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1.
On-line thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) in the presence of both unlabelled and 13C-labelled tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was used to assess the relative contributions of phenolics (lignin, demethylated lignin and non-lignin phenolics) in a peaty gley soil profile beneath an unimproved grassland (LL), from a study site located at Harwood (Northumberland, northeast England, UK). This site also includes an unforested moorland (ML) and a second rotation Sitka spruce stand (SS). The common lignin proxies have been corrected for contributions of non-lignin phenols and demethylated lignin in the LL ecosystem and then compared with those from the ML and SS ecosystems. The phenolic compositions from the contributory vegetation inputs (i.e. grasses, heather and Sitka spruce) to all three soils (LL, ML and SS) were also analysed. By using 13C-labelled TMAH it was possible to show that the chemical composition of soil organic matter (SOM) reflected the different vegetation inputs in each of the L/F layers but these characteristics were lost from the deeper organic and mineral layers. Similar changes in the yield of lignin monomers (Λ) with increasing soil depth were displayed in the LL soil profile as reported previously in the ML soil in that no maxima were observed in these amount-depth profiles. The tannin input to the LL soil is low and as a consequence, unlike the ML and SS soils, there is no progressive decrease in the amounts of these non-lignin phenolics with increasing depth. Finally the methylated carbohydrate derivatives (MC) become more abundant relative to the phenolics with increasing soil depth in all three ecosystems (LL, ML and SS).  相似文献   

2.
We studied the degradation of lignin in leaf and needle litter of ash, beech, maple, pine and spruce using 13C-labelled tetramethylammonium hydroxide (13C TMAH) thermochemolysis. Samples were allowed to decompose for 27 months in litter bags at a German spruce forest site, resulting in a range of mass loss from 26% (beech) to 58% (ash). In contrast to conventional unlabelled TMAH thermochemolysis, 13C-labelling allows thermochemolysis products from lignin, demethylated lignin and other polyphenolic litter compounds (e.g. tannins) to be distinguished. Proxies for lignin degradation (phenol yield; acid/aldehyde ratio of products) changed considerably upon correction for the contribution of non-lignin sources to the thermochemolysis products. Using the corrected values, we found increasing acid/aldehyde values as well as decreasing or constant yield of lignin derived phenols normalised to litter carbon, suggesting pronounced lignin degradation by wood-rotting fungi. No indication for build up of demethylated lignin through the action of brown rot fungi on ring methoxyls was found. The results were compared with those of other analytical techniques applied in previous studies. Like 13C-TMAH thermochemolysis, CuO oxidation showed increasing lignin oxidation (acid/aldehyde ratio) and no/little enrichment of lignin derived phenols in the litter. Molecular lignin degradation patterns did not match those from analysis of total acid unhydrolysable residues (AURs). In particular, the long assumed selective preservation of lignin during the first months of litter decomposition, based on AUR analysis, was not supported by results from the CuO and 13C TMAH methods.  相似文献   

3.
Forests play a primary role in the cycling and storage of mercury (Hg) in terrestrial ecosystems. This study aimed to assess differences in Hg cycling and storage resulting from different vegetation at two adjacent forest stands - beech and spruce. The study site Načetín in the Czech Republic's Black Triangle received high atmospheric loadings of Hg from coal combustion in the second half of the 20th century as documented by peat accumulation rates reaching 100 μg m−2 y−1. In 2004, the annual litterfall Hg flux was 22.5 μg m−2 y−1 in the beech stand and 14.5 μg m−2 y−1 in the spruce stand. Soil concentrations and pools of Hg had a strong positive relation to soil organic matter and concentrations of soil sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N). O-horizon Hg concentrations ranged from 245 to 495 μg kg−1 and were greater in the spruce stand soil, probably as a result of greater dry Hg deposition. Mineral soil Hg concentrations ranged from 51 to 163 μg kg−1 and were greater in the beech stand soil due to its greater capacity to store organic carbon (C). The Hg/C ratio increased with depth from 0.3 in the O-horizon to 3.8 μg g−1 in the C horizon of spruce soil and from 0.7 to 2.7 μg g−1 in beech soil. The Hg/C ratio was greater at all mineral soil depths in the spruce stand. The organic soil Hg pools in beech and spruce stands (6.4 and 5.7 mg m−2, respectively) were considerably lower than corresponding mineral soil Hg pools (39.1 and 25.8 mg m−2). Despite the important role of S in Hg cycling, differences in soil Hg distribution at both stands could not be attributed to differences in soil sulfur speciation.  相似文献   

