共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Analysis of the mean wind, equivalent potential temperature and virtual potential temperature profiles observed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Electra aircraft and obtained from dropwindsondes and ship-launched radiosondes were made in conjunction with synoptic observations to study the structure of the monsoon boundary layer over the Arabian Sea during MONEX 79. Comparison of mean profiles indicates the monsoon boundary layer to be much different from the trade wind boundary layer. Results confirm the existence of a boundary-layer jet known as East African or Somali Jet. Regions of multiple cloud layers at roughly the height of the capping inversion layer were associated with the jet. Regions in which a more well-mixed layer was observed showed a jet structure depressed in height. A free-jet surface-layer model appears to describe the mean wind structure of this jet observed during the present study and by others. An approximate balance of forces was found in the monsoon boundary layer between friction, advective acceleration, Coriolis and pressure gradient forces. Friction and advective acceleration terms were significant in the lower levels of the boundary layer. Forces in a typical trade wind boundary layer were found to be approximately one order of magnitude smaller than those observed in the monsoon boundary layer. 相似文献
2.
R. R. Brook 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1985,32(2):133-154
It has been long known by Australian meteorologists that a nocturnal jet is a frequent feature of the low-level wind profile at Daly Waters in the Northern Territory of Australia. The Koorin Expedition during the southern winter of 1974 obtained data on wind and temperature profiles in the boundary layer which form an ideal base for the study of this phenomenon. In this paper, a simple model of the jet is described and the results of the model are compared with observations. The model is essentially a development of the pioneering work of Blackadar, who proposed that a low-level jet could develop as an inertial oscillation. The observations do show some of the features of the model. 相似文献
3.
利用多普勒雷达风廓线产品、ERA5再分析资料和WRF模式,分析了2018年6月27日皖北一次特大暴雨过程中边界层急流的日变化特征及其对特大暴雨形成的作用。结果表明:特大暴雨发生期间存在边界层急流,急流最强达到了18 m·s-1,强降水主要发生在急流快速增强的时段;急流前部的边界层辐合线是对流的触发因子,强降水落区位于急流核前部。急流为对流系统加强提供水汽和能量,且边界层急流和雷暴高压对峙使对流系统稳定少动,在对流系统西侧激发新的对流单体,有利于特大暴雨的发生;此次过程中天气系统的影响时间主要决定了强降水的落区,而边界层急流的日变化决定了强降水发生的时间段;边界层急流在夜间具有超地转特征,午后具有次地转特征,地转偏差和水平平流作用是导致夜间边界层急流增强的主要原因。 相似文献
4.
A shallow-water model with horizontally nonuniform density is used to study the dynamics of jet flows that arise under the influence of buoyancy and the Coriolis force. Within this approach, the jet is described by a self-similar compactly-localized solution and interpreted as a band of shear flow having a temperature contrast with the ambient fluid. In addition to stationary states, the dynamics of such jets admit cyclonic rotation with a constant angular velocity and transverse nonlinear pulsations. The phase portrait corresponding to this model shows that regimes with pulsating jets develop along closed trajectories bounded by the separatrix loop. The theory predicts that the period for warm jet pulsations is longer than the inertial oscillation period caused by the Earth’s rotation, while for cold jet pulsations, it is shorter. Thus, only warm jets can have a noticeable effect on the atmospheric dynamics in the synoptic range. In particular, they may well be responsible for additional spectral peaks that appear in this range of wind speed fluctuations. 相似文献
5.
