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地震走时层析成像是反演地层各向异性参数分布的有效方法,但是关于地震各向异性介质走时层析成像的研究并不多,其技术远远没有达到成熟的阶段.在野外数据采集时,地表反射波观测方式相对井间和垂直地震剖面观测方式的成本更低,利用qP反射波走时反演各向异性参数具有更加广泛的实用价值.本文实现的TI介质地震走时层析成像方法结合了TI介质反射波射线追踪算法、走时扰动方程和非线性共轭梯度算法,它可以对任意强度的TI介质模型进行反演,文中尝试利用qP反射波走时重建TI介质模型的参数图像.利用qP反射波对层状介质模型和块状异常体模型进行走时反演,由于qP波相速度对弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数的偏微分不同,所以可以分别反演弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数.数值模拟结果表明:利用qP反射波可以反演出TI介质模型的弹性模量参数与Thomsen参数,不同模型的走时迭代反演达到了较好的收敛效果,与各向同性介质走时反演结果相比较,各向异性介质走时反演结果具有较好的识别能力. 相似文献
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在长波长假设条件下,水平层状地层中发育一组垂直排列的裂缝构成了等效正交各向异性介质.各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数的估算有助于非均匀各向异性介质的各向异性特征描述,而弹性逆散射理论是非均匀介质参数反演的有效途径.基于地震散射理论,我们首先推导了非均匀正交介质中纵波散射系数方程,并通过引入正交各向异性特征参数,提出了一种新颖的正交各向异性方位弹性阻抗参数化方法.为了提高反演的稳定性与横向连续性,我们发展了贝叶斯框架下的正交各向异性方位弹性阻抗反演方法,同时考虑了柯西稀疏约束正则化和平滑模型约束正则化,最终使用非线性的迭代重加权最小二乘策略实现了各向异性特征参数的稳定估算.模型和实际资料处理表明,反演结果与测井解释数据相吻合,证明了该方法能够稳定可靠地从方位叠前地震资料中获取各向异性特征参数,减小参数估算的不确定性,为非均匀正交介质的各向异性预测提供了一种高可靠性的地震反演方法. 相似文献
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本文提出-种利用有偏VSP资料反射波旅行时信息重建椭圆各向异性介质中水平向与垂直向速度的方法。其中,地下介质假定为层状椭圆各向异性介质。反射波旅行时间采用射线追踪理论及几何关系计算得到,反演中的线性方程组采用奇异值分解(SVD)技术进行求解。 方法检测时,我们对各向同性介质及椭圆各向异胜介质情况下有限差分法正演模拟的深井有偏移距VSP地震资料分别进行各向同性和各向异性方法反演成像。结果表明,本文所述方法较之各向同性介质模型反演方法对介质类型有很好的适用性,同时也说明了本方法的司行性。最后,我们分别介绍了对实际有偏VSP资料反演得到的地下介质的速度结构图像。 相似文献
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在裂缝诱导各向异性理论研究中通常使用等效HTI介质来近似多组裂缝所引起的综合效应.由于构造运动的复杂性,多组裂缝普遍存在于地壳与油气储层中.为了研究多组裂缝的地震属性特征,分析常用的等效HTI模型对于多组裂缝近似精度及附加裂缝对介质属性特征的影响,本文利用线性滑移模型进行了多组垂直裂缝的单斜各向异性等效介质理论计算,并利用空间搜索方法求取与其最为接近的HTI介质各向异性弹性参数.重点研究了在两种各向异性介质中纵波速度、快慢横波速度和极化特征及其差异,量化分析附加裂缝对于地震属性如速度、极化方向和走时等的影响,研究对附加裂缝敏感的地震属性.此研究结果和方法为进一步研究多组裂缝的反演及识别方法提供基础,同时对于将高阶对称性各向异性介质中已存在的计算方法应用于低阶对称性时的适用程度、精度分析及相关方法研究具有重要作用. 相似文献
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在研究地壳结构的人工源宽角反射地震资料解释中,常规宽角反射波走时和射线路径计算大都假定地壳模型为层状块状均匀介质.为了逼近实际地壳结构模型,要求模型尺度较大,为了提高地震资料解释的可靠性,须减小模型离散单元的尺寸,但同时计算量大大增加,使资料解释的效率较低.为此,本文尝试同时提高宽角反射地震资料解释效率和可靠性的方法,即使用双重网格计算宽角反射地震波走时和射线路径的最小走时树方法.双重网格法在均匀介质内部仅计算大网格节点,在速度变化点、震源点和检波点区域,同时计算小网格节点;在界面边界点使用比介质内部节点更大的子波传播区域.模型计算结果表明,对于大尺度的层状块状均匀介质模型,在保证精度的条件下,本文所提出的双重网格射线追踪方法的计算效率比单网格方法显著提高. 相似文献
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基于长波长近似假设,周期性薄互层中发育一组平行排列的垂直裂缝则可视为等效的正交各向异性介质.岩石物理是构建裂缝参数与地震响应之间联系的基础,地震散射理论是各向异性介质参数反演的有效途径.文章提出了一种利用方位叠前地震数据实现正交各向异性裂缝储层Thomsen弱各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数可靠预测的方法.首先,综合考虑矿物基质、孔隙、裂缝及各向异性岩石中流体替换的影响,通过构建正交各向异性裂缝岩石物理等效模型,实现正交各向异性刚度系数的估测,进而预测储层测井数据的弹性参数、Thomsen弱各向异性参数及裂缝弱度参数,为后续地震反演提供初始模型约束;然后,基于地震散射理论,推导了面向Thomsen弱各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数反演的正交各向异性介质纵波反射系数方程,为后续地震反演奠定了理论基础;最后,发展了贝叶斯框架下的正交各向异性裂缝储层Thomsen弱各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数AVAZ反演方法,同时考虑柯西稀疏约束正则化和平滑模型约束正则化约束,使用非线性的迭代重加权最小二乘策略实现正交各向异性特征参数的稳定估算.模型和实际资料处理表明,该方法能够稳定可靠地从方位叠前地震资料中获取正交各向异性特征参数,为正交各向异性介质的特征参数预测提供了一种高可靠性的地震反演方法. 相似文献
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经典的地震层析成像假定介质为各向同性,通过走时反演确定地球介质的非均匀结构,得到的仅是近似地球模型。如果各向异性较强时,应用基于各向同性假设的层析成像算法,可能导致错误的结果。非均匀与各向异性效应是耦合的,如果仅考虑非均匀效应则各向异性结构可能映射到非均匀结构中造成非均匀速度结构的误差,反之亦然。因此,高分辨率的走时层析成像必须同时考虑非均匀和各向异性两种效应。同时反演非均匀和各向异性结构(即各向异性层析成像),不仅可以获得可靠的各向同性速度结构,同时可以确定各向异性结构。相对于S波偏振分析,体波走时方法基于不同的数据集,能提供独立的地震各向异性观测证据。利用地震走时层析成像方法同时研究介质的非均匀性和各向异性,对于认识地球的结构及动力学过程都具有非常重要的意义。 相似文献