4.
Reports of large Ca isotope fractionations between trees and soils prompted this study of a Boreal forest ecosystem near La Ronge, Saskatchewan, to improve understanding of this phenomenon. The results on five tree species (black spruce, trembling aspen, white spruce, jack pine, balsam poplar) confirm that nutrient Ca uptake by plants favors the light isotopes, thus driving residual Ca in plant available soil pools towards enrichment in the heavy isotopes. Substantial within-tree fraction occurs in tissues formed along the transpiration stream, with low δ44Ca values in fine roots (2 mm), intermediate values in stemwood, and high values in foliage. Separation factors between different plant tissues are similar between species, but the initial fractionation step in the tips of the fine roots is species specific, and/or sensitive to the local soil environment. Soil water δ44Ca values appear to increase with depth to at least 35 cm below the top of the forest floor, which is close to the deepest level of fine roots. The heavy plant fractionated signature of Ca in the finely rooted upper soils filters downward where it is retained on ion exchange sites, leached into groundwater, and discharged into surface waters.The relationship between Ca uptake by tree fine roots and the pattern of δ44Ca enrichment with soil depth was modeled for two Ca pools: the forest floor (litter) and the underlying (upper B) mineral soil. Six study plots were investigated along two hillside toposequences trending upwards from a first order stream. We used allometric equations describing the Ca distribution in boreal tree species to calculate weighted average δ44Ca values for the stands in each plot and estimate Ca uptake rates. The δ44Ca value of precipitation was measured, and soil weathering signatures deduced, by acid leaching of lower B mineral soils. Steady state equations were used to derive a set of model Ca fluxes and fractionation factors for each plot. The model reproduces the increase in δ44Ca with depth found in forest floor and upper B soil waters. Transient model runs show that the forest Ca cycle is sensitive to changes in plant Ca uptake rate, such as would occur during ontogeny or disturbance. Accordingly, secular records of δ44Ca in tree ring cellulose have the potential to monitor changes in the forest Ca cycle through time, thus providing a new tool for evaluating natural and anthropogenic impacts on forest health. Another model run shows that by changing the size of the isotope fractionation factor and adjusting for differences in forest productivity, that the range in Ca isotope fractionation in forested ecosystems reported in the literature, thus far, is reproduced. As a quantitative tool, the Ca cycling model produces a reasonable set of relative Ca fluxes for the La Ronge site, consistent with Environment Canada’s measurements for wet deposition in the region and simulated Ca release from soil mineral weathering using the PROFILE model. But the sensitivity of the model is limited by the small range of fractionation observed in this boreal shield setting of ∼1‰, which limits accuracy. If the model were applied to a site with a greater range in δ44Ca values among the principal Ca fluxes, it is capable of producing robust and reliable estimations of Ca fluxes that are otherwise difficult to measure in forested ecosystems.  相似文献   

