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1.
In this paper we present an experimental approach aimed at assessing the correlation between fracture toughness (K
IC) and fracture roughness of two granitic rocks (Barre and Stanstead granites) exhibiting significant fracture toughness anisotropy.
Roughness values have been estimated for fractured surfaces obtained from Chevron Cracked Notch Brazilian Disc samples failed
under mode I along three orthogonal planes with respect to their microstructural fabrics. There exists a clear correlation
between roughness and toughness within each rock examined along the three planes. Specific orientation of micro-crack alignment
could result in preferred out-of-plane propagation of the test-crack irrespective of grain-size distribution. These experimental
observations reinforce the hypothesis of the existence of a link among pre-existing petrofabric anisotropy, fracture toughness,
fracture roughness, and the evolution and extent of the associated induced fractures within the process zone of granitic rocks
along specific directions. This study also highlights the need for employment of pre-failure and advanced post-failure diagnostic
techniques in quantifying these inter-relationships. 相似文献
2.
裂缝等效介质模型对裂缝结构和充填介质参数的适应性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于裂缝各向异性等效介质模型：定量分析了纵横波速度、弹性刚度张量随裂缝密度、裂缝孔隙纵横比及孔隙充填流体性质的变化规律;考察了Hudson模型、Pade近似和Liu含裂缝介质模型的适用条件和精度;重点分析了裂缝孔隙的结构参数、孔隙度大小及充填流体性质对弹性模量和纵横波速度的影响。基于Hudson模型的Pade近似,明确了它对高裂缝密度和大纵横比的适应性。Hudson模型、Pade近似和Liu含裂缝介质模型的响应模拟表明：在裂缝密度小于0.1时,Liu模型和Hudson二阶近似的响应基本一致,Liu模型和Pade近似均适用于裂缝密度小于等于0.2的裂缝介质;裂缝密度大于0.2时,前者适应性更好些。另外,纵横比对饱水裂缝介质标准化刚度模量的影响较干裂缝介质的影响大。 相似文献
3.
In this paper, the effects of specimen size and geometry on the apparent mode I fracture toughness (K c) of an Iranian white marble (Neyriz) are studied. A number of fracture tests were conducted on center-cracked circular disk (CCCD) specimens with different radii to investigate the size effects on K c. The experimental results demonstrate that the apparent fracture toughness increases in bigger specimens. In order to explain the experimental results, the modified maximum tangential stress (MMTS) criterion is used, where higher order terms of the Williams’ series expansion are included in the maximum tangential stress criterion. It is shown that the MMTS criterion provides good estimates for the apparent fracture toughness of Neyriz marble, obtained from fracture tests of edge-cracked triangular specimens. It is, therefore, concluded that the proposed criterion is able to account for the size and geometry effects on the fracture resistance of rocks simultaneously. 相似文献
4.
裂缝密度约束的离散裂缝网络建模方法与实现 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
如何高效地用多种类型资料(如地震、测井、岩芯等)所得到的裂缝信息对离散裂缝网络建模至关重要。为此本文提出一种裂缝密度约束的离散裂缝网络建模方法,将多种裂缝先验信息转换为裂缝密度,通过密度约束裂缝网络模型。方法对裂缝位置的确定方法进行改进,从编程的角度对二维和三维实现进行了分析,同时讨论了方法的适用性及参数设定。为验证方法效果,实例分析部分选用鄂尔多斯盆地延河剖面附近的一井区数据进行裂缝建模,并与实际生产资料进行比对,结果表明该方法所建立的裂缝模型与实际生产数据吻合。 相似文献
5.
An understanding of the fracture mechanics of geomaterials is important for the solution of many problems in geomechanics. One of the most important material properties involved in fracture mechanics is the fracture toughness, KIc. The short-rod test configuration proposed by Barker1 has significant potential for becoming a standard test for fracture toughness determination in geomechanics. The purpose of this brief is to examine the application potential of the short-rod test for geomechanics problems. 相似文献
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Yao Yao 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(3):375-387
Hydraulic fracturing technology is being widely used within the oil and gas industry for both waste injection and unconventional
gas production wells. It is essential to predict the behavior of hydraulic fractures accurately based on understanding the
fundamental mechanism(s). The prevailing approach for hydraulic fracture modeling continues to rely on computational methods
based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). Generally, these methods give reasonable predictions for hard rock hydraulic
fracture processes, but still have inherent limitations, especially when fluid injection is performed in soft rock/sand or
other non-conventional formations. These methods typically give very conservative predictions on fracture geometry and inaccurate
estimation of required fracture pressure. One of the reasons the LEFM-based methods fail to give accurate predictions for
these materials is that the fracture process zone ahead of the crack tip and softening effect should not be neglected in ductile
rock fracture analysis. A 3D pore pressure cohesive zone model has been developed and applied to predict hydraulic fracturing
under fluid injection. The cohesive zone method is a numerical tool developed to model crack initiation and growth in quasi-brittle
materials considering the material softening effect. The pore pressure cohesive zone model has been applied to investigate
the hydraulic fracture with different rock properties. The hydraulic fracture predictions of a three-layer water injection
case have been compared using the pore pressure cohesive zone model with revised parameters, LEFM-based pseudo 3D model, a
Perkins-Kern–Nordgren (PKN) model, and an analytical solution. Based on the size of the fracture process zone and its effect
on crack extension in ductile rock, the fundamental mechanical difference of LEFM and cohesive fracture mechanics-based methods
is discussed. An effective fracture toughness method has been proposed to consider the fracture process zone effect on the
ductile rock fracture. 相似文献
9.
