology in Malawi, we propose ways in which families, communities and institutions can challenge and reshape gender identities and potential solutions to HIV within this context. 相似文献
7.
This article discusses the involvement of older women and men in voluntary work in rural communities in the Netherlands. Gender,
ageing and civil society form the core concepts in the article. Politicians and policy makers in the Netherlands are worried
about the perceived decline of civil society and about the consequences of this decline for specific categories of older women
in terms of well-being and social exclusion. The paper presents the results of two surveys of involvement of older women and
men in civic organisations, voluntary work and local actions. The surveys indicate high levels of involvement of both women
and men. No gender differences are found in activity level. However, the data demonstrate the gendered nature of civil society.
Women are more engaged in informal voluntary work and informal local actions, while men are more active in formal organisations
and functions. This gender segmentation is not absolute, however. Many older women and men transgress the traditional feminine–masculine
boundaries. The surveys highlight the involvement of women and men in rural communities, but indicate lower activity levels
in urban areas. 相似文献
8.
Geographers have been slow to address issues about abstinence, drinking and drunkenness, but the importance of alcohol on the social and political agenda has underpinned recent growth in this field. Explorations of the gendered geographies of drinking are one important strand in this emerging field, but there is currently a paucity of research on women and gender (as opposed to men), and a dearth of research which looks beyond a rather narrowly specified range of public drinking environments. This paper addressed these short-comings through a quantitative and qualitative examination of different men’s and women’s alcohol consumption in private as well as diverse public drinking environments in 21st Century Britain. The paper emphasises the importance of gendered moralities in shaping gender and intra-gender differences in drinking levels, locations and motivations, and explores the connections between apparently separate public and private drinking environments. 相似文献
9.
Heather Dunning Bonnie Janzen Allison Williams Sylvia Abonyi Bonnie Jeffery J. E. Randall Bill Holden Ronald Labonte Nazeem Muhajarine Gerry Klein Tracey Carr 《GeoJournal》2006,65(4):393-407
While many community initiatives have attempted to assess the nature and determinants of their citizens’ quality of life (QOL),
these initiatives have produced little about whether the key determinants of life quality differ by gender. Using both quantitative
and qualitative data from a recent QOL research project in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, this study explores whether factors
that predict poor QOL are similar for women and men. The study also examines whether the nature of these gender differences
varies across low, medium and high socio-economic status locales. Results showed that men and women were very similar in:
(1) their QOL ratings, (2) reports of deterioration in neighborhood QOL, and (3) rating particular aspects of their neighborhood.
Few gender differences were also found when analyzing data referring to place characteristics and social cohesion. Multivariate
analysis revealed further similarities: (1) being divorced/widowed was a significant predictor of poor QOL, and (2) a negative
view of community security issues was associated with deterioration in perceived neighborhood quality of life. For women,
however, other variables were important predictors of QOL: being middle aged, being single, and having a poor opinion of the
overall quality of their neighborhood. Qualitative analysis revealed that while men and women shared concern about general
areas such as safety and neighborhood supports, their perceptions of the details around these issues differed. The multi-method
results suggest that urban policy actions should include a gendered discussion of common QOL issues. 相似文献
10.
11.
Philip S. Morrison 《GeoJournal》2004,59(2):127-136
The neo-classical rationale for deregulation of the labour market argues that capital and labour should have greater choice
in their relationship with each other, in particular employers should have greater flexibility to affect wages and conditions
in accord with specific product markets and local conditions. Decentralised decision making, it is argued, will lead to greater
market efficiency than a centrally controlled system of employment relations and wage setting. Such was the rationale for
the Employment Contracts Act (ECA) in 1991. Although it did even out the relative power granted to capital and labour the
Employment Relations Act (ERA) introduced a decade later preserved the general thrust of the 1991 legislation. The ECA completed
the dismantling of centralised regulation of employment relationships in New Zealand. But over ten years later there is still
no clear consensus on its labour market impact. The immediate effects of the legislation on unionisation and levels of work
stoppages are relatively easy to document. However, outcomes related to the functioning of the labour market as a whole –
unemployment rates, labour force participation rates, wage levels, labour productivity and on-the-job-training – have proved
far more difficult to tie directly or even indirectly to the ECA. It is argued here that the impact of the ECA on efficiency
and growth has been extremely modest and that any net improvement in conventional labour market measures has been negligible. Rather the Act has been more influential in redistributing
available paid work, including the redistribution of a greater share of the surplus from labour to capital itself. Any categorical
conclusions on the impacts of the ECA and the ERA require a far more carefully specified research design than has been applied
to date.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
Charles C. Fonchingong 《GeoJournal》2006,65(3):137-149
Communities are increasingly becoming development spaces where members are dynamic actors in fashioning issues of common interest.