5.
The contribution of terrigenous organic matter (TOM) to high molecular weight dissolved and particulate organic matter (POM) was examined along the salinity gradient of the Delaware Estuary. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was fractionated by ultrafiltration into 1–30 kDa (HDOM) and 30 kDa–0.2 μm (VHDOM) nominal molecular weight fractions. Thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was used to release and quantify lipids and lignin phenols. Stable carbon isotopes, fatty acids and lignin content indicated shifts in sources with terrigenous material in the river and turbid region and a predominantly algal/planktonic signal in the lower estuary and coastal ocean. Thermochemolysis with TMAH released significant amounts of short chain fatty acids (C9–C13), not seen by traditional alkaline hydrolysis, which appear to be associated with the macromolecular matrix. Lignin phenol distributions in HDOM, VHDOM and particles followed predicted sources with higher concentrations in the river and turbid region of the estuary and lower concentrations in the coastal ocean. TOM comprised 12% of HDOM within the coastal ocean and up to 73% of HDOM within the turbid region of the estuary. In the coastal ocean, TOM from high molecular weight DOM comprised 4% of total DOC. The annual flux of TOM from the Delaware Estuary to the coastal ocean was estimated at 2.0×1010 g OC year−1 and suggests that temperate estuaries such as Delaware Bay can be significant sources of TOM on a regional scale.  相似文献   

6.
Suspended sediments (SS) from the Atchafalaya River (AR) and the Mississippi River and surficial sediment samples from seven shallow cross-shelf transects west of the AR in the northern Gulf of Mexico were examined using elemental (%OC, C/N), isotopic (δ13C, Δ14C), and terrigenous biomarker analyses. The organic matter (OM) delivered by the AR is isotopically enriched (∼−24.5‰) and relatively degraded, suggesting that soil-derived OM with a C4 signature is the predominant OM source for these SS. The shelf sediments display OC values that generally decrease seaward within each transect and westward, parallel to the coastline. A strong terrigenous C/N (29) signal is observed in sediments deposited close to the mouth of the river, but values along the remainder of the shelf fall within a narrow range (8-13), with no apparent offshore trends. Depleted stable carbon isotope (δ13C) values typical of C3 plant debris (−27‰) are found near the river mouth and become more enriched (−22 to −21‰) offshore. The spatial distribution of lignin in shelf sediments mirrors that of OC, with high lignin yields found inshore relative to that found offshore (water depth > 10 m).The isotopic and biomarker data indicate that at least two types of terrigenous OM are deposited within the study area. Relatively undegraded, C3 plant debris is deposited close to the mouth of the AR, whereas more degraded, isotopically enriched, soil-derived OM appears to be deposited along the remainder of the shelf. An important input from marine carbon is found at the stations offshore from the 10-m isobath. Quantification of the terrigenous component of sedimentary OM is complicated by the heterogeneous composition of the terrigenous end-member. A three-end-member mixing model is therefore required to more accurately evaluate the sources of OM deposited in the study area. The results of the mixing calculation indicate that terrigenous OM (soil-derived OM and vascular plant debris) accounts for ∼79% of the OM deposited as inshore sediments and 66% of OM deposited as offshore sediments. Importantly, the abundance of terrigenous OM is 40% higher in inshore sediments and nearly 85% higher in offshore sediments than indicated by a two-end-member mixing model. Such a result highlights the need to reevaluate the inputs and cycling of soil-derived OM in the coastal ocean.  相似文献   

7.
Terrigenous organic matter (TOM) transfer from a watershed to a lake plays a key role in contaminants fate and greenhouse gazes emission in these aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we linked physiographic and vegetation characteristics of a watershed with TOM nature deposited in lake sediments. TOM was characterized using lignin biomarkers as indicators of TOM sources and state of degradation. Geographical information system (GIS) also allowed us to integrate and describe the landscape morpho-edaphic characteristics of a defined drainage basin. Combining these tools we found a significant and positive relationship (R2 = 0.65, p < 0.002) between mean slope of the watershed and the terrigenous fraction estimated by Λ8 in recent sediments. The mean slope also correlated with the composition of TOM in recent sediments as P/(V + S) and 3,5Bd/V ratios significantly decreased with the steepness of the watersheds (R2 = 0.57, p < 0.021 and R2 = 0.71, p < 0.004, respectively). More precisely, areas with slopes comprised between 4° and 10° have a major influence on TOM inputs to lakes. The vegetation composition of each watershed influenced the composition of recent sediments of the sampled lakes. The increasing presence of angiosperm trees in the watershed influenced the export of TOM to the lake as Λ8 increased significantly with the presence of this type of vegetation (R2 = 0.44, p < 0.019). A similar relationship was also observed with S/V ratios, an indicator of angiosperm sources for TOM. The type of vegetation also greatly influenced the degradation state of OM. In this study, we were able to determine that low-sloped areas (0-2°) act as buffer zones for lignin inputs and by extension for TOM loading to sediments. The relative contribution of TOM from the soil organic horizons also increased in steeper watersheds. This study has significant implications in our understanding of the fate of TOM in lacustrine ecosystems.  相似文献   

