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1.
It is shown that in two-dimensional and three-dimensional deformation accommodated by fracture, the symmetry of the fault patterns is an intrinsic attribute because it reflects the symmetry of either stress or strain tensors. The deformation accommodated by sliding along pre-existing planes, when there is kinematic interaction between that planes, forms multiple fault pattern and multiple slickenline sets during a single deformation event. These fault patterns have no restrictions with respect to symmetry, number of fault sets or fault orientation.

The kinematic analysis developed here shows that an interacting system is formed by two cross cutting faults and three slickenlines. One slickenline must be parallel to the intersection line between the planes. Also, it is demonstrated that the slickenlines generally do not correspond to the shear stress solution on the planes. Thus, the interaction between planes does not satisfy the assumption of parallelism between shear stress and slip vector. We conclude that the inversion methods to calculate paleostress tensors can lead to erroneous interpretations in structurally complex zones with many pre-existing planes of weakness.

We propose four possibilities to form multiple fault patterns: (1) two or more events of faulting obeying Coulomb's law with a change of orientation of the principal stresses in each event; (2) reactivation of non-interacting planes according to the Bott (1959) model; (3) one three-dimensional strain event that obeys the “Slip Model”; this mechanism will form an orthorhombic four-fault pattern and two slickenline sets in a single strain event; and (4) one or more events obeying the interacting block model proposed here, with or without rotation of the principal stresses. We propose the last origin as the most common in continental regions.  相似文献   


2.
Although a minimum of four independent, single-phase fault data are required to solve for a unique reduced stress tensor, we prove in this paper that a smaller number of fault data are sufficient in some instances to solve for part of the reduced stress tensor. One of the principal stress directions is determinable from either two faults with a common null shear direction on the fault planes or three faults with a common intersection in a principal stress plane of the fault planes. This direction is combined with the fault data to determine the possible ranges of other principal stress directions. Determining whether the direction is for the maximum, intermediate or minimum principal stress depends upon constraints provided by slip tendency or more fault data. This approach can also be applied to a set of four or more fault data with low orientation diversity. This new method is finally applied to two different sets of fault data from along the active Chelungpu fault, western Taiwan. The stress orientations determined from the method lie in acceptable ranges for the maximum/minimum principal stresses using other existing and comparable methods, such as the right dihedra/trihedra methods. They differ moderately in the maximum/minimum principal stress directions when compared to the moment tensor method for fault kinematic analysis. The new method has advantages over the right dihedra/trihedra methods in the accuracy of stress estimate and the independence of stress estimate upon the small number of faults that are not parallel to the dominant fault set(s).  相似文献   

3.
《Journal of Structural Geology》1999,21(8-9):1065-1070
If faulting is treated as a stress-controlled phenomenon, the generation of a single fault set, or two sets in conjugate arrangement are inevitably predicted implying plane strain. Alternatively, considering faulting as a strain-controlled process, multiple-set patterns can be predicted. The analysis of multiple-set patterns requires identifying the type of fault pattern from four possibilities: Coulomb, isolated, orthorhombic and complex fault patterns.There are techniques that permit a unique solution of strain tensor for Coulomb and orthorhombic fault patterns. For isolated fault patterns, the principal paleostress directions could be used to approximate the principal strain directions. In this case, we need to assume a homogeneous stress field, independence between faults, and parallelism between shear stress and slip vector on the sliding plane.For complex fault patterns, it is not possible to uniquely determine the total strain tensor without knowledge of all the slip planes. Furthermore, inverting fault-slip data to determine the stress tensor is not correct because the assumptions of the inversion methods are not satisfied. Only a rough approximation is possible assuming that strain produced by major faults represents the total strain tensor.  相似文献   