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Estimating azimuthal stress‐induced P‐wave anisotropy from S‐wave anisotropy using sonic log or vertical seismic profile data 
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下载免费PDF全文 Most sedimentary rocks are anisotropic, yet it is often difficult to accurately incorporate anisotropy into seismic workflows because analysis of anisotropy requires knowledge of a number of parameters that are difficult to estimate from standard seismic data. In this study, we provide a methodology to infer azimuthal P‐wave anisotropy from S‐wave anisotropy calculated from log or vertical seismic profile data. This methodology involves a number of steps. First, we compute the azimuthal P‐wave anisotropy in the dry medium as a function of the azimuthal S‐wave anisotropy using a rock physics model, which accounts for the stress dependency of seismic wave velocities in dry isotropic elastic media subjected to triaxial compression. Once the P‐wave anisotropy in the dry medium is known, we use the anisotropic Gassmann equations to estimate the anisotropy of the saturated medium. We test this workflow on the log data acquired in the North West Shelf of Australia, where azimuthal anisotropy is likely caused by large differences between minimum and maximum horizontal stresses. The obtained results are compared to azimuthal P‐wave anisotropy obtained via orthorhombic tomography in the same area. In the clean sandstone layers, anisotropy parameters obtained by both methods are fairly consistent. In the shale and shaly sandstone layers, however, there is a significant discrepancy between results since the stress‐induced anisotropy model we use is not applicable to rocks exhibiting intrinsic anisotropy. This methodology could be useful for building the initial anisotropic velocity model for imaging, which is to be refined through migration velocity analysis. 相似文献
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随着计算机硬件技术的发展以及高分辨率勘探需求的增加,我们希望能够更准确地模拟地下介质,得到更丰富的地层信息.然而,传统的声学假设并不能描述实际地层所存在各向异性和黏滞性,使得成像分辨率较低.为了实现深部储层的高精度成像,本文同时考虑了介质的各向异性和黏滞性,从TI介质弹性波的基本理论出发,结合各向异性GSLS理论,并通过声学近似方法导出基于GSLS模型的各向异性衰减拟声波方程.数值模拟表明该方程既能准确地描述各向异性介质下的准P波运动学规律,又能体现地层的吸收衰减效应;模型逆时偏移结果表明,在实现成像过程中考虑各向异性和黏滞性的影响,能对高陡构造清晰成像,且剖面振幅相对均衡,分辨率较高. 相似文献
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Seismic amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOaz) inversion is well known as a popular and pragmatic tool utilized to estimate fracture parameters. A single set of vertical fractures aligned along a preferred horizontal direction embedded in a horizontally layered medium can be considered as an effective long-wavelength orthorhombic medium. Estimation of Thomsen’s weak-anisotropy (WA) parameters and fracture weaknesses plays an important role in characterizing the orthorhombic anisotropy in a weakly anisotropic medium. Our goal is to demonstrate an orthorhombic anisotropic AVOaz inversion approach to describe the orthorhombic anisotropy utilizing the observable wide-azimuth seismic reflection data in a fractured reservoir with the assumption of orthorhombic symmetry. Combining Thomsen’s WA theory and linear-slip model, we first derive a perturbation in stiffness matrix of a weakly anisotropic medium with orthorhombic symmetry under the assumption of small WA parameters and fracture