8.
The potential mineralization and immobilization of soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) are relatively high in natural ecosystems. This study was conducted to investigate the changes in essential plant macronutrients; N, P, and S status in response to different soil depth in rangeland ecosystems in vitro. The net nutrient mineralization was measured during 90 days at different depths (0–15, 15–30, 30–45 and 45–60 cm), using kinetic models to estimate the release rate. The net ammonification and mineralization of P and S were described using parabolic diffusion equation, while the power function equation was used to describe the net nitrification. The results indicated that the amount of released ammonium (NH4 +) decreased with time and depth and the rates of net ammonification were negative in all samples. Conversely, nitrification increased with time and depth and the rates were all positive. The net mineralization for both P and S reduced with time. The concentration of mineralized SO4 2? increased with depth like nitrate (NO3 ?). Accumulation of SO4 2? and NO3 ? in subsurface soils and NH4 + and P at surface horizons can increase the potential of their loss by leaching or volatilization.  相似文献   

9.
川西高原甘孜黄土地层学   总被引：20，自引：2，他引：20  
本文初步研究了甘孜黄土地层，实测了甘孜县城西南郊新市区和满地两剖面，它们分别厚２３．７ｍ和２６．０ｍ。根据岩性、磁性地层特征、磁化率、ＣａＣＯ３质量分数测定和热释光测年结果，甘孜黄土可划分为冰后期Ｓ０复合古土壤，末次冰期Ｌ１复合黄土和末次间冰期Ｓ１复合古土壤等３个地层单位。布莱克反向极性亚时记录于底部Ｓ１ＬＬ１黄土中。甘孜黄土沉积始于晚更新世早期，大约为１２０ｋａＢＰ。甘孜黄土的磁化率变化反映了最近１２０ｋａ来的高原季风演化和气候环境变迁，６个磁化率高值段指示了６个夏季风环流增强的时段，６个磁化率低值段则  相似文献   

10.
Soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the earth’s largest reservoirs of actively cycled carbon and plays a critical role in various ecosystem functions. In this study, mineral soils with the same parent material and of similar approximate age were sampled from the same climatic region in Halsey, Nebraska to determine the relationship between overlying vegetation inputs to SOM composition using complementary molecular level methods (biomarker analyses and solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy). Soil samples were collected from a native prairie and cedar and pine sites planted on the native prairie. Free and bound lipids isolated from the pine soil were more enriched in aliphatic and cutin-derived compounds than the other two soils. Cinnamyl type lignin-derived phenols were more abundant in the grassland soil than in the pine and cedar soils. Acid to aldehyde ratios (Ad/Al) for vanillyl and syringyl type phenols were higher for the pine soil indicating a more advanced stage of lignin oxidation (also observed by 13C NMR) in the soil that has also been reported to have accelerated carbon loss. In agreement with the more abundant aliphatic lipids and cutin-derived compounds, solid state 13C NMR results also indicated that the SOM of the pine soil may have received more aliphatic carbon inputs or may have lost other components during enhanced decomposition. The observed relationship between vegetation and SOM composition may have important implications for global carbon cycling as some structures (e.g. aliphatics) are hypothesized to be more recalcitrant compared to others and their accumulation in soils may enhance below ground carbon storage.  相似文献   