4.
南海北部发育了一系列的新生代盆地,该类盆地记录了新生代早期南海北缘应力场顺时针旋转过程,西江凹陷位于珠江口盆地内,记录了这一过程.利用丰富的二维、三维地震资料,针对西江凹陷断裂体系的演化过程进行了研究.凹陷基底在新生代之前作为华南陆缘的一部分,经历了多期次复杂的构造演化,形成了NE和NW两个方向的基底断层; 早-中始新世,NE向先存断裂优先复活,由太平洋板块俯冲后撤在研究区产生的NW-SE向伸展应力所致; 晚始新世-早渐新世,近EW向断裂大量发育,NW向断裂以走滑方式复活,该时期断层演化主要受太平洋俯冲方向的变化、印度板块碰撞及古南海的拖拽导致该地区应力场顺时针转变为近NS向的影响; 进一步通过物理模拟实验验证了断裂的演化机制,NE向先存断裂施加NS向拉张应力,先存NE向断裂局部复活,大量近EW向断层沿着NE向先存断裂展布位置形成,剖面上表现为正断层; NW向断裂在NS向拉张应力条件下,可见NW向走滑大量复活,局部发育少量的近EW向断裂.该研究对南海北缘新生代应力转变过程研究具有重要的借鉴意义.   相似文献   

5.
F. Di Luccio  E. Fukuyama  N.A. Pino   《Tectonophysics》2005,405(1-4):141-154
On October 31, 2002 a ML = 5.4 earthquake occurred in southern Italy, at the margin between the Apenninic thrust belt (to the west) and the Adriatic plate (to the east). In this area, neither historical event nor seismogenic fault is reported in the literature. In spite of its moderate magnitude, the earthquake caused severe damage in cities close to the epicenter and 27 people, out of a total of 29 casualties, were killed by the collapse of a primary school in S. Giuliano di Puglia. By inverting broadband regional waveforms, we computed moment tensor solutions for 15 events, as small as ML = 3.5 (Mw = 3.7). The obtained focal mechanisms show pure strike-slip geometry, mainly with focal planes oriented to NS (sinistral) and EW (dextral). In several solutions focal planes are rotated counterclockwise, in particular for later events, occurring west of the mainshock. From the relocated aftershock distribution, we found that the mainshock ruptured along an EW plane, and the fault mechanisms of some aftershocks were not consistent with the mainshock fault plane. The observed stress field, resulting from the stress tensor inversion, shows a maximum principal stress axis with an east–west trend (N83°W), whereas the minimum stress direction is almost N–S. Considering both the aftershock distribution and moment tensor solutions, it appears that several pre-existing faults were activated rather than a single planar fault associated with the mainshock. The finite fault analysis shows a very simple slip distribution with a slow rupture velocity of 1.1 km/s, that could explain the occurrence of a second mainshock about 30 h after. Finally, we attempt to interpret how the Molise sequence is related to the normal faulting system to the west (along the Apennines) and the dextral strike-slip Mattinata fault to the east.  相似文献   

6.
Leak-off pressure and lost circulation data are generally thought to be reflective of minimum stress. We propose an alternative interpretation should be considered where the data may reflect a shear failure along zones of pre-existing weakness rather than opening of tensile fractures against the minimum stress. This mechanism has been discussed in a small number of borehole stability and hydraulic fracture papers, but has not been widely applied to leak-off test or lost circulation interpretation. In this paper, we will revisit and expand the concept introduced recently by Couzens-Schultz and Chan (J Struct Geol, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2010.06.013, 2010) based on abnormally low leak-off tests in an active thrust belt to the analysis of lost circulation observations in modern-day deltaic environments. In the Gulf of Mexico, lost circulations historically are interpreted as a representation of the minimum horizontal stress due to initiating or reopening of a fracture in tensile mode. However, shear failure or fault reactivation can occur at pressures well below the minimum far-field stress that is typically considered a safe upper bound for mud pressure if pre-existing planes of weakness such as faults or fracture networks exist. We demonstrated a mud loss event is shown to be inconsistent with the tensile failure mode in a normal stress environment, but in good agreement with expectations for shear failure along pre-existing faults.  相似文献   

