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1.
JIANG Qiang 《湿地科学》2008,6(2)
As the consequence of climate change, water that is received in Australian Murray-Darling Basin wetlands is declining and agricultural water demands are increasing. In order to keep the water use balance between environment protection including wetland protection and irrigation water use, the Australian government adopted a series of reforms in Murray-Darling Basin to address the environmental water shortage problem and encourage irrigators to use water more efficiently and plant high economic value crop. The water trading and cap are two major reforms in this process.In order to match up the environmental water demand such as wetland water use, based on the seasonal rainfall, dam level and environmental water demand, the cap system seasonally allocate how much water the irrigators can access as per water licenses. As the cap dramatically reduced the water access for irrigators, the water trading is aiming to use limited agricultural water more efficiently. The water trading scheme separate the water use right from the land property right and allow Australian farmers to trade their water licenses in the market. Water trading encouraged farmers who plant low value crops such as wheat and canola transfer their water entitles to farmers who plant high value crops such as grape. In the drought seasons, The Australian government can purchase the water licenses from irrigators to increase the environmental flows.This Australian water management system represents the most complicated and effective environmental and agricultural water use management in this world. There are possible many lessons that will help China to better manage the water use for wetland protection and farming practices. 相似文献
2.
Frequent extreme weather events like drought, etc. in the context of climate change present huge challenges to agricultural production. To find out if farmers have taken measures against them and identify governments’ impact on their response measures are the foundation of and key to further improving relevant policies and farmers’ responsiveness. Taking the North China Plain as an example, the study analyzes farmers’ responses to frequent climate change-induced drought, and assesses the impacts of governments’ early-warning, policy support and other factors on farmers’ responses based on questionnaire survey data and an econometric approach. The results show that: (1) Farmers are responsive to drought, and they are more likely to take measures as the degree of drought deepening. (2) Governments’ regulation affects farmers’ responses, although only part of its regulation measures has remarkable effects. Governments’ early-warning messages can increase the possibility of farmers’ responding to drought, however, only when they get the early-warning in all the processes including before, during, and after disasters can the effects be significant. Currently, as the primary channel through which early-warning information is released, television cannot change farmers’ behaviors significantly. Early-warning is most effective when spread via two or more types of channels. In addition, governments’ (especially town and village level institutions’) policy support has certain impacts on farmers’ responses to drought, yet with less prominent effects in disaster years than in normal years; to provide subsidies, as a regulation measure, can encourage farmers’ initiative a lot in adopting response measures, but most of the farmers haven’t got support from any institutions. Both the structure and strength of government regulation need to be improved. (3) Farmers with different conditions respond differently. Farmer households in irrigation areas, those whose farmland is lower fragmented, and those with numerous agricultural family members tend to take response measures. The study can provide scientific reference to the making of relevant regulation policies under the background of acidifications. 相似文献
3.
基于三工河流域284份农户抽样问卷调查数据,总结了多因素作用下农户灌溉决策机理。自然因素是导致农户灌溉行为区域差异的根源,农户自身因素影响农户对灌溉和节水的认识,政府决策可有效调控农户决策行为。根据农户灌溉决策机理,选择耕地状况、政策管理、农户素质、家庭经济状况和农户当前灌溉特征5类因素,构建Logistic模型分析多因素与农户节水意愿的关系,得出影响农户选择节水灌溉的主要因子,按影响程度从大到小排序如下：灌溉水价>耕地区位>非农收入比重>耕地归属>农户对滴灌的了解程度>受访者性别>灌水量>家庭劳动力平均年龄>家庭耕地面积,并据此提出鼓励农户选择节水技术的建议。 相似文献
4.
《地理学报(英文版)》2017,(12)
Frequent extreme weather events like drought, etc. in the context of climate change present huge challenges to agricultural production. To find out if farmers have taken measures against them and identify governments' impact on their response measures are the foundation of and key to further improving relevant policies and farmers' responsiveness. Taking the North China Plain as an example, the study analyzes farmers' responses to frequent climate change-induced drought, and assesses the impacts of governments' earlywarning, policy support and other factors on farmers' responses based on questionnaire survey data and an econometric approach. The results show that:(1) Farmers are responsive to drought, and they are more likely to take measures as the degree of drought deepening.(2) Governments' regulation affects farmers' responses, although only part of its regulation measures has remarkable effects. Governments' early-warning messages can increase the possibility of farmers' responding to drought, however, only when they get the early-warning in all the processes including before, during, and after disasters can the effects be significant. Currently, as the primary channel through which early-warning information is released, television cannot change farmers' behaviors significantly. Early-warning is most effective when spread via two or more types of channels. In addition, governments'(especially town and village level institutions') policy support has certain impacts on farmers' responses to drought, yet with less prominent effects in disaster years than in normal years; to provide subsidies, as a regulation measure, can encourage farmers' initiative a lot in adopting response measures, but most of the farmers haven't got support from any institutions. Both the structure and strength of government regulation need to be improved.(3) Farmers with different conditions respond differently. Farmer households in irrigation areas, those whose farmland is lower fragmented, and those with numerous agricultural family members tend to take response measures. The study can provide scientific reference to the making of relevant regulation policies under the background of acidifications. 相似文献
5.