11.
The concentration and biomarker compositions of sedimentary organic matter (OM) as well as fine and coarse suspended particles were analysed to identify the impact of deforestation on the transport of terrigenous organic matter (OM) in the Rio Tapajós, a major tributary to the Amazon. Substantial shifts in the concentration and composition of recently deposited sedimentary OM suggest that intensive deforestation over the last few decades has considerably modified the natural inputs of sedimentary materials to the aquatic ecosystems by disrupting the terrigenous fluxes of humus and soil materials from the drainage basin. The observed compositional changes of bulk OM and land derived biomarkers (e.g. lignin) in recent sediments illustrate a sedimentary enrichment in OM from soil horizons that, under normal forest cover, tend to be retained in the drainage basin. On average, the recently accumulated OM is nitrogen-rich ((C/N)a=12–15) and more highly degraded ((Ac/Al)v=0.4–0.6 and DHBA/V=0.15–0.20) than deep materials ((C/N)a=20–30, (Ac/Al)v=0.25–0.4, and DHBA/V=0.05–0.10), showing that this recently accumulated material is more humified than original inputs to the aquatic system, and consistent with increased exportation of fine eroded mineral and organic particles from surface soils along river banks. The present study illustrates the relevance of using OM oxidation products in sediment profiles to evaluate deforestation impacts on aquatic ecosystems and to characterize the nature of eroded soil materials, complementing studies on mineral/metal cycling.  相似文献   

12.
The root biomass distribution in alpine ecosystems (alpine meadow, alpine steppe, desert grassland and alpine desert) was investigated along a transect on the northern Tibetan Plateau in 2009. The results showed that roots were mainly concentrated in the 0–20 cm layer, and root biomass decreased exponentially with increasing soil depth. Root biomass was estimated to be 1,381.41 ± 245.29 g m−2 in the top 20 cm soil, accounting for 85% of the total root biomass. The distribution pattern of the root biomass proportion along the soil profile was similar in different alpine ecosystems. The root biomass density varied with different alpine ecosystems and the total average root biomass was 1,626.08 ± 301.76 g m−2. Root biomass was significantly correlated with average relative humidity, annual precipitation and soil organic matter. This indicates that precipitation and soil organic matter might be crucial for plant growth in the study area, while temperature is not an important factor controlling root growth.  相似文献   

13.
《Applied Geochemistry》2003,18(5):765-779
Stable isotope systematics of C, N and S were studied in soils of 5 European forest ecosystems. The sites were located along a North–South transect from Sweden to Italy (mean annual temperatures from +1.0 to +8.5 °C, atmospheric deposition from 2 to 19 kg N ha−1 a−1, and from 6 to 42 kg S ha−1 a−1). In Picea stands, the behavior of C, N and S isotopes was similar in 3 aspects: (1) assimilation favored the lighter isotopes 12C, 14N and 32S; (2) mineralization in the soil profile left in situ residues enriched in the heavier isotopes 13C, 15N and 34S; and (3) NO3–N as well as SO4–S in soil solution was isotopically lighter compared to the same species in the atmospheric input. In this study, emphasis was placed on S isotope profiles which so far have been investigated to a much lesser extent than those of C and N. Sulfate in monthly samples of atmospheric input had systematically higher δ34S ratios than total soil S at the 0–5 cm depth, on average by 4.0‰. Sulfate in the atmospheric input had higher δ34S ratios than in deep (>50 cm) lysimeter water, on average by 3.2‰. Organic S constituted more than 50% of total soil S throughout most of the profiles (0–20 cm below surface). There was a tendency to isotopically heavier organic S and lighter inorganic SO4–S, with ester SO4–S heavier than C-bonded S at 3 of the 5 sites. With an increasing depth (0 to 20 cm below surface), δ13C, δ15N and δ34S ratios of bulk soil increased on average by 0.9, 4.2 and 1.6‰, respectively, reflecting an increasing degree of mineralization of organic matter. The isotope effects of C, N and S mineralization were robust enough to exist at a variety of climate conditions and pollution levels. In the case of S, the difference between isotope composition of the upper organic-rich soil horizon (lower δ34S) and the deeper sesquioxide-rich soil horizons (higher δ34S) can be used to determine the source of SO4 in streams draining forests. This application of δ34S as a tracer of S origin was developed in the Jezeřı́ catchment, Czech Republic, a highly polluted site suffering from spruce die-back. In 1996–1997, the magnitude and δ34S of atmospheric input (20 kg S ha−1 a−1, 5.8‰) and stream discharge (56 kg S ha−1 a−1, 3.5‰) was monitored. Export of S from the catchment was 3 times higher than contemporary atmospheric input. More than 50% of S in the discharge was represented by release of previously stored pollutant S from the soil. Stable isotope systematics of Jezeřı́ soil S (mean of 2.5‰ in the O+A horizon, 4.8‰ in the B horizon, and 5.8‰ in the bedrock) suggests that most of the soil-derived S in discharge must come from the isotopically light organic S present in the upper soil horizon, and that mineralized organically-cycled S is mainly flushed out during the spring snowmelt. The fact that a considerable proportion of incoming S is organically cycled should be considered when predicting the time-scale of acidification reversal in spruce die-back affected areas.  相似文献   