This paper explores women’s efforts at building social capital for communitarian ventures in selected rural localities of
the Cameroon grasslands. It is argued that effective participation in raising livelihoods and infrastructure provisioning
is facilitated through women’s social networks (njangis). The paper situates the gender concerns in community participation, rekindled through village development associations (VDAs)
– crucial in needs identification, prioritization and execution of identified projects. Based on focused field studies in
selected localities, it is established that due to their low social status, workloads and tight schedule, women remain on
the sidelines of the leadership in VDAs. However, women’s in-cash or in-kind contribution remains crucial to the successful
implementation of projects. Enhancing female participation hinges on efforts at erasing cultural stereotypes that project
women as domestic workers, improving literacy, increased access to productive resources especially land, direct support to
women’s agricultural activity and improved rural infrastructure (roads, water supply, and electricity) that is compromising
women’s participation and empowerment drive. 相似文献
13.
Mariama Awumbila 《GeoJournal》2006,67(2):149-161
Poverty trends in Ghana show a decline over the last two decades. However, the period also shows evidence of the intensification
of vulnerability and exclusion among some groups, including women. Among several variables accounting for women’s vulnerability
to poverty are gender inequalities, which it is argued, undermines development and the prospects for improving standards of
living. Therefore it has been suggested that policies, which aim at reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development
must integrate gender equality, equity and women’s empowerment in its goals. Despite these, the interconnections between a
reduction in gender inequality and a reduction in poverty are complex. The paper explores the gender dimensions of poverty
in Ghana, and how gender inequalities are manifested and implicated in the reproduction of poverty. It also assesses the extent
to which these have been taken into account in poverty reduction strategies and policies to enhance the situation of women.
It concludes that if strategies to engender poverty reduction programmes are to be sustainable it is important to recognize
unequal gender relations and the structures of power that women confront at all levels in Ghana and how these increase women’s
vulnerability to poverty. 相似文献
14.
After decades of turmoil and international isolation, Cambodia has embarked on a threefold transition: from armed conflict to peace, from political authoritarianism to liberal democracy, and from a socialist economic system to one based on market-driven capitalist growth. In this context of transition, the paper explores the perceived linkages that exist between drinking, drunkenness and gender-based violence in rural and urban Siem Reap, home to the global tourism site of Angkor. By considering the ways in which men and women relate alcohol use with violence, the paper questions what implications these social constructions have for tackling gender-based violence and concludes that challenging such external explanations for violence is needed in order for gender-based violence to be understood as the struggle for equality in men and women’s everyday lives. 相似文献
15.
This paper examines the participation of women in local government in the Durban Metro Area in the post-apartheid era. The
primary purpose is to ascertain the degree of representation of women in local government structures and their influence on
decision-making processes. The paper further attempts to determine the gender sensitivity of the male counterparts and their
level of collaboration with female councillors. The gendered needs of women in local government and the various problems they
experienced in office are highlighted. Finally, strategies to increase the participation of women in local government as well
as to eradicate impediments, which they encounter, are advocated. The paper revealed that women have been under-represented
in local government. Women who are elected into local government are discriminated against on grounds of gender and often
race. They tend to be side-lined and marginalised in decision-making and in positions of power.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Robyn Iredale 《Geoforum》2005,36(2):155-166
Human capital is the most important form of wealth for a modern nation and countries with the most intellectual resources are achieving the highest rates of economic growth. In the drive for human capital, many industrialised countries are giving priority to policies aimed at attracting highly skilled immigrants. The number of skilled immigrants who settle permanently in these countries is not rising but there is a significant level of temporary movement of highly skilled labour from developing countries, particularly in information technology (IT), medicine, nursing and teaching. Women now account for an increased proportion of highly skilled migrants but there are still few analyses of their economic participation. Immigration selection and occupational entry policies are crucial for an understanding of the gendered experiences of migration for skilled migrants. This article draws together material from empirical work and reports/other literature on the situation facing professional women compared to men, both permanent and temporary, in the selection processes for migration and the post-arrival processes of accreditation and recognition. 相似文献
17.