The article considers the reasons for the underestimation of the wind speed by the WRF-ARW model when simulating downslope windstorms in the Russian Arctic. Simulation results for the Tiksi windstorm, for which sensitivity tests were carried out, appeared to be weakly dependent on the initial and boundary conditions, topography resolution, and boundary layer parameterization. Wind speed underestimation was mostly related to improper land use and the highly overestimated roughness length, which are used in the model. Reduction of the roughness length in accordance with the observations leads not only to a quantitative change in the wind speed in the boundary layer, but to qualitative changes in the dynamics of the flow. Wind underestimation in simulations with the overestimated roughness was caused by the jet stream unrealistically jumping over the lee slope and wake formation in the station area, while jet stream stayed near the surface and propagated to the station area in simulations with the modified roughness length. Modification of land use and roughness length in Tiksi and other regions where downslope windstorms are observed (Novaya Zemlya, Pevek, Wrangel Island) led to a decrease in wind speed modelling error by more than 2.5 times. 相似文献
6.
Land surface parameterization schemes play a significant role in the accuracy of meso-local scale numerical models by accounting for the exchange of energy and water between the soil and the atmosphere. The role of land surface processes during large-scale cold-pooling events was studied with two land surface schemes (LSMs) in the Advanced Research Weather Forecasting model (ARW). Model evaluation was complex due to the surface and boundary layer interactions at different temporal and spatial scales as revealed by a scale dependent variance analysis. Wavelet analysis was used for the first time to analyze the model errors with specific focus on land surface processes. The ARW model was also evaluated for the formation of a low-level jet (LLJ). It is shown that vertical resolution in the model boundary layer played a significant role in determining the characteristics of LLJ, which influenced the lower boundary layer structure and moisture distribution. The results showed that the simulated low-level jet over southern Georgia was sensitive to the land surface parameterization and led to a significant difference in the boundary layer exchange. The jet shear played a crucial role in the maintenance of turbulence and weak shear caused excessive radiative cooling leading to unrealistic cold pools in the model. The results are important for regional downscaling as the excessive cold pools that are simulated in the model can go unnoticed. 相似文献
7.
An ensemble of convective thermals is distinguished from the surface layer of penetrative turbulent convection over a heated
horizontally uniform surface. For an isolated convective element, an integral model of a quasi-stationary spontaneous jet
is proposed which admits an exact analytical solution. A simple statistical model is constructed for an ensemble of dynamically
identical thermals. In this model, convective thermals ascend in a static environment, their dynamic parameters are described
by the equations of an isolated quasi-stationary jet, and their diameters are stochastic. It is shown that the ensemble of
thermals rising in a horizontally homogeneous environment forms surface-layer turbulent moments. The analytical relationships
for higher turbulent moments of vertical velocity and temperature are compared with experimental data from the second to the
forth order inclusive. 相似文献
8.
Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Dynamics with Constant Bowen Ratio 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Amilcare Porporato 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,132(2):227-240
Motivated by the observation that the diurnal evolution of sensible and latent heat fluxes tends to maintain a constant Bowen
ratio, we derive approximate solutions of the ordinary differential equations of a simplified atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL)
model. Neglecting the early morning transition, the potential temperature and specific humidity of the mixed layer are found
to be linearly related to the ABL height. Similar behaviour is followed by the inversion strengths of temperature and humidity
at the top of the ABL. The potential temperature of the mixed layer depends on the entrainment parameter and the free-atmosphere
temperature lapse rate, while the specific humidity also depends on the free-atmosphere humidity lapse rate and the Bowen
ratio. The temporal dynamics appear only implicitly in the evolution of the height of the boundary layer, which in turn depends
on the time-integrated surface sensible heat flux. Studying the limiting behaviour of the Bowen ratio for very low and very
large values of net available energy, we also show how the tendency to maintain constant Bowen ratio during midday hours stems
from its relative insensitivity to the atmospheric conditions for large values of net available energy. The analytical expression
for the diurnal evolution of the ABL obtained with constant Bowen ratio is simple and provides a benchmark for the results
of more complex models. 相似文献
9.
10.