14.
Increased nitrogen (N) input to ecosystems could alter soil organic carbon (C) dynamics, but the effect still remains uncertain. To better understand the effect of N addition on soil organic C in wetland ecosystems, a field experiment was conducted in a seasonally inundated freshwater marsh, the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. In this study, litter production, soil total organic C (TOC) concentration, microbial biomass C (MBC), organic C mineralization, metabolic quotient (qCO2) and mineralization quotient (qmC) in 0–15 cm depth were investigated after four consecutive years of N addition at four rates (CK, 0 g N m?2 year?1; low, 6 g N m?2 year?1; moderate, 12 g N m?2 year?1; high, 24 g N m?2 year?1). Four-year N addition increased litter production, and decreased soil organic C mineralization. In addition, soil TOC concentration and MBC generally increased at low and moderate N addition levels, but declined at high N addition level, whereas soil qCO2 and qmC showed a reverse trend. These results suggest that short-term N addition alters soil organic C dynamics in seasonally inundated freshwater marshes of Northeast China, and the effects vary with N fertilization rates.  相似文献   

15.
This paper reports palaeorainfall estimates from four loess sequences, comprising the last two glacial cycles (about 130 kyr), from sections along a north-south transect of the Chinese Loess Plateau, to the east of the Liupan Mountains. Palaeorainfall was estimated using low-field magnetic susceptibility data alone. Reduced rainfall occurred during glacial times (L1LL1 and L1LL2), while higher palaeorainfalls occurred during more humid and warmer interglacials and interstadial times (S0, L1SS1 and S1). Moreover, our estimates point out that glacial and interglacial times were characterized by a different rainfall gradient, from south to north of the transect. In the northernmost site (Yulin) the palaeorainfall estimations for the L1LL1 and L1LL2 cold intervals were obscured by the presence of coarse desert dust with very large grain size.  相似文献   