气候变化背景下干旱等极端天气事件频发给农业生产带来巨大挑战,明确农户是否采取相关应对措施及政府对其采取措施的影响,是进一步完善相关政策和引导农户增强自身响应能力建设的基础和关键。以华北平原为例,基于农户问卷调查数据,运用计量经济学方法,分析气候变化导致干旱频发背景下微观农户的响应行为,评估政府预警和政策支持是否影响农户响应行为以及其他因素如何影响其响应行为。结果表明：① 农户响应干旱态度积极,随干旱程度加深,农户选择采取响应措施的可能性增大。② 政府调控影响农户响应行为,但仅部分调控手段效果显著。政府提供预警信息能增加农户采取响应措施的可能性,然而只有当灾前及灾中、灾后同时预警时效果才显著;电视是目前最主要的预警媒介,但其并不显著改变农户响应行为,通过两种及以上形式的媒介传播预警信息效果最显著。此外,政府（尤其是乡镇及村级机构）的政策支持对农户旱灾响应行为有一定影响,但其效果在灾害年不如正常年明显;资金补贴的调控手段能明显促进农户采取响应措施的积极性,但绝大多数农户未获得任何机构支持。政府调控的结构及力度均有待提升及完善。③ 不同特质农户的响应行为不同。灌区内的农户,家庭耕地细碎度越小的农户,家庭农业成员越多的农户,更倾向于采取响应措施。本研究可为干旱化背景下制定相关调控政策提供科学参考。 相似文献
6.
TREVOR BIRKENHOLTZ 《The Geographical journal》2009,175(3):208-220
Globally, decentralisation has become the dominant paradigm for environmental governance. This paper explores the linkages between green governmentality approaches to subjectivity and Gramscian notions of hegemony to examine recent efforts in Rajasthan, India to decentralise groundwater governance through targeted formal regulations and outreach activities, such as water awareness campaigns ( Jal Abhiyaan ). The latter seeks to alter the beliefs and practices of farmers by institutionalising their support for state groundwater conservation efforts, including privatisation. The paper draws on household surveys and interviews with farmers and government agents to examine the relationship between the political economic motivations for and practices of state subject-making and differential resistance to these efforts based on farmers' multiple subject positions. Findings suggest, first, that the state is motivated through its monetary and advisory relationship with donor agencies, such as the World Bank. Through both outreach activities and coercion, it attempts to gain 'consent' for its proposals, which devolve state control rather than truly decentralising decision-making, to make self-conducting and willing subjects of specifically neoliberal groundwater conservation. But, second, these attempts are being resisted by some farmers through protests, informal discussions, non-participation, and the collectivisation of access to groundwater and irrigation through irrigation partnerships. Third, resistance to these efforts, or support for them, is different between farmers based on their multiple subjectivities (caste, class and ecological conditions). The paper advances both our understanding of the processes of environmental subject-making and of the devolution of environmental governance, by integrating the lessons from governmentality and Gramscian approaches to social power and subjectivity. 相似文献
7.
Helen Ruth Aspaas 《The Professional geographer》1998,50(2):192-204
The dynamics of intra-household economics among sedentary farmers in rural Kenya suggest that women, whether or not they have a male household head, are responsible for providing basic resources to insure the daily survival of household members. Many rural Kenyan women operate small businesses in rural market centers in order to meet these obligations, and many of these women are also heads of their households. This paper examines women's resource bases for establishing and maintaining small-scale businesses. Compared to women who are associated with male-headed households, women who head households have fewer resources for establishing businesses which in turn generate lower earnings. At the same time, these women are almost completely dependent on their businesses for meeting the household's needs. 相似文献
8.