7.
田雨  姚仰平  罗汀 《岩土力学》2018,39(6):2035-2042
从发挥面的角度出发,分析论证各向异性是引起岩土材料出现非共轴现象的根本原因,得到与材料力学一致的结论。当共轭的两发挥面与沉积面的夹角不相等时,主应力面上将出现塑性应变增量的切向分量,所以塑性应变增量的主方向与应力的主方向非共轴。按照这一结论,对非共轴的数值模拟,也应当根据各向异性本构模型进行。为考虑各向异性影响新近提出的各向异性变换应力法,改变了各应力分量的相对大小,得到的各向异性变换应力张量与真实应力张量的主方向不一致,因此也能反映非共轴。利用各向异性变换应力法,能够在现有的弹塑性本构模型的框架下,描述土的非共轴现象。以各向异性UH模型为例,预测各种加载条件下的非共轴变形,验证了该方法的有效性。  相似文献   

8.
Abstract Reactivation of early foliations accounts for much of the progressive strain at more advanced stages of deformation. Its role has generally been insufficiently emphasized because evidence is best preserved where porphyroblasts which contain inclusion trails are present. Reactivation occurs when progressive shearing, operating in a synthetic anastomosing fashion parallel to the axial planes of folds, changes to a combination of coarse- and finescale zones of progressive shearing, some of which operate antithetically relative to the bulk shear on a fold limb. Reactivation of earlier foliations occurs in these latter zones. Reactivation decrenulates pre-existing or just-formed crenulations, generating shearing along the decrenulated or rotated pre-existing foliation planes. Partitioning of deformation within these foliation planes, such that phyllosilicates and/or graphite take up progressive shearing strain and other minerals accommodate progressive shortening strain, causes dissolution of these other minerals. This results in concentration of the phyllosilicates in a similar, but more penetrative manner to the formation of a differentiated crenulation cleavage, except that the foliation can form or intensify on a fold limb at a considerable angle to the axial plane of synchronous macroscopic folds. Reactivation can generate bedding-parallel schistosity in multideformed and metamorphosed terrains without associated folds. Heterogeneous reactivation of bedding generates rootless intrafolial folds with sigmoidal axial planes from formerly through-going structures. Reactivation causes rotation or ‘refraction’of axial-plane foliations (forming in the same deformation event causing reactivation) in those beds or zones in which an earlier foliation has been reactivated, and results in destruction of the originally axial-plane foliation at high strains. Reactivation also provides a simple explanation for the apparently ‘wrong sense’, but normally observed ‘rotation’of garnet porphyroblasts, whereby the external foliation has undergone rotation due to antithetic shear on the reactivated foliation. Alternatively, the rotation of the external foliation can be due to its reactivation in a subsequent deformation event. Porphyroblasts with inclusion trails commonly preserve evidence of reactivation of earlier foliations and therefore can be used to identify the presence of a deformation that has not been recognized by normal geometric methods, because of penetrative reactivation. Reactivation often reverses the asymmetry between pre-existing foliations and bedding on one limb of a later fold, leading to problems in the geometric analysis of an area when the location of early fold hinges is essential. The stretching lineation in a reactivated foliation can be radically reoriented, potentially causing major errors in determining movement directions in mylonitic schistosities in folded thrusts. Geometric relationships which result from reactivation of foliations around porphyroblasts can be used to aid determination of the timing of the growth of porphyroblasts relative to deformation events. Other aspects of reactivation, however, can lead to complications in timing of porphyroblast growth if the presence of this phenomenon is not recognized; for example, D2-grown porphyroblasts may be dissolved against reactivated S1 and hence appear to have grown syn-D1.  相似文献   

9.
基底先存断裂的活动会对其盖层岩层的变形起到较大的影响,尤其当应力直接作用于基底时更是对变形起到了控制作用。通过一系列的砂箱实验模拟分析了在统一的构造应力场中,当深部的基底断裂作平移滑动时盖层断块的被动变形情况:当其具有伸展分量时,会形成一个近对称的走滑 伸展裂谷形态,当具有挤压分量时,会形成以逆冲走滑断裂为边界的对称的局部挠曲隆起;同时在剖面上会形成典型的走滑构造特征,变形区域的大小与伸展或挤压分量的大小有关。先存的盖层断块受到基底作用力时,除内部变形本身还会发生旋转,形成局部的拉伸和挤压区;当一个地区的基底断裂多次活动甚至发生反转时,就会使地表形成特别复杂的构造现象;郯庐断裂带中段的埕岛-垦东潜山构造带的变形是一个典型的走滑基底控制的情况,实验结果证明基底的走滑反转变形造成这些断块的旋扭,盖层的非完全反转形成了剖面上的“复式花状构造”。  相似文献   

