共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
我国湿地的主要生态问题及治理对策 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
在参阅相关文献和实地调查的基础上,分析了我国湿地面临的主要生态问题,将湿地生态系统结构与功能的退化划分为缺水萎缩、污染退化、泥沙淤积退化、疏干排水退化、生物资源过度利用与生物多样性受损、红树林破坏、生物入侵退化等7个类型。在此基础上,提出湿地生态保育与治理的若干对策。 相似文献
2.
洞庭湖湿地资源退化的生态经济损益评估 总被引：21，自引：2，他引：19
洞庭湖湿地是中国最大的淡水湿地生态系统之一,湿地资源十分丰富,但由于人类不合理的开发利用,导致湿地生态系统严重退化,湿地生态服务功能价值受损,制约了湖区经济的可持续发展。在实地调查和试验的基础上,依据生态经济学的理论和方法,对洞庭湖湿地因资源退化引起的一系列自然灾害和生态灾害所造成的湿地生态功能损失进行了价值损益评估,由此得出湿地资源退化对湖区经济可持续发展所造成的损失;并指出只有恢复洞庭湖区湿地生态环境,保护好洞庭湖区湿地资源,才能实现洞庭湖区湿地资源的可持续利用,保证湖区经济的可持续发展。 相似文献
3.
湿地生态系统退化的临界状态判别是湿地风险评价的重要内容,也是实施湿地生态系统健康有效管理与保护的重要前提。以中国北方半干旱地区天然内陆湿地——卧龙湖为例,在综合考虑湿地退化指标的基础上,选择水质、蓄水量、生物多样性和生态脆弱性等典型参数指标建立了湿地生态系统退化状态判别的尖点突变模型。研究表明湿地生态系统的退化过程与突变理论的基本特征相符,模型拟合结果较好地反映了卧龙湖湿地退化状态。通过对卧龙湖湿地1994~2009年的数据模拟,结果表明:1994~2001年间卧龙湖湿地生态系统处于较健康的状态,而2002年的判别结果显示卧龙湖湿地处于退化突变状态,即湿地退化导致了生态系统相当程度的损害。研究还表明,卧龙湖湿地生态水量的减少和水环境质量的降低是导致湿地退化的重要因素。为了保护湿地生态系统的健康,防止卧龙湖湿地生态系统退化的发生,应在科学配置区域水资源的同时合理调整区域的产业结构,提高农村污水处理率。 相似文献
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中国退化河口湿地生态恢复研究进展 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
湿地退化、恢复和重建是当前湿地科学领域的研究热点,也是中国湿地研究中的核心问题。作为一种典型的海岸湿地,河口湿地在围垦、水利工程建设和环境污染等多重因素的干扰下,面临着自然来水减少、水盐失衡、植被退化、生境质量下降等多种威胁。介绍了当前中国河口湿地的分布情况以及四大主要河口湿地的退化现状,针对已经开展的河口退化湿地恢复的现状,总结了目前中国河口退化湿地恢复所面临的问题,并展望了今后河口退化湿地恢复研究的趋势：开展河口湿地生态系统演替与退化机制研究;发展河口湿地生态恢复技术;加强河口湿地生态恢复示范研究以及建立动态监测和管理系统。 相似文献
5.
黄河三角洲自然保护区湿地生态恢复的原理、方法与实践 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
黄河三角洲自然保护区以河口新生湿地生态系统为主要生态类型,具有年轻性、脆弱性、不稳定性等生态特点,在自然条件和人为因素的双重影响下,导致部分区域生态恶化和退化。2002年黄河三角洲湿地自然保护区开始实施湿地生态恢复工程,在对湿地生态系统论述的基础上,对自然保护区湿地生态恢复进行了总结,分析了湿地生态恢复的生态背景、湿地退化的原因,论述了实施生态恢复的目的、原理、方法、工程设计及效果评估。 相似文献
6.