重庆市山区农户耕地转入特征及其影响因素 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
耕地流转有利于缓解耕地撂荒和闲置问题,促进土地规模化经营,但已有山区的研究侧重耕地转出,且未深入分析农户耕地转入的特征.本文运用重庆市“两翼”地区12 个典型村的1015 份农户调查问卷,从地块尺度详细分析了农户耕地转入的特征,并通过Tobit 模型,定量分析了农户转入耕地面积的影响因素.结果表明:①农户多无偿转入耕地,但仍主要转入质量好、坡度小、离家近的地块;因受地形影响,转入地块又多为旱地,且难灌溉、面积小,并存在“去粮化”和粗放化经营.②农户特征方面,转入耕地的农户多为普通农户,经营耕地规模小、效益低,且地块细碎化程度高.③影响因素方面,农业劳动力比例、农业收入、农具数量和耕作面积对农户转入耕地面积有显著正向影响,而户主年龄、地块平均面积和地区哑变量则武隆县有显著负向影响. 相似文献
9.
Remote sensing monitoring on regional crop water productivity in the Haihe River Basin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Crop water productivity （CWP） agricultural development in water scarcity is one of the important indicators for sustainable area. There is serious conflict between water sup- ply and requirement in the Haihe River Basin. CWP of winter wheat and summer maize from 2003 to 2007 in the Haihe River Basin is estimated based on large-scale evapotranspiration （ET） and crop yield obtained by remote sensing technology. Spatial and temporal distribution of CWP of winter wheat and summer maize is investigated in this study. Results show that CWP of winter wheat in most parts of the study area varies from 1.02 kg/m3 to 1.53 kg/m3, and CWP of summer maize varies from 1.31 kg/m3 to 2.03 kg/m3. Multi-year averaged CWP of winter wheat and summer maize in the study area is about 1.19 kg/m3 and 1.59 kg/m3. CWP results show certain promotion potential to alleviate the water shortage in the Haihe River Basin. Correlation analysis of CWP, crop yield and ET shows that there is great potential for crop yield promotion without the growth in irrigation water. Large-scale CWP estimated by remote sensing technology in this study shows spatial distribution features, which could be used to real-time agricultural water resource management combined with crop yield and ET. 相似文献
10.
《The Australian geographer》1995,26(1):71-86
The upper Nepean River has been progressively regulated for water supply to Sydney and Wollongong since 1886 by the Upper Nepean Water Supply Scheme which consists of four large dams, two small dams and two diversion weirs. Secular rainfall changes produced periods of high rainfall and large floods (flood‐dominated regimes) between 1857 and 1900 and 1947 and the present, and an intervening period (1901–46) of low rainfall and small floods (drought‐dominated regime). Upstream impoundment and flow regulation significantly reduced flood magnitudes for most return periods during both types of flood regimes. The probability distribution of mean daily flows was also changed significantly by flow regulation such that during the drought‐dominated regime, the high and low frequency flows were reduced substantially but the moderate frequency flows were increased due to dam releases; the change from a regulated drought‐dominated regime to a regulated flood‐ dominated regime resulted in a substantial increase in discharge for most durations; and increased water diversions to Wollongong during the current flood‐dominated regime produced a marked downward shift in the whole flow duration curve. Nepean Dam reduced downstream suspended sediment yields by two orders of magnitude because it traps in excess of 99 per cent of the inflowing suspended sediment load. Streamflow releases are urgently required from the two diversion weirs to improve downstream water quality and to ensure the viability of the resident ‘potentially threatened’ eastern Macquarie perch (Macquaria nov. sp.). 相似文献
11.
湖南省农业干旱灾害特征与洪水资源化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近年来，由于降水时空分布不均，加之人们对水资源的不合理利用等原因，湖南省的农业干旱灾害不仅发生频率高、灾情重，而且具有明显的连季性和连年性，这严重制约该省农业的可持续发展。要从根本上缓解该省的农业旱灾，实现洪水资源化是一条重要的举施，且基于投入产出分析，主要作好4个方面的工作：更新改造与兴建扩建一批水利工程，增大供水量；加强山丘区工程与生物措施的结合，以提高洪水资源率；科学调度大型水库，蓄足洪水资源；利用地下水回灌及实施水系联网工程，增加可用水资源和实现洪水资源化。 相似文献
12.
Rainfall Variability in Murang'a District, Kenya: Meteorological Data and Farmers' Perception 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study examines meteorological data and farmers' perception of rainfall in the Central Highlands of Kenya. Rainfall data from five meteorological stations during the period from 1947 to 1996 were analysed on an annual and a monthly basis. Daily data exist from 1957 and analyses from 1957 to 1996 were done on a daily basis. Discussions were held with 60 farmers about rainfall and its variation. Ten of these farmers were interviewed with a questionnaire about rainfall. Analysing annual precipitation and rain periods gave no clear trends over the study period. Results from analysing the growing seasons for maize, the main annual crop, and periods during which maize plants are sensitive to drought showed decreasing trends in rainfall amounts for the study period. Results from the interviews indicate that most of the farmers think rainfall has decreased over the last 40 years. Farmers'perceptions of rainfall are related to periods when the main food and annual crop require water and not to the periods scientists often analyse, i.e. annual and rain periods. More research and better advice from agricultural extension workers to farmers are necessary to enable this area to sustain itself in sufficient food production if the decreasing trends during the growing seasons and drought-sensitive periods continue. 相似文献
13.