Analysis of the Influence of a Natural Fracture Network on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Carbonate Formations 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
A new experimental model has been designed to simulate the influence of a natural fracture network on the propagation geometry of hydraulic fractures in naturally fractured formations using a tri-axial fracturing system. In this model, a parallel and symmetrical pre-fracture network was created by placing cement plates in a cubic mold and filling the mold with additional cement to create the final testing block. The surface of the plates will thus be weakly cemented and form pre-fractures. The dimension and direction of the pre-fractures can be controlled using the plates. The experiments showed that the horizontal differential stress $\Updelta \sigma$ and the angle $\Updelta \theta$ between the maximum horizontal principal in situ stress and the pre-fracture are the dominating factors for the initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures. For $\Updelta \theta = 90^\circ$ and $\Updelta \sigma \ge 2{\text{ MPa}}$ or $\Updelta \theta = 60^\circ$ and $\Updelta \sigma \ge 4{\text{ MPa}}$ , the direction of the initiation and propagation of the hydraulic fractures are consistent with or deviate from the normal direction of the pre-fracture. When the hydraulic fractures approach the pre-fractures, the direction of the hydraulic fracture propagation will be consistent with the normal direction of the pre-fracture. Otherwise, the hydraulic fracture will deflect and perpendicularly cross the parallel and symmetric pre-fracture network. For $\Updelta \theta = 90^\circ$ and $\Updelta \sigma < 2{\text{ MPa}},\,\Updelta \theta = 60^\circ$ , and $\Updelta \sigma < 4{\text{ MPa}}$ or $\Updelta \theta = 45^\circ$ and $\Updelta \sigma = 4 - 8{\text{ MPa}}$ , before the hydraulic fracture and the pre-fractures intersect, the direction of the hydraulic fracture propagation remains unchanged, and the pre-fractures open or dilate when the hydraulic fracture propagates to the intersection point, forming a complicated hydraulic fracture network with the propagation region of the overall hydraulic fracture network taking the shape of an ellipse. In this condition, the complexity level of the hydraulic fracture is controlled by the net pressure, the compressive normal stress acting on the pre-fractures, the shearing strength and the cohesion strength of the planes of weakness. The conclusions of this research are inconsistent with the formulation of the approach angle that has been widely accepted by previous studies. The principle of hydraulic fracture propagation is that it follows the least resistance, the most preferential propagation, and the shortest propagation path. 相似文献
10.
Markus Båth 《Tectonophysics》1980,61(4):T15-T22
For Swedish earthquakes, the average magnitude increases gently with the focal depth, whereas the seismic wave energy exhibits significant maxima at 15, 23 and 28 km depth. The earthquake fracture risk is estimated to be about 10?6 for an underground storage facility in a carefully selected site. 相似文献
11.
通过对地球自转速率变化推动构造运动的可能性以及地球自转角速度变化的原因和依据的讨论，提出地球自转惯性力差是决定板块相对运动趋势的主要动力学因素之一，揭示了加速期和减速期经、纬向构造之间的分布规律性，认为经、纬向构造之间的耦合关系是一种客观存在，同步耦合断裂就是由地球自转速率变化所反映的动力学状态决定的。同时，笔者对同步耦合断裂概念及耦合区构造组合的研究意义进行了探讨。 相似文献
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Permeability Tensors of Anisotropic Fracture Networks 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Analytical models are presented to provide enhanced capabilities for modeling fluid flow through natural fractures nested in parallel plate type configurations. The modeled fractures may be arbitrarily positioned, but subgrouped according to the consistent parallel sequences. The derived analytical expressions for fracture permeability can be considered as an extension to those in which flow within fractures is uniform and isotropic. This modification offers a correction for the traditional permeability calculations whenever fractures are oblique to the flow orientation. For the fracture flow scenarios, the graphical solutions show the permeability envelope normal to any arbitrary planes within the calculated domain. Consideration of rock anisotropy may significantly improve the accuracy in determining the formation permeability in cases where natural fractures exhibit a dominant control in regional fluid flow. 相似文献
14.