10.
Small-scale structures along strike-slip fault zones in limestones exposed around the Bristol Channel, U.K., suggest that pressure solution plays a key role during fault nucleation and growth. Incipient shear zones consist of enéchelon veins. The first generation of solution seams form due to bending of the intact rock (bridge) between overlapping veins. As the bridge rotates, slip occurs along the seams, linking the veins, causing cm-scale calcite-filled pull-apart structures to form and allowing fault displacement to increase. A second generation of solution seams forms at the tip of the sliding seams. As displacement increases further, causing larger rotation, slip also can occur along these second-generation solution seams, producing the third generation of solution seams as well as tail cracks (pinnate veins) at their tips. These three generations of solution seams all contribute to the formation of individual fault segments. Fourth and fifth generations of solution seams occur within larger-scale contractional oversteps between side-stepping fault segments. The oversteps are breached by slip along these localized solution seams, eventually leading to the formation of a distinct through-going fault with several metres of displacement.The initial enéchelon veins, solution seams of various generations and tail cracks progressively fragment the fault-zone material as fault slip accumulates. Slip planes nucleate on these pre-existing discontinuities, principally along the clay-enriched, weaker solution seams. This can be observed at a variety of scales and suggests that Mode II shear fracturing does not occur as a primary fracture mechanism, but only as a macroscopic phenomenon following Mode I (veins and tail cracks) and anti-mode I (solution seams) deformation. It appears that solution seams can play a similar role to microcracks in localizing a through-going slip plane. This micromechanical model of faulting may be applicable to some other faults and shear zones in host rocks which are prone to pressure solution.  相似文献   

11.
This study continues the work by Mikhail Gzovsky on geological (tectonophysical) criteria for seismic risk. It is suggested to perform seismic-risk zoning according to parameters of normal and shear stresses on fault planes converted from results of tectonophysical stress reconstructions. The approach requires the knowledge of both dip and strike of the respective fault segments. Slip geometry is estimated from stress tensor, assuming that it is directed along shear stress. The suggested approach is applied to faults in the northern Tien Shan, and the current stress parameters are reconstructed using source mechanisms of catalogued earthquakes recorded by the KNET seismological network of the RAS Science Station in Bishkek. Stress modeling is performed by the method of cataclastic analysis providing constraints on stress ellipsoids, as well as on relations between the spherical and deviatoric components of the stress tensor. Plotted on the Mohr diagram, the fault stress points allow estimating whether the respective fault segments are close to the critical state (brittle failure). The suggested seismic-risk zoning of faults in the northern Tien Shan reveals up to 25 km long hazardous fault segments.  相似文献   

12.
依据走滑断裂的运动学和年代学,确认滇西腾冲地区新生代大型走滑断裂带变形作用的三个阶段:1)始新世初(54-56Ma),在槟榔江两岸出露的与新特提斯俯冲和两大陆碰撞相关的左旋走滑-逆冲断裂,由此推断腾冲地块西缘南北向展布格局是两大陆碰撞后发生顺时针旋转达90°的结果.2)渐新世-中新世,腾冲地块东缘的高黎贡右旋走滑断裂和西缘的那邦右旋走滑断裂存在两个走滑活动的峰期:24-19Ma和11-14Ma,早期与Tapponnier模式中挤出块体东边界红河-哀牢山左旋走滑断裂活动的时限相一致,指示高黎贡和那邦右旋走滑断裂在此时期是挤出的印支地块的西边界;晚期与安达曼海的扩张、缅甸境内实皆断裂的右旋活动相一致,可能是此期地块再次发生挤出的结果.3)中新世末,约5-8Ma间两大陆的进一步会聚,引起了腾冲地区岩石圈结构的重要变化,腾冲地块发生了向南的挤出和顺时针的旋转,促成了一系列与此前右旋走滑相关的盆地的折返和南北向凹陷盆地的形成,制约了腾冲火山岩的喷发和整个地区的快速抬升.腾冲地块及其周缘新生代断裂带多阶段运动的转换对揭示青藏高原东南部块体运动型式具有重要的研究意义.  相似文献   