Matthew T. J. Brownlee Jeffrey C. Hallo DeWayne D. Moore Robert B. Powell Brett A. Wright 《社会与自然资源》2014,27(9):964-982
Areas affected by drought are increasing, and many lakes that provide potable water and recreation opportunities are located in drought-vulnerable areas. Understanding a population's attitudes toward conservation actions can improve communication initiatives, policy development, and education, which are all necessary for effective water resource management. However, little is known about stakeholders’ interactions with drought-influenced resources and the potential factors that form their water conservation attitudes. Using a mixed methods approach, we evaluated lake recreationists’ (n = 229) attitudes toward water conservation at a drought-impacted lake. We identified the relationships between two site-specific factors (place attachment and awareness of drought impacts), beliefs in climate change, concern for drought impacts, and water conservation attitudes. Results indicated concern for local drought impacts fully mediated the relationships between site-specific factors, beliefs in climate change, and attitudes toward water conservation behaviors. Implications for research, outreach, and water resource management are discussed. 相似文献
14.
In Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone, rapid urbanisation combined with the lingering impacts of the devastating decade long civil war (1991–2002), has left large portions of the population without reliable work or income. One response to this has been an increase in urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) which provides participants with employment, income and food security. According to local government estimates, women comprise around 80% of Freetown’s UPA community, and many women rely totally on UPA as a livelihood strategy to feed and support their households. This article focuses on the experiences of these women farmers, and in doing so sheds new light on their vital contribution to Freetown’s growing UPA community who are not thus far represented in published literature. Globally, women are also underrepresented in UPA literature, and as a result their distinct challenges are not well understood. Reporting on field-based research, this article identifies challenges facing Freetown’s women farmers, including land tenure, access to clean water, limited capital for purchasing tools, fertilisers, and pesticides, and difficult relationships with government, NGOs, and other farmers. The manner in which these challenges manifest themselves in relation to women farmers, as distinct from their male counterparts, are identified, and opportunities for Freetown’s UPA community to support and empower women farmers will be highlighted. 相似文献
15.
The impacts of extreme weather events and climate variability on natural resource dependent farmers will further increase their vulnerability. This study describes how Adi farmers in Arunachal Pradesh (India) perceive and adapt to climate variability, and how this is influenced by gender and wealth. A total of 65 male and 71 female Adi farmers were interviewed or participated in focus group discussions. Both men and women have noticed there are fewer rainy days, longer summers, shorter winters and more erratic rainfall. However, some perceptions of change were gender and/or wealth class specific. Adi women noticed changes across areas they control including collecting forest foods, crop harvesting, and fermenting and storing of food. Men noted climate variability had made hunting wild game and marketing agricultural produce more difficult. Wealthy people were better placed to adapt to climate variability than poorer people because they could intensify their production systems. They switched to rainfed maize with improved varieties and horticultural cash crops which need more costly inputs. Wealthy people, particularly men, also received more advice and training than poorer people. Poorer farmers, particularly poor women, adapted predominantly by diversifying activities, such as using drought tolerant oil seeds and subsistence horticultural crops, accessing forest-based resources, rearing pigs and poultry, increasing fishing and the making of handicrafts. Storage, exchange and pooling of local resources were further strategies of the poor. This deeper understanding of Adi livelihood adaptation strategies will help increase their resilience by improving targeting of location specific extension services and adaptation policies. 相似文献
16.
A recent decision to allow higher levels of urban development in central Oahu, Hawaii, has heightened the concern about possible loss of agricultural land and further drops in aquifer levels. This paper examines such potential impacts and offers a procedure for incorporating them into land use planning. First, a water-balance simulation model computes the change in groundwater recharge under changes in land use and irrigation technology. The resulting changes, together with estimated water demands for the agricultural, commercial and residential sectors, are then included in a multiobjective programming model that identifies optimal patterns of land use conversion under different objective trade-offs. Objectives treated are the minimization of agricultural land loss and of water demand, and the maximumization of recharge over withdrawal. The second objective pertains to water management during drought, while the third refers to sustainable groundwater management. Results show that, depending on the relative importance given each of these two objectives, land moving out of sugar cane will differ significantly in amount and by type of irrigation presently used. The relative importance of these objectives thus needs to be determined if water is to play a coherent and guiding role in land use planning. 相似文献
17.