weaknesses. Using the perturbation matrix and scattering function, we then derive an expression for linearized PP-wave reflection coefficient in terms of P- and S-wave moduli, density, Thomsen’s WA parameters, and fracture weaknesses in such an orthorhombic medium, which avoids the complicated nonlinear relationship between the orthorhombic anisotropy and azimuthal seismic reflection data. Incorporating azimuthal seismic data and Bayesian inversion theory, the maximum a posteriori solutions of Thomsen’s WA parameters and fracture weaknesses in a weakly anisotropic medium with orthorhombic symmetry are reasonably estimated with the constraints of Cauchy a priori probability distribution and smooth initial models of model parameters to enhance the inversion resolution and the nonlinear iteratively reweighted least squares strategy. The synthetic examples containing a moderate noise demonstrate the feasibility of the derived orthorhombic anisotropic AVOaz inversion method, and the real data illustrate the inversion stabilities of orthorhombic anisotropy in a fractured reservoir. 相似文献
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Fritz Gassmann 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1964,58(1):63-112
Summary Section 1 (and 11) develops the concepts of the front velocity, the front gradient, the travel time in space and on seismometric profiles, the profile velocity and the profile gradient in connection with the propagation of the fronts of elastic waves in solid isotropic and anisotropic media. The sectional velocity and the sectional gradient are defined in terms of the motion of the curve of intersection of a front with a fixed surface. Section 2 (and 12) relates the coefficients of elasticity of the medium, the front types, and their respective rays. In section 12, the theory of fronts of arbitrary shape and of the corresponding rays for any anisotropic, homogeneous or inhomogeneous solid medium is summarized. In section 3 (and 13), the law of reflection and refraction of fronts on surfaces of discontinuity of arbitrary shape is presented. Sections 4 to 6 (and 14 to 16) treat some elementary applications of seismic travel time methods to homogeneous, uniaxially anisotropic media (=transverse isotropy) in greater detail. In section 4 (and 14), the travel time of a direct front generated by a point source is considered and it is shown how the coefficients of elasticity of the medium can be found based on travel time measurements. The seismic prospection of a plane reflector and of a reflecting boundary of arbitrary shape and position are discussed in section 5 (and 15). In section 6 (and 16), the seismic refraction method is used to locate a plane boundary between a homogeneous, uniaxially anisotropic and a homogeneous isotropic medium, where the boundary is perpendicular or at an arbitrary angle to the direction of anisotropy. 相似文献
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在复杂区域应力场的作用下, 大范围扩容各向异性(extensive-dilatancy anisotropy, EDA)造成的裂隙定向排列形成了地壳内部介质的不均匀性。 因此, 地壳介质各向异性的描述不仅限于横向各向同性(transversely isotropic, TI)的理论。 我们首先利用自相关函数随机扰动得到水平向小尺度速度不均匀, 然后利用这种不均匀性描述地壳介质中EDA裂隙定向排列所造成的介质各向异性, 利用数值模拟弹性波在该介质中的传播过程验证了利用介质的不均匀性构建介质的各向异性是一个有效、 可靠的方法。 可以将此方法应用到复杂地壳介质结构中, 了解地震波在复杂地壳各向异性介质中的传播特征。 相似文献