湿地是地球上最重要的生态系统之一。然而,随着人口和经济的快速增长,加之长期过度开发已经使得我国的湿地生态系统已经不堪重负。因此,为了改善和恢复湿地的多种功能,如减缓径流、蓄洪防旱,净化水质等,在适当的地域恢复和重建湿地是当今我们面临的紧迫问题。本文从退化湿地生态恢复的基本概念入手,阐述了湿地恢复的基本原理以及湿地恢复的基本流程;以生态学原理为基础,分别阐述了退化湿地生态恢复的三个基本模式,以及退化湿地生态恢复的主要目标和基本策略;最后还对湿地恢复项目的评估和未来发展趋势进行了探讨。 相似文献
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南京新济洲湿地生态恢复研究 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
以新济洲湿地为例,研究了长江洲滩湿地生态恢复的内涵,提出了生态恢复工程方案。新济洲湿地位于长江下游南京市江宁区段,由于自然因素和人为因素的影响,该湿地结构和功能发生了明显的变化。通过对新济洲湿地的野外研究,分析了退化湿地生态系统的特征,从湿地生境、生物、结构与功能方面阐述了生态恢复的总体构想,研究了湿地恢复的工程手段与可持续利用模式。新济洲湿地生境恢复包括栖息地、基底、水体和土壤的恢复;湿地生物恢复途径有提高植被覆盖率、控制外来物种和保护野生动植物;湿地结构与功能恢复内容包括生态序列重建,生态系统、湿地景观与生物多样性恢复。湿地恢复的工程手段有景观建设、功能区建设、生态定位站、血吸虫防治、植被移植、防护林和河道整治等;湿地可持续利用模式包括桑基鱼塘、生态农业与生态旅游。 相似文献
8.
水文连通是湿地生态过程的主要非生物驱动因子,湿地生态系统中水文连通对于湿地稳定性自维持极为重要。湿地生态系统关键生态过程及功能对水文连通受损的响应机制是目前国内外湿地研究的热点与难点问题,综述了目前国内外该科学问题的相关进展。湿地生态系统水文连通具有尺度特征,从群落—生态系统、从局地到区域,其主导影响因素不同。水文连通被阻断,会导致沉积过程改变,进而改变湿地微地貌特征;水文连通可以通过改变生物生境进而影响生物定殖、扩繁及湿地的生物多样性功能,生物觅食与繁殖更趋向选择连通较好的湿地斑块,水文连通的丧失将导致全球生物多样性的降低;完整的水文连通能够促进能量和营养物质的循环,水文连通与生物地球化学连通的耦合,是驱动湿地生态系统能量与物质流转和功能发挥的主要营力。未来关于湿地水文连通与生态系统稳定性研究应着重关注构建湿地水文连通评估方法、水文连通与湿地关键生物地球化学过程的耦合机制、多重胁迫下水文连通与湿地生态系统稳定性作用机制和基于水文连通调控的湿地恢复与保育技术等方面的研究。 相似文献
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向海湿地生态环境退化机制研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
向海湿地位于半干旱的吉林西部平原区,生态环境脆弱,在自然和人为驱动影响下,系统结构和功能出现明显的退化趋势,表现为湿地面积缩小、调节功能削弱、区域荒漠化发展迅速。文章通过对向海湿地生态环境背景条件及退化现状的分析,探讨了湿地生态环境退化的机制：自然环境的脆弱性是湿地退化的前提,上游水的大量截流、水利工程设施及土地资源的不合理开发利用触发了湿地退化的过程。通过对退化湿地的脆弱因子分析,指出退化河流湿地的恢复必须从湿地的水文功能出发,考虑水资源的循环和转化,制定水资源综合利用方案及生态技术和生态工程。 相似文献
10.
松嫩平原是中国内陆湿地集中分布区之一。该区湿地类型有沼泽、湖泊、盐沼和稻田,此外还有水库和少量泥炭地。概述了该区湿地的研究现状,并指出目前研究热点。重点探讨了未来本区湿地的研究趋势,主要体现在湿地生态系统结构、功能和过程研究,湿地的区域生态功能评价,湿地污染及其治理,退化湿地恢复和重建,湿地多样性与湿地保护,湿地资源综合利用,湿地对全球变化响应和全球变化对湿地影响,湿地-草地-盐碱地转换机制和过程和驱动力等方面。 相似文献
11.