D.E. Harrison 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1982,6(3):135-152
Mesoscale resolution ocean general circulation model (EGCM) experiments have been carried out under a variety of different model physical assumptions, and the different model systems often produce very different deep mean flow fields. The flat bottom, rectangular basin experiments exhibit two distinct types of deep mean flow, which are here called “corotating” and “counterrotating”. Counterrotating deep flow, in which two adjacent deep gyres, with circulation of opposite senses, underlie the upper ocean eastward jet and its recirculation, has been found only in models with adiabetic two-layer model physics. None of the more complex model systems exhibit counterrotating deep flows; this type of flow is apparently restricted to a particular range of forcing/dissipation parameter space and/or particular model physical assumptions.Since the deep flow in these EGCM systems is generally weak, geostrophic dynamics provides the basic deep flow interior balance and the mean vertical velocity field, through the lower layer vorticity equation, largely determines the deep interior flow. The dynamical constraints on the mean vertical velocity field introduced by different model physical equations are reviewed and the adiabatic quasi-geostrophic (QG) two-layer model system is shown to be strongly constrained in several respects. In particular, the idea that eddy and mean heat flux divergence (or “layer thickness flux divergence”) drive the mean vertical velocity does not generalize to more complicated dynamical systems in which there is the possibility of altering the mean vertical density profile and/or in which the horizontal flow can be divergent. As a consequence of the constraints, there can be no basin net vorticity input to the lower layer via vortex stretching in the QG system.Because of the adiabatic QG constraints and the particular parametric regime in which the published adiabatic QG EGCM experiments exist, a very plausible explanation can be found for the existence of the deep cyclonic circulation of the model subtropical gyre. It is this cyclonic circulation that causes these deep flows to differ so dramatically from those of the more physically complex model systems. Because all the published adiabatic QG experiments that have non-trivial deep flows exhibit the counterrotating behavior, and because available ocean data do not support the existence of such a gyre in the North Atlantic, it seems important to thoroughly understand the reasons for the existence or absence of the deep cyclonic circulations. If they are an invitable feature of adiabatic QG systems, these models may need to be treated with caution as tools for understanding the mean ocean circulation. 相似文献
11.
Interannual-to-interdecadal ocean-atmosphere interaction in midlatitudes is studied using an idealized coupled model consisting of eddy resolving two-layer quasi-geostrophic oceanic and atmospheric components with a simple diagnostic oceanic mixed layer. The model solutions exhibit structure and variability that resemble qualitatively some aspects of the observed climate variability over the North Atlantic. The atmospheric climatology is characterized by a zonally modulated jet. The single-basin ocean climatology consists of a midlatitude double jet that represents the Gulf Stream and Labrador currents, which are parts of the subtropical and subpolar gyres, respectively. The leading mode of the atmospheric low-frequency variability consists predominantly of meridional displacements of the zonal jet, with a local maximum over the ocean. The first basin-scale mode of sea-surface temperature has a red power spectrum, is largely of one polarity and bears qualitative similarities with the observed interdecadal mode identified by Kushnir. A warm sea-surface temperature anomaly is accompanied by anomalously low atmospheric pressure, an intensified model Gulf Stream and a weakened Labrador current. This mode is found not to be affected significantly by oceanic coupling. In the western part of the basin, this sea-surface temperature pattern is shown to be forced by the slowest components of the surface-wind anomaly through a delayed modulation of the baroclinic time-dependent boundary currents which advect mean SST, with synchronous variations in the two oceanic jets. The response in the east is found to be dominated by local atmospheric forcing. Basin-scale intrinsic oceanic variability consists of a damped oceanic oscillatory mode in the baroclinic flow field that is excited by the atmospheric noise. Its period is around 5.5 years, but it has a negligible influence on the evolution of sea-surface temperature. Important for this mode's excitation is the meridional position of the atmospheric center of action relative to the ocean gyres. 相似文献
12.