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THE APPLICATION OF PML BOUNDARY CODITIONS IN THE SIMULATION OF SEISMIC WAVE BY THE HIGH-ORDER STAGGERED-GRID FINITE DIFFERENCES AT THE TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MEDIA 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In the realm of the numerical simulation, finite difference method and finite element method are more intuitive and effective than other simulation methods. In the process of simulating seismic wave propagation, the finite differences method is widely used because of its high computational efficiency and the advantage of the algorithm is more efficient. With the demand of precision, more and more researchers have proposed more effective methods of finite differences, such as the high-order staggered-grid finite differences method, which can restore the actual process of wave propagation on the premise of ensuring accuracy and improving the efficiency of operation. In the past numerical simulation of seismic wave field, different models of isotropic medium are mostly used, but it is difficult to reflect the true layer situation. With the research demand of natural seismology and seismic exploration, the research on anisotropic media is more and more extensive. Transversely isotropic(TI)media can well simulate the seismic wave propagation in the formation medium, such as gas-bearing sandstone, mudstone, shale et al., the character of TI media is reflected by introducing the Thomsen parameters to reflect its weak anisotropy of vertical direction by using Thomson parameter. Therefore, studying the process of seismic wave propagation in TI media can restore the true information of the formation to the greatest extent, and provide a more reliable simulation basis for the numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation. In the geodynamic simulation and the numerical simulation of the seismic wave field, under the limited influence of the calculation area, if no boundary conditions are added, a strong artificial boundary reflection will be generated, which greatly reduces the validity of the simulation. In order to minimize the influence of model boundaries on the reflection of seismic waves, it is often necessary to introduce absorbing boundary conditions. At present, there are three types of absorption boundary conditions: one-way wave absorption boundary, attenuation absorption boundary, and perfectly matched layer(PML)absorption boundary. In terms of numerical simulation of seismic waves, the boundary absorption effect of PML is stronger than the first two, which is currently the most commonly used method, and it also represents the cutting-edge development direction of absorption boundary technology. The perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary is effectively applied to eliminating the reflective waves from model boundaries, but for transversely isotropic medium, the effect of the absorbing is not very well. For this reason, the elastic dynamic wave equations in transversely isotropic media are derived, and we describe a second-order accurate time, tenth-order accurate space, formulation of the Madariaga-Virieux staggered-grid finite difference methods with the perfectly matched layer(PML)are given. In addition, we have established vertical transversely isotropic(VTI)media and arbitrary inclined tilted transversely isotropic(TTI)media