Microscopic Fracture Processes in a Granite 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
E. Z. Lajtai 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1998,31(4):237-250
Summary The deformation of a competent, brittle, granitic rock is thought to have two main components: elastic and brittle deformation,
the latter caused by axial microcracking. Dynamic fatigue testing of Lac du Bonnet granite would, however, suggest the presence
of a third mechanism, compaction. Compaction is not the same as elastic crack closure; compaction entails permanent damage
along grain boundaries that are under high compression. During compaction, the axial stiffness (elastic modulus) of the rock
increases and the permanent crack volume becomes negative (compression). Compaction is active at all stress levels, but it
is most noticeable at low stress where its presence is not masked by dilation caused by axial microcracking. 相似文献
15.
Wu Li Zhang Shizhong Chen Jianping Faculty of Engineering China University of Geosciences Wuhan 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》1998,9(3)
ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｕｎｎｅｌｅｘｃａｖａｔｉｏｎｂｙｂｌａｓｔｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｉｎｈａｒｄｒｏｃｋｉｓｕｓｕａｌｙａｃｃｏｍｐｌｉｓｈｅｄｗｉｔｈａｄｒｉｌａｎｄｂｌａｓｔｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｗｈｅｒｅａｂｏｒｅｈｏｌｅｉｓｄｒｉｌｅｄｉｎｔ... 相似文献
16.
Tsugio Shibata Stephen E. DeLong David Walker 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1979,70(1):89-102
Fresh basalts from the Oceanographer Fracture Zone are petrographically and chemically similar to typical abyssal tholeiites, but are somewhat enriched in large ion lithophile elements, with consistent differences among separate dredge hauls. Olivine compositions are in equilibrium with host basalt for reasonable K
D
values, but some plagioclases are anomalously calcic (e.g., a rock highly differentiated in Mg/Mg+Fe bears some plagioclase of An86). Ti/Al in clinopyroxene is approximately constant at 1/6, but Ti+Al abundance decreases in the sequence basalt groundmass cpx, basalt phenocryst+microphenocryst cpx, gabbro cpx (samples from adjacent dredges), an effect that may be related to decrease in cooling rate. Least-squares calculations indicate that 45% of magma with the composition of the more primitive sample must be removed as plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine (in the ratio 4.42.71, respectively) to obtain the composition of the more differentiated sample. Both samples have excess plagioclase on the liquidus, however, which should not be the case for the differentiated composition if it is produced by fractionation of all three phases. The excess of plagioclase and the anomalous plagioclase compositions indicate that the samples cannot be related solely by fractional crystallization. Additional processes such as magma mixing or plagioclase accumulation (or both) must have effected these differences. 相似文献
17.
煤层瓦斯含量受多种因素影响,而煤层中的节理裂隙密集带则容易导致瓦斯聚积。在煤田地质勘探中,依据振幅随炮点和检波点入射角的变化可以预测裂隙的发育方向和发育密度。在对淮南地区张集西三煤矿的三维地震数据资料处理时,按不同的方位角增量抽取方位角道集,并对其方位角道集进行速度分析、NMO校正、叠加和偏移,得到6个方位偏移数据体。根据Malick等人的理论模型对其进行计算,获得d、A、B值,并据此预测裂缝发育方向与发育密度。将其预测成果与常规地震解释成果对比,发现两者之间非常吻合,可见利用方位角道集处理方法预测煤层裂隙具有可行性。 相似文献
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Fracture Length Estimation from Borehole Image Logs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sait Ismail Özkaya 《Mathematical Geology》2003,35(6):737-753
We describe a method to estimate fracture length for circular fractures from borehole image logs. The relative frequency of fractures, which have complete circumference trace on image logs is related to fracture length. A simple functional relationship can be derived for the relative frequency of complete fracture traces in terms of average fracture inclination to borehole, borehole diameter and fracture length. This formulation however, tends to underestimate fracture length because a constant length is assumed. A more accurate length estimate can be obtained by assuming that fracture length is linearly correlated to fracture aperture or spacing. Cumulative frequency distribution of fracture aperture and spacing can be obtained from borehole image logs. The problem then transforms itself to finding the scaling factor between fracture length and aperture (or spacing) from the relative frequency of fractures with complete traces. The product of the scaling factor and average fracture spacing (or aperture) gives the average fracture length. 相似文献
20.
R. D. JACOBI 《《地质学报》英文版》2002,76(1):89-99
Semivariogram is applied to fracture data obtained from detailed scanline surveys of nine field sites in western New York, USA in order to investigate the spatial patterns of natural fractures. The length of the scanline is up to 36 m. How both fracture spacing and fracture length vary with distance is determined through semivariogram calculations. In this study, the authors developed a FORTRAN program to resample the fracture data from the scanline survey. By calculating experimental semivariogram, the authors found five different types of spatial patterns that can be described by linear, spherical, reversed spherical, polynomial I (for a<0) and polynomial II (for a>0) models, of which the last three are newly proposed in this study. The well-structured semivariograms of fracture spacing and length indicate that both the location of the fractures and the length distribution within their structure domains are not random. The results of this study also suggest that semivariograms can provide useful infor 相似文献