A methodology was devised for comparison of generalised range condition over time, irrespective of the nature of original imagery used. It was applied for range condition change mapping throughout Botswana through 1984-2000. Results showed that range degradation was most widespread during the 1980s drought when 25% of the country was affected, decreased to 6.5% in 1994 and increased to 9.8% in 2000. This suggests that these semi-arid rangelands are fairly resilient and can withstand “normal” droughts even under conditions of heavy grazing pressure. However, degradation that persists during normal or above average rainfall years is related to increasing livestock and other pressures on rangelands and may represent areas with severe range recovery problems. This application meets some requirements of a semi-arid developing country looking to improve range condition monitoring over relatively remote areas. 相似文献
12.
Channel responses to varying sediment input: A flume experiment modeled after Redwood Creek, California 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
At the reach scale, a channel adjusts to sediment supply and flow through mutual interactions among channel form, bed particle size, and flow dynamics that govern river bed mobility. Sediment can impair the beneficial uses of a river, but the timescales for studying recovery following high sediment loading in the field setting make flume experiments appealing. We use a flume experiment, coupled with field measurements in a gravel-bed river, to explore sediment transport, storage, and mobility relations under various sediment supply conditions. Our flume experiment modeled adjustments of channel morphology, slope, and armoring in a gravel-bed channel. Under moderate sediment increases, channel bed elevation increased and sediment output increased, but channel planform remained similar to pre-feed conditions. During the following degradational cycle, most of the excess sediment was evacuated from the flume and the bed became armored. Under high sediment feed, channel bed elevation increased, the bed became smoother, mid-channel bars and bedload sheets formed, and water surface slope increased. Concurrently, output increased and became more poorly sorted. During the last degradational cycle, the channel became armored and channel incision ceased before all excess sediment was removed. Selective transport of finer material was evident throughout the aggradational cycles and became more pronounced during degradational cycles as the bed became armored. Our flume results of changes in bed elevation, sediment storage, channel morphology, and bed texture parallel those from field surveys of Redwood Creek, northern California, which has exhibited channel bed degradation for 30 years following a large aggradation event in the 1970s. The flume experiment suggested that channel recovery in terms of reestablishing a specific morphology may not occur, but the channel may return to a state of balancing sediment supply and transport capacity. 相似文献
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西藏湿地资源价值损失评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
西藏高原独特的自然环境和气候条件,造就了特有的、世界独—无二的高原湿地资源。应用环境经济学的理论与方法,计算了西藏湿地的全部生态环境价值为4023.8068×10^8元/a,以5%的贴现率计算,湿地价值的现值为44261.8748×108元,相当于73.72×10^4元/hm^2。从湿地生态服务功能的价值构成来看,直接使用价值（提供产品和文化功能）约占总价值的24.40%,而间接价值（调蓄洪水、疏通河道、水资源蓄积、土壤持留、净化环境、固定碳和支持功能）则占75.6%,西藏高原湿地退化面积为60.4272×10^4hm^2,相当于年退化面积2.0143×10^4hm^2。已退化湿地损失价值4454.69×10^8元,年损失价值148.49×10^8元。 相似文献
14.
采用水热法自制了铁掺杂的锐钛矿型铁二氧化钛光催化剂Fe-TiO2。通过分析对硝基苯胺溶液的初始浓度、二氧化钛掺铁量、TiO2用量和溶液的pH值对光催化速率的影响,研究了Fe-TiO2光催化对硝基苯胺动力学行为。结果表明,在对硝基苯胺的初始浓度为25mg／L,Fe-TiO2掺铁量为0．2％（摩尔分数）,TiO2用量为0．1g／L,溶液pH=6,室温下可见光照反应10h,对硝基苯胺的降解率D和表观反应速率常数k达到最大。光催化反应符合L-H动力学规律,对硝基苯胺的降解过程为拟一级反应,k为0．0314h^-1。 相似文献
15.