13.
Subsurface fault geometries have a systematic influence on folds formed above those faults. We use the extraordinarily well-exposed fold geometries of the Laramide-age Stillwell anticline in west Texas (USA) to develop a strain-predictive model of fault-propagation fold formation. The anticline is a 10-km long, NW-trending, NE-vergent, asymmetric fold system with an axis that displays a map-view left-stepping, en echelon pattern. We integrated field observations, geologic and structural data, cross-sections, and 2D kinematic modeling to establish an unusual 3D two-stage model of contractional fold formation, including: 1) reverse reactivation of a pre-existing, NW-striking, SW-dipping, left-stepping, en echelon normal fault system in Paleozoic basement rocks to generate monoclinal flexures in overlying layered Cretaceous carbonate rocks; and 2) the formation of a subsequent flat-ramp fault system that propagated horizontally along a mechanically-weak, clay-rich Cretaceous unit before ramping up at the hinge of the pre-existing monocline system. Strain is focused within the forelimb of the system, in front of the propagating fault tip, and is accommodated by a combination of interlayer slip, flat-ramp faulting, and fracturing proximal to planes of slip. This strain predictive model can be applied to similar, less-well-exposed contractional systems worldwide and provides a new, unusual example of Laramide-age contractional deformation.  相似文献   

14.
Recent stress tensor inversion methods for fault-slip analysis are used to distinguish between multiple stress states to elucidate spatiotemporal change of the earth’s crustal tectonics. An estimator named the stress difference has been a practicable tool to measure the difference between stress solutions of inversion analysis. This measure corresponds to the expected difference in shear stress direction on a randomly oriented fault plane, which is, however, an approximation including several degrees of deviation. This study investigated the formula of stress difference and found the exact physical meaning, specifically the expected difference in shear stress vector which carries information on magnitude as well as direction. The present discovery is based on the analytical proportionality between the second invariant of stress tensor and the root mean square magnitude of shear stress for all orientation of fault planes. The meaningless difference in non-dimensional shear stress magnitude was found to be incorporated into the value of stress difference. This fact is not convenient for fault-slip analysis dealing only with orientations.  相似文献   

15.
Equations are derived for the critical stress difference on thrust, normal and strike-slip faults with finite cohesive strength, both in homogeneous, isotropic rock, and along pre-existing strength anisotropies with different cohesion and coefficient of friction, subject to the limitation that the plane of anisotropy contains the intermediate axis of stress. The range of orientations for which sliding occurs along pre-existing planes of weakness rather than along a new fault is given as a function of material parameters and critical stress difference for the intact rock. Given the principal stress directions, the equations allow the direct calculation of the stress and orientation conditions for the three faulting regimes.  相似文献   

16.
New structural and seismologic evidence from the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda, indicate that continental rifts can capture and rotate fragments of the lithosphere while rift segments interact, in a manner analogous to the interaction of small-scale fractures. The Rwenzori Mountains are a basement block within the western branch of the East African Rift System that is located at the intersection of two rift segments and is apparently rotating clockwise. Structural data and new seismological data from earthquake epicentres indicate a large-scale, 20-km-long transsection fault is currently detaching the Rwenzori micro-plate on its northern margin from the larger Victoria plate (Tanzania craton), whereas it is already fully detached in the south. We propose that this fault develops due to the rotation of the Rwenzori block. In a numerical model we show how rift segment interaction, block rotation and the development of transsection faults (faults that cut through the Rwenzori Mountains) evolve through time. The model suggests that uplift of the Rwenzori block can only take place after the rift has opened significantly, and rotation leads to the development of transsection faults that connect two rift segments, so that the block is captured within the rifts. Our numerical model suggests that the majority of the uplift has taken place within the last 8 Ma.  相似文献   