In this paper we explore the role of culture in the reproduction of gendered labour arrangements. Using Switzerland as an
example, we first analyse statistical data on paid and unpaid labour. We look at differences between women and men, but also
between different types of regions. Patterns emerge to support our hypothesis that beyond structures of economic opportunity,
economic cycles and welfare state provisions, local (gender) culture might explain some of the particularities of gendered
labour arrangements. The argument is reinforced by data on regional voting patterns in a recent referendum on the issue of
maternity leave. In the second part, we further explore these issues by looking at a particular place and re-telling work-life-stories
that show how two women navigate between different working culture environments in accordance with their life-cycle needs
and individual ideas and values. Finally, we discuss issues of scale and methodology and reflect on the significance of varying
local working environments.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Geographic limits to global labor market flexibility: The human resources paradox of the cruise industry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
William C. Terry 《Geoforum》2011,42(6):660-670
The cruise industry enjoys arguably the most flexible and globalized of all labor markets. Yet, in an apparent paradox, cruise lines face a potential labor shortage, despite the fact that the bulk of their labor is sourced from the Global South where a large labor surplus would seemingly make recruitment a simple process. This paper examines this paradox in greater detail with a focus on the tension that exists between the industry’s demand for a flexible labor force, and the need for workers who maintain the skills required of a cruise ship job. It is argued that the contemporary geography of global labor recruitment is constrained by the particular political, economic and cultural circumstances of individual source countries that make certain cohorts less attractive or available as a workforce. In practice the need for skill and flexibility are not always reconcilable and cruise lines have found that there is a geographic limit to labor market flexibility. The article is based on interviews with various stakeholders involved in either working on cruise ships or in recruiting workers. Special emphasis is placed on Filipino cruise ship workers and labor recruiters as a means to discuss labor recruitment for the entire industry. 相似文献
19.
The paper examines women’s involvement in residential location/relocation decision-making among tenants in Ibadan, Nigeria. The data used in the paper is from a larger cross-sectional survey of 721 households on gender and housing in Ibadan, Nigeria. The analysis in the paper focused on 365 subgroup of households that are tenants in the sample survey. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation and simple statistical techniques such as frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the data. The result shows that generally there is low involvement of women in residential location/relocation decision-making. There is significant intra-urban variation in the involvement of women in residential location/relocation decision-making. Significant relationships are found between the level of women involvement in residential location/relocation decision-making and their educational level, occupation, and marital status. In addition, significant relationships are found between cultural and social support variables and involvement of women in residential location/relocation decisions. These results suggest that female empowerment and greater involvement in decision-making could be greatly enhanced by improved access of women to education, employment, the provision of good and reliable social support facilities and a reorientation of women’s view about responsibility for household housing provision. 相似文献
20.
煤炭地质勘查单位,通过几十年的艰苦奋斗,不仅为国家找出了大量的煤炭资源,同时也积累了丰富的管理、施工和技术工作经验,以及大量的地质资料。应该发挥自身优势,充分利用大量的以往地质资料,结合新的找矿理论和先进的地面勘查手段,加大人才培养和引进力度,逐步提升专业技术人员的学识和科技水平,加强基础地质工作,不断寻找新的工作靶区,把握住煤炭勘查市场的主动权。抓住机遇,做好资金积累,加强资本运做,充分利用已有探矿权,走探采一体化道路,做精做强到做大地勘单位,是生存和发展的良好出路。 相似文献