models, using a uniform half-space velocity model and a two-layer velocity model, respectively. By combining the actual geoscience background, we set the corresponding parameters and simulation conditions in order to make our model more research-oriented. When setting model parameters, different PML thickness, incident angle, source frequency and velocity layer models were transformed to verify the inhibition of boundary reflection effect by PML absorption boundary layer. The implementations of this simulation show that the formula is correct and for the transversely isotropic(TI)media of any angular symmetry axis, when the thickness of the PML layer reaches a certain value, the seismic wave reflection effect generated by the artificial boundary can be well suppressed, and the absorption effect of PML is not subject to changes in incident angle and wave frequency. Therefore, the results of our study indicate that our research method can be used to simulate the propagation process of seismic waves in the transversely isotropic(TI)media without being affected by the reflected waves at the model boundary to restore the actual formation information and more valuable geological research. 相似文献
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Anisotropy Effects on Microseismic Event Location 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Seismic anisotropy in sedimentary environments is significant—microseismic waveforms often show strong shear-wave splitting,
with differences reaching 40% between horizontally and vertically-polarized shear-wave velocities. Failure to account for
this anisotropy is shown to result in large microseismic event location errors. A method is presented here for determining
the five elastic parameters of a homogeneous, vertical transverse-isotropic (VTI) model from calibration shot data. The method
can also use data from mining-induced seismic events, which are then simultaneously located. This simple model provides a
good fit to arrival times from coal-environment data, and results in dramatic shifts in interpreted event locations. 相似文献
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结合有限差分方法和等效介质理论,模拟了离散分布裂缝介质中地震波的传播. 基于等效介质理论,利用二维有限差分实现封闭裂缝的离散分布;裂缝可以处理成固体岩石中的高度柔性界面,并可以用线性滑动或者位移间断模型进行裂缝的物理描述. 对于含有多组裂隙的破裂固体,其有效柔度可以认为是固体骨架背景柔度和裂缝附加柔度之和. 在一阶近似条件下,固体骨架和裂缝参数可以通过有效各向异性系数联系起来,有效各向异性系数决定了各向异性（裂缝效应）对于地震波传播的影响. 通过与射线理论方法的对比检验,说明本文提出的模拟方法的有效性,并通过几个数值算例说明本方法可有效模拟不同的裂缝分布效应. 结果表明,即使在裂缝密度很小的情况下,具有相同裂缝密度的不同的空间分布可以产生不同的波场特征. 同时,也验证了不同裂缝尺度对波长的不同影响,以及裂缝尺度具有幂率分布（分形）时,尺度对波场的影响. 最后得出结论：在运用建立在等效介质理论基础上的地震各向异性概念来描述裂缝固体的特征时,要倍加小心,等效介质理论中尚未合理处理的裂缝尺度和空间分布对波的传播特征具有重要的影响. 相似文献
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The presence of triplications (caustics) can be a serious problem in seismic data processing and analysis. The traveltime curve becomes multi‐valued and the geometrical spreading correction factor tends to zero due to energy focusing. We analyse the conditions for the qSV‐wave triplications in a homogeneous transversely isotropic medium with vertical symmetry axis. The proposed technique can easily be extended to the case of horizontally layered vertical symmetry axis medium. We show that the triplications of the qSV‐wave in a multilayered medium imply certain algebra. We illustrate this algebra on a two‐layer vertical symmetry axis model. 相似文献