The effects of synoptic baroclinicity on the evolution of the stable boundary layer are studied by using a numerical model in which the eddy exchange coefficients are determined from the turbulent kinetic energy and a local turbulent length scale. For model verification, several barotropic simulations are compared with those of higher-order closure models. The model predicts the existence of a value of geostrophic wind shear at which the nocturnal jet reaches its maximum intensity. The mechanism by which ageostrophic flow is generated and the role it plays in the development of the jet are explored. As baroclinicity increases, the directional shear in the wind near the level of the jet increases, thereby allowing the nocturnal inversion to grow to levels well above that of the jet.Journal Paper No. J-11109 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA. Project 2521. 相似文献
13.
Eric D. Skyllingstad 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(2):217-243
A large-eddy simulation model with rotated coordinates and an open boundary is used to simulate the characteristics of katabatic flows over simple terrain. Experiments examine the effects of cross winds on the development of the slope-flow boundary layer for a steep (20°) slope and the role of drainage winds in preventing turbulence collapse on a gentle slope (1°). For the steep flow cases, comparisons between model average boundary-layer velocity, temperature deficit, and turbulence kinetic energy budget terms and tower observations show reasonable agreement. Results for different cross slope winds show that as the cross slope winds increase, the slope flow deepens faster and behaves more like a weakly stratified, sheared boundary layer. Analysis of the momentum budget shows that near the surface the flow is maintained by a balance between downslope buoyancy forcing and vertical turbulence flux from surface drag. Above the downslope jet, the turbulence vertical momentum flux reverses sign and acceleration of the flow by buoyancy is controlled by horizontal advection of slower moving ambient air. The turbulence budget is dominated by a balance between shear production and eddy dissipation, however, buoyancy and pressure transport both are significant in reducing the strength of turbulence above the jet. Results from the gentle slope case show that even a slight terrain variation can lead to significant drainage winds. Comparison of the gentle slope case with a flat terrain simulation indicates that drainage winds can effectively prevent the formation of very stable boundary layers, at least near the top of sloping terrain. 相似文献
14.
A. J. Lapworth 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1987,39(4):333-378
Wind profiles have been measured through daytime boundary-layer capping inversions at a site surrounded by fairly flat terrain. The measurements were made by an instrument package mounted on a tethered balloon cable. Analysis of the results has shown that in the region of the inversion, the wind profiles generally show strong shears and also relatively narrow jet or minima features that vary with time. The profiles have been compared with the results of simple one-dimensional models which reproduce several of the observed features. The comparison has shown that some of these features are a result of inertial oscillations taking place in the stable layer immediately above the inversion, and suggests that the oscillations are coherent over a distance of hundreds of kilometres. Although their origin is related to that of the noctural jet, the daytime jets observed have a different structure due to the elevation of the stable layer. In particular, a narrow jet is formed when the inertial oscillation is at its minimum. This has no counterpart in the nocturnal case. 相似文献
15.
16.
环境场对边界层低空急流形成的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文利用两层流的浅水波模式,讨论了环境场对边界层低空急流形成的影响,并得到了边界层低空急流的特征宽度为L0=(ρ2-ρ1)/(ν2ρ2-ρ1ν1)L0*C0*,式中C0*=√gh2, L0*=C0*/f为Rossby变形半径,ρ1,p2和v1,v2分别为上下两层大气的密度和大尺度经向地转风,H2为低层大气的厚度,g为重力加速度,f为柯氏参数,当高低层大气中的大尺度经向地转风的垂直切变越强时,所形成的中尺度边界层低空急流就越强;当低层大气中的温度增高和湿度增大、并且低层大气中的大尺度经向地转风越强、高度越低时,越有利于形成边界层低空急流。 相似文献
17.