16.
Burial of organic carbon (OC) in ocean sediments acts as the ultimate long-term sink for both terrestrial and marine carbon, however, the mechanisms controlling the preservation of this carbon are poorly understood. To better understand these mechanisms, we applied solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, along with elemental, stable carbon isotopic (δ13C) and lignin phenol analyses, to size and density fractions of sediments influenced by either mixed terrestrial and marine OC inputs (Washington Coast slope) or dominantly marine inputs (Mexican Margin). Elemental, isotopic and lignin analyses all reveal that within the Washington Coast sediment, the OC mixes linearly between nitrogen-poor and 13C-depleted, lignin-rich OC in the large and light fractions and nitrogen-rich and 13C-enriched, lignin-poor OC in the small and dense fractions, suggesting that this sediment contains a two-component mixture of terrestrial vascular plant- and marine-derived OC. The integral areas of each of seven NMR spectral regions in the different samples trend linearly when plotted versus δ13C signature, with most R2 values of 0.78 or greater, demonstrating that the NMR spectra of the two sources of carbon also mix linearly between the two endmembers. The terrestrial endmember in this sediment appears to be dominated by lignin and black carbon whereas the source of the marine endmember is less clear from the NMR spectra. In contrast, all of the analyses indicate that OC in the Mexican Margin sediment fractions is homogenous and derives almost exclusively from marine sources. It appears that selective preservation of (bio)chemically recalcitrant lignin and black carbon is the primary mechanism of preservation of terrestrial OC, whereas mineral-protection is the dominant mechanism preserving marine OC in the Washington coast sediment. There is little evidence showing that either preservation mechanism functions in the Mexican Margin sediments.  相似文献   

17.
Studying spatial variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) is crucial for understanding the largest active carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems. The main objectives ofves of this study were (1) to analyze the spatial pattern of SOC at different depths and (2) to define the soil properties affecting the spatial patterns of SOC at different depths. A total of 910 soil samples were collected at different locations and soil layers in a semiarid zone (3800 km2) of northeastern China. A geostatistical approach was used to predict and map SOC at different depths while the soil properties affecting the spatial patterns of SOC were analyzed by using canonical correspondence analysis. As expected, SOC content decreased gradually with depth and such a SOC decrease depended on soil type, which resulted the main factor affecting horizontal and vertical distributions of SOC content. Slope and bulk density exhibited a negative correlation with SOC content, whereas vegetation index, soil moisture content, elevation, and aspect showed a positive correlation. Sensitivity of SOC to influencing factors differed with increasing soil depth. SOC was significantly correlated with vegetation and bulk density on topsoil, while soil moisture and aspect played an important role in controlling SOC with increasing depth.  相似文献   

18.
Mg isotope ratios (26Mg/24Mg) are reported in soil pore-fluids, rain and seawater, grass and smectite from a 90 kyr old soil, developed on an uplifted marine terrace from Santa Cruz, California. Rain water has an invariant 26Mg/24Mg ratio (expressed as δ26Mg) at −0.79 ± 0.05‰, identical to seawater δ26Mg. Detrital smectite (from the base of the soil profile, and therefore unweathered) has a δ26Mg value of 0.11‰, potentially enriched in 26Mg by up to 0.3‰ compared to the bulk silicate Earth Mg isotope composition (although within the range of all terrestrial silicates). The soil pore-waters show a continuous profile with depth for δ26Mg, ranging from −0.99‰ near the surface to −0.43‰ at the base of the profile. Shallow pore-waters (<1 m) have δ26Mg values that are similar to, or slightly lower than the rain waters. This implies that the degree of biological cycling of Mg in the pore-waters is relatively small and is quantified as <32%, calculated using the average Mg isotope enrichment factor between grass and rain (δ26Mggrass-δ26Mgrain) of 0.21‰. The deep pore-waters (1-15 m deep) have δ26Mg values that are intermediate between the smectite and rain, ranging from −0.76‰ to −0.43‰, and show a similar trend with depth compared to Sr isotope ratios. The similarity between Sr and Mg isotope ratios confirms that the Mg in the pore-waters can be explained by a mixture between rain and smectite derived Mg, despite the fact that Mg and Sr concentrations may be buffered by the exchangeable reservoir. However, whilst Sr isotope ratios in the pore-waters span almost the complete range between mineral and rain inputs, Mg isotopes compositions are much closer to the rain inputs. If Mg and Sr isotope ratios are controlled uniquely by a mixture, the data can be used to estimate the mineral weathering inputs to the pore-waters, by correcting for the rain inputs. This isotopic correction is compared to the commonly used chloride correction for precipitation inputs. A consistent interpretation is only possible if Mg isotope ratios are fractionated either by the precipitation of a secondary Mg bearing phase, not detected by conventional methods, or selective leaching of 24Mg from smectite. There is therefore dual control on the Mg isotopic composition of the pore-waters, mixing of two inputs with distinct isotopic compositions, modified by fractionation. The data provide (1) further evidence for Mg isotope fractionation at the surface of the Earth and (2) the first field evidence of Mg isotope fractionation during uptake by natural plants. The coherent behaviour of Mg isotope ratios in soil environments is encouraging for the development of Mg isotope ratios as a quantitative tracer of both weathering inputs of Mg to waters, and the physicochemical processes that cycle Mg, a major cation linked to the carbon cycle, during continental weathering.  相似文献   