S. Maman L. OrlovskyD.G. Blumberg P. BerlinerB. Mamedov 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(9):842-850
The shortage of fresh water in Turkmenistan may be partially alleviated by runoff water from takyrs. However, anthropogenic degradation of takyrs over the past few decades has reduced their efficacy as catchment areas. The main goal of this study was to map the spatial extent of takyrs and their change over time. Digital image processing of Landsat MSS and Landsat 7 ETM+ images were used to identify, map and classify the takyrs and estimate their overall area and degradation rates. Thereafter, a change detection procedure was applied. Results retrieved from Landsat MSS images of southern Turkmenistan (1972-1975) showed a total area of non-degraded takyr surfaces of ∼20,000 km2, whereas those from Landsat 7 ETM+ images (2002-2003) showed a total non-degraded takyr area of ∼16,000 km2. These include ∼8000 km2 which were degraded and ∼4000 km2 that were only detected by the ETM+ due to its improved spectral resolution. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the Landsat results with higher spatial resolution images of QuickBird. Additional ground points located with GPS measurements validated the classification results. We were thus able to assess the takyr areas degraded over the past decades, and find ∼16,000 km2 of non-degraded takyrs suitable for water harvesting. 相似文献
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Monitoring degradation in arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands: The case of the argan woodlands (Morocco) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yann le Polain de Waroux 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):777-786
Arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands (hereafter called «dryland forests»), in spite of their ecological and social importance, have received little attention in land change studies. Growing evidence shows that these forests have been receding at very high rates in many places, suggesting a need for a better understanding of the processes and causes of dryland forest degradation. Changes in the extent of dryland forests are debated in part because estimates of forest and woodland areas in drylands are uncertain. Causal explanations of the degradation tend to draw on the literature on desertification and tropical deforestation, and to emphasize either local or remote, and either social or biophysical drivers. This study contributes to a better understanding of dryland forest degradation as a basis for conservation policies. Firstly, we argue that monitoring arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands using area estimates may lead to an underestimation of the severity of change because tree density change often exceeds area change. Secondly, we argue that the analysis of degradation processes in these multifunctional landscapes should integrate both local and remote, and both social and biophysical factors. We use a case study of degradation in the argania woodlands in semi-arid to arid Southwest Morocco to test these two claims. We used gridded tree counts on aerial photographs and satellite images to estimate forest change between 1970 and 2007, and we tested several possible causes of change on the basis of original socio-economic field surveys and climatic and topographic data. We found that forest density declined by 44.5% during this period, a figure that is significantly underestimated if forest area change is used as a measure of degradation. Increasing aridity and, to a lesser extent, fuelwood extraction were related to forest decline. No effect of grazing by local livestock was found. 相似文献
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This study compares the marker pigment composition in three different lake compartments: the water column; the surface sediment
biofilm (0–0.5 cm), where production and main degradation processes take place; and the deep sediment (15–17 cm), where the
signal is finally stored and marker pigments are used as a proxy in paleolimnological studies. The aim was to evaluate which
marker pigments better record in the sediment the relative contributions of planktonic and benthic production in high mountain
lakes, taking into account the differential preservation existing among pigments. A survey of 82 high mountain lakes distributed
along the major environmental gradients was carried out in the Pyrenees. Comparison of pigments between the three compartments
revealed that both water column and sediment biofilm signals could be distinguished in old sediment layers, despite the observation
that some of the most characteristic carotenoids that appeared frequently and in high concentrations in the water column were
already less common or even absent from the sediment biofilm. In the shallowest lakes, pigment composition in the sediment
biofilm was typical of photosynthetically active communities and their deep sediment samples were characterised by a substitution
of fucoxanthin by diatoxanthin as the dominant diatom marker pigment. However, in the deepest lakes the pigment composition
of the sediment biofilm and deep sediment was similar, characterised by marker pigments of mainly planktonic algal groups
and pheophytins, which are typical pigments of decaying communities. Results are discussed in terms of how pigment source
(planktonic or benthic) and pigment type (lability of molecule) interact to shape pigment composition in the sediment record
of high mountain lakes. 相似文献