17.
 Ridge-parallel extensional shear zones within the layer 3 gabbros of the Lizard ophiolite have recorded varied and numerous chemical and mineralogical changes under a variety of P-T conditions. These changes accompany tectonic exhumation of lower crustal levels by a listric fault mechanism during amagmatic extension at a slow-spreading centre. Deformation within the mid-crustal level of layer three resulted in the migration and impregnation of an evolved iron-titanium-rich silica-poor melt along the shear zones. This syntectonic infiltration occurred along the lowermost portions of listric faults which rooted in a partially molten zone beneath the ridge axis. Residual melt was tapped from this underlying zone and tectonically redistributed about deforming gabbros situated immediately above the partially molten zone. The occurrence of sub-solidus synkinematic assemblages within the shear zones, which were generated at various temperatures and water : rock ratios, is explained in terms of their simultaneous development on listric fault planes in the presence of a hydrothermal fluid phase. The sequential overprinting of pre-existing assemblages arises from repeated block rotation during amagmatic episodes of extension within an oceanic slow-spreading environment. Received: 8 February 1994/Accepted: 4 April 1995  相似文献   

18.
Summary Although wedge and plane sliding stability analyses are well established in the geotechnical literature, certain geologic environments produce blocks which cannot be adequately modelled as either wedges or plane slides. An example is blocks forming in cylindrically folded sedimentary rocks, where the surface of sliding is neither a single plane nor a double plane but is curved. This type of block may be idealized as a prismatic block with multiple sliding planes, all with parallel lines of intersection. If the sliding planes number three or more, the distribution of normal forces, and hence the factor of safety, is indeterminate. A new analytical model for sliding stability analysis is described in which the distribution of normal forces on the contact planes is chosen to minimize the potential energy of the system. The classic wedge and plane solutions are shown to be special cases of this more general model, which allows determination of the safety factor for any shape of prismatic contact surface. An example from Tennessee concerning a block with a curved sliding surface is described and the factor of safety compared with the standard wedge analysis. It is shown that with three or more contact planes, the safety factor may be significantly lower than that calculated from the wedge model, which provides an upper limit on stability.  相似文献   

19.
为探究上、下盘不同开采顺序对断层稳定性影响,基于压力拱理论提出应力偏转概念,运用FLAC3D数值方法,模拟工作面分别从断层上盘和下盘向断层推进的过程,分析接触面应力状态和演化规律,验证采动诱发应力偏转,并与断层损伤变量及其增速进行对比分析。研究表明,工作面自上、下盘不同方向靠近断层,顶板主应力起始偏转位置分别为距离断层120 m和40 m处,相差80 m,且下盘最大偏转角是上盘工作面的1.68倍;断层损伤变量的启滑点分别距断层130 m和40 m,下盘工作面相对上盘工作面提前90 m,二者良好的对应关系表明应力偏转与断层滑移失稳显著相关。采动诱发应力偏转产生附加应力概念可以很好解释上、下盘工作面断层稳定性差异,为断层保护煤柱留设及工作面过断层防灾措施制定提供新思路。  相似文献   

20.
运用丰富的三维地震资料, 在断裂体系静态刻画与动态分析的基础上, 分析珠一坳陷新生代断裂发育的时空差异性, 并就断裂转型机制进行探讨.结果表明: 断裂体系发育差异性及转型受控于不同区域动力学背景及岩石圈的差异伸展机制.裂陷期(E2w-E2e), 控盆断裂由始新世的北北东、北东-北东东向向近东西、北西西向转变, 岩石圈伸展作用由宽裂谷方式向窄裂谷方式转变以及由陆(北)向海(南)的迁移, 造成了断裂活动北强南弱及其向北扩展, 推测是因为印支地块的旋转挤出和古南海的俯冲导致区域应力场由北西向顺时针转变为近南北向拉张, 进而产生了断裂的幕式特征变化; 裂后拗陷期(E3z-N1z-N1h), 断裂活动微弱, 推测与岩石圈伸展中心逐渐向南迁移至南海扩张中心, 南海北部陆缘整体处于裂后沉降阶段有关; 构造活化期(N1y-N2w-Q), 先期北西西向、近东西向控盆断裂复活, 近东西、北东和北西向走滑断裂形成, 推测与弧-陆碰撞作用产生的北东东向右旋走滑作用有关.现今断裂体系特征体现了多期构造运动的叠加效应, 明确断裂发育的时空差异性对于珠一坳陷油气勘探具有重要指导意义.  相似文献   

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