夏季东亚地区水汽输送年代际变化特征及其对中国东部降水的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用经验正交函数(EOF)分析方法和1951-2004年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料及160个中国地面测站月降水资料,对夏季东亚地区水汽输送的年代际变化特征及其对中国东部降水的影响进行分析.研究结果表明:20世纪70年代中后期至90年代初期,中国东部夏季降水以"南北旱中间涝"分布型为主,90年代初期之后则以"南涝北旱"分布型为主,呈现出显著的年代际变化特征,即20世纪90年代后雨带南移的特征开始明显:夏季整层水汽输送通量主模态的空间结构及其时间系数可以较好地反映出近50年来东亚大陆东部经向水汽输送从1974年起由强变弱的"转折点"特征及其年代际减弱变化趋势:印度大陆和孟加拉湾北部、长江中下游地区、南海以及热带西太平洋地区纬向水汽输送从1973年起由弱变强的"转折点"特征及年代增强变化趋势.揭示了东亚夏季水汽输送年代际分量主模态的时空演变造成中国东部夏季降水从"南北旱中间涝"分布型转向"南涝北旱"分布型,即中国东部夏季雨带呈现出南移年代际变化特征的关键因素之一. 相似文献
18.
Although a number of studies have analysed the methods to monitor crop water needs, the integration of phenological dynamics and irrigation using water stored in reservoirs has received little attention. This study is an example of such analysis applied to two irrigation communities (IC) located in a Spanish Mediterranean area, one with less water resources than the other, which it was carried out between 2002 and 2008. These years comprised periods of water surplus and water scarcity including the 2007–2008 drought considered by the Catalan public water authority the worst since 1944. The dynamics of maize, alfalfa, fruit trees and poplars were analysed using greenness and wetness extracted from remote sensing data. A statistical analysis was applied in order to find out the relationship between crop wetness and stored water. Results show that the IC used two methods for water-saving: crop substitution, by decreasing the area of maize, and timing the crop cycle, delaying or advancing sowing depending on water availability. In conclusion although one IC is drier in rainfall terms than the other, a similar crop wetness status was detected and no difference was observed between periods of water scarcity and water surplus. 相似文献
19.
We surveyed small-scale farmers in the Kenyan Rift Valley province (Narok and Nakuru districts) to describe constraints to, and changes in, livestock production and to assess the extent to which farmers have adopted new technologies promoted by extension services. In the arid areas of southern Narok, farmers' main constraints were drought and disease. Farmers in Nakuru district, situated in the fertile highlands of the Rift Valley, were also affected by disease but also lacked markets and capital. Although 83% of the farmers had regular contact with extension services that provided advice on new technologies and livestock production innovations, only about half of the respondents implemented the proposed changes. Many of those who did change (38%) improved pasture/nutrition/manure management and relatively few (16%) improved their animal breeding practices. Results of a multinomial logit model revealed that, apart from the significant differences between the two districts, the nature of the advice and the expected outcomes had the strongest influence on the probability of successfully implementing changes to livestock production. The results further suggest that adoption of new technologies is limited by lack of knowledge, inadequate support and a failure to target local needs and conditions and empower livestock keepers. 相似文献
20.
三工河流域农户灌溉效率及影响因素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过三工河流域农户访谈和问卷调查,基于DEA方法,从作物类型和地域空间两方面评价了农户灌溉效率,利用Tobit 模型探讨了农户灌溉效率差异产生的影响因素及不同因素对灌溉效率的作用程度.研究结果显示：①不同作物类型的灌溉效率不同,平均灌溉效率的大小依次为棉花(0.95)>葡萄(0.89)>葵花(0.88)>打瓜葫芦(0.80)>玉米(0.78)>小麦(0.72).②不同地域空间的灌溉效率具有差异,同种作物的平均灌溉效率在兵团与地方间差异显著,兵团略大于地方;上、中、下游进行比较,上游与中下游作物平均灌溉效率差异显著,下游>中游>上游.③灌溉方式、作物类型、收入、灌水量、水价、灌溉管理、技术培训对灌溉效率影响显著.其中灌溉量与灌溉效率呈负相关;灌溉方式、灌溉管理规范程度、水价、技术培训、收入与灌溉效率呈正相关;灌溉效率随种植作物类型和区域不同存在显著变化.最后基于研究结果提出了提高灌溉效率的政策建议. 相似文献