19.
As a result of global changes, shifts of alpine tree lines towards higher elevations have been recorded, but the role of the spatial variability of the snowpack and zonal‐pattern soil‐nutrient regimes is poorly understood. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) is best suited to fertile soils, and hence we applied soil physical‐chemical and snow measurements and the age chronology of Norway spruce along an elevational gradient (380–557 m a.s.l.) to address a vertical soil zonality hypothesis on mafic Lommoltunturi fell in Finnish Lapland. With regard to increasing elevation, we found an increase in soil NTOT, CTOT and Al, but a decrease in soil Ca, Mg and Ca:Al ratio as well as in electrical conductivity (EC). In addition, the snowpack was significantly thicker in low‐elevation forest than in the tree line and open tundra. In the 1840s, spruce established on low‐elevation soils with a Ca:Al ratio of 2.2. Starting from the 1920s a significant shift of spruce occurred such that it took 60 years to expand the tree line by 55 m in elevation. The spruce tree line has advanced, and the age distribution indicates new colonization of spruce in closed forest up to tundra. The poor soil Ca:Al ratio of 0.02 on tundra apparently is a constraint for spruce. Spruce forest is young (<165 years), and hence we argue that spruce has expanded onto formerly tree‐free sites of this mafic fell. This paper demonstrates that vertical soil zonality is a potential driver for the diffuse tree line of Picea abies on mafic Fennoscandian fells.  相似文献   

20.
Lead concentrations were determined in samples of soil B-horizon (N = 258), forest-floor humus (O-horizon, N = 259), grass (Avenella flexuosa, N = 251) and spruce (Picea abies, N = 253) needles (2nd year) collected at the same locations evenly spread over the territory of the Czech Republic at an average density of 1 site/300 km2. Median Pb concentrations differ widely in the four materials: soil B-horizon: 27 mg/kg (3.3-220 mg/kg), humus: 78 mg/kg (19-1863 mg/kg), grass: 0.37 mg/kg (0.08-8 mg/kg) and spruce needles: 0.23 mg/kg (0.07-3 mg/kg). In the Pb distribution maps for humus, grass and spruce a number of well-known Pb-contamination sources are indicated by unusually high concentrations (e.g., the Pb smelter at Pribram, the metallurgical industry in the NE of the Czech Republic and along the Polish border, as well as the metallurgical industry in Upper Silesia and Europe’s largest coal-fired power plant at Bogatynia, Poland). The ratio 206Pb/207Pb was determined in all four materials. The median value of the 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratio in the soil B-horizon is 1.184 (variation: 1.145-1.337). In both humus and grass the median value for the 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratio is 1.162 (variation: 1.130-1.182), in spruce needles the median ratio is 1.159 (variation: 1.116-1.186). In humus, grass and spruce needles the known contamination sources are all marked by higher 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratios in the maps. Furthermore, the soil B-horizon, humus, grass and spruce needles show distinctly different spatial distribution patterns of the 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratios. The B-horizon does not provide a viable background value for metal concentrations in the O-horizon or plant materials. None of the maps provides evidence for the importance of traffic-related emissions for the observed isotope ratios at the scale of the Czech Republic.  相似文献   

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