Frdric O. Vandermeirsch Xavier J. Carton Yves G. Morel 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2003,36(4):271-296
In a two-and-a-half-layer quasi-geostrophic model, a process study is conducted on the interaction between a vortex and a zonal jet, both with constant potential vorticity. The vortex is a stable anticyclone, initially located north of the eastward jet. The potential vorticity of the jet is allowed to have various vertical structures, while the vortex is concentrated in only one layer. The flow parameters are set to values characteristic of the Azores region.First, the jet is stable. Weak vortices steadily drift north of the jet without crossing it while strong vortices can cross the jet and tear off a cyclone with which they pair as a heton (baroclinic dipole). This heton often breaks later in the shear exerted by the jet; the two vortices finally drift apart. When crossed by deep anticyclones, the jet develops meanders with 375 km wavelength. These results exhibit a noticeable similarity with the one-and-a-half-layer case studied in Part I.Secondly, the jet is allowed to be linearly unstable. In the absence of the vortex, it develops meanders with 175 km wavelength and 25-day e-folding time on the β-plane. For various vertical structures of the jet, baroclinic instability is shown to barely affect jet–vortex interaction if the linear growth rate of unstable waves is smaller than 1/(14 days). Further simulations with a linearly unstable, nonlinearly equilibrated jet evidence its strong temporal variability when crossed by a deep vortex on the β-plane. In particular, long waves can dominate the spectrum for a few months after jet crossing by the vortex. Again in this process, the deep vortex couples with a surface cyclone and both drift southwestward. 相似文献
18.
Semi-idealized model simulations are made of the nocturnal cold-air pool development in the approximately 1-km wide and 100–200-m deep Grünloch basin, Austria. The simulations show qualitatively good agreement with vertical temperature and wind profiles and surface measurements collected during a meteorological field expedition. A two-layer stable atmosphere forms in the basin, with a very strong inversion in the lowest part, below the approximate height of the lowest gap in the surrounding orography. The upper part of the stable layer is less strongly stratified and extends to the approximate height of the second-lowest gap. The basin atmosphere cools most strongly during the first few hours of the night, after which temperatures decrease only slowly. An outflow of air forms through the lowest gap in the surrounding orography. The outflow connects with a weak inflow of air through a gap on the opposite sidewall, forming a vertically and horizontally confined jet over the basin. Basin cooling shows strong sensitivity to surface-layer characteristics, highlighting the large impact of variations in vegetation and soil cover on cold-air pool development, as well as the importance of surface-layer parametrization in numerical simulations of cold-air-pool development. 相似文献
19.
It is shown how symmetric dipolar vortices can be formed by the action of an impulsive jet in a homogeneous single layer of fluid in a rotating tank. These dipoles are allowed to interact with a constant topographic slope, which can model a β-plane or a continental shelf. A dipole's trajectory bends toward the right when climbing a slope and to the left when descending, as predicted by numerical simulations and analytical arguments. The maximum penetration of the dipoles over a slope, the adjustment to the slope, and formation of trailing lobes are compared with both numerical simulations and a two-point vortex model. The results suggest that Rossby wave radiation plays an important role in the interaction process. 相似文献
20.
北京地区夏季边界层急流的基本特征及形成机理研究 总被引：37，自引：10，他引：27
首先指出了北京地区夏季边界层急流的基本特征, 即北京地区边界层急流一般出现在白天高温背景下或发生局地暴雨的夜间, 强度存在明显的日变化, 垂直分布具有明显的"鼻状"结构特征, 急流核高度一般为600～900 m.从中尺度扰动方程出发, 并通过天气过程演变实例, 研究了地形热力作用、局地强降水在边界层急流形成过程中的作用, 指出: (1)夏季高温背景下, 平原与山区之间温度梯度方向、强度的变化, 是造成低空风垂直切变加速或减速, 即边界层急流形成或消失的直接原因, 因此这种边界层急流的高度一般要低于山体的高度.(2)局地暴雨与边界层急流之间存在明显的正反馈现象: 由于局地暴雨同时改变了对流层中层和近地面层气温的水平分布, 这种热力强迫作用造成了边界层气流加速; 反过来, 边界层气流的加速又加强了急流前方的风速辐合--如果急流方向水平垂直于山坡, 这种迎风坡上的辐合将更强, 造成局地降水强度进一步增强. 相似文献