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1.
Taihu Lake is located at the densely populated region of the eastern coast of China. Taihu Basin is one of the most developed
regions of China. Over the past decades, especially since the reforming and opening-up of China in 1980s, the lake has received
more and more pressure from a variety of interlinked human activities, including industrial pollution, fertilizer and pesticide
application, eutrophication, overfishing, etc. Water quality has been deteriorating sharply in the lake. In this paper, we
made a comprehensive assessment of the environmental and socio-economic issues to affect Taihu Lake ecosystem health. Pollution
was identified as the most serious environmental concern. The root causes of these environmental problems are recognized to
be diverse, including dense population, high urbanization, heavy industrialization, fast economic development, insufficient
sewage treatment, weak public awareness of environment conservation, and lack of institutional capacity and insufficient enforcement
through regulations and legislation. On the policy part, past and current policies and measures are reviewed, especially the
“Zero” discharge action and phosphate ban in detergents in Taihu Basin. In order to mitigate environmental problems, some
further policy options have been proposed, including: improving the fishery management; strengthening cross- provincial collaboration;
making efforts to reduce flood disaster and increasing investment to new environmental protection technologies. It is important
to assess the economic, social and environmental values of natural resources (soil, water and organisms) in order to allocate
them efficiently and fairly between the present and future generations. 相似文献
2.
A model of a heterogeneous neighborhood 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tel Aviv is a highly ethnic city in which ethnicity is deeply embedded in people’s perceptions of their social milieus. Shapira,
as one of the most heterogeneous neighborhoods in Tel Aviv, supplies a unique demonstration of the inadequacy of the Chicago
model, which assumes the emergence of homogeneous neighborhoods. The study shows that ethnicity is exercised as a major force
in determining social life in Shapira. Interactive segregation indices reveal that residents of Shapira tend to prefer intra-ethnic
social networks although two-thirds of them maintain inter-ethnic networks as well. Despite this, residential and activity
spaces are highly heterogeneous. Residential spaces are heterogeneous on all scales from residents’ immediate surroundings
to the block and the neighborhood as a whole. In most buildings one may find neighbors from two or three different ethnic
groups with only non-Jewish residents excluded from publicly owned buildings. Most residents perform large part of their everyday
life outside the neighborhoods in ethnically heterogeneous surroundings, but nonetheless in choosing their more meaningful
partners for social networks they choose them from their ethnic groups. The fact that residents tend to perform a large part
of their activities out of their neighborhood, and to live in heterogeneous surroundings in social categories that are perceived
by them salient to their daily life, does not undermine the relevance of the neighborhood as a socially constituted entity
in the urban field. People organize and act in order to improve life conditions in the neighborhood, they feel sense of attachment
to the neighborhood and they develop some local social networks in the neighborhood. 相似文献
3.
4.
Conclusion There is no doubt that Northern Ireland's lignite deposits are of high quality and constitute a natural resource of considerable potential value in this small, peripheral part of the European Community. Whether or not one or more will be used commercially and, if so, when depends on an interacting complex of economic, social and political factors. In purely economic terms, use will be effectively determined by lignite's economic competitiveness as a fuel dor electricity generation and on the relationship between capital and fuel costs. The economics of other possibly viable products such as lignite briquettes will be heavily dependent on the use of by-products of electricity generation, most notably surplus heat.The availability of lignite offers an alternative fuel option to those charged with formulating the Province's energy policy. If, as now seems likely, it is no longer a serious competitor for the power station planned for the mid-1990's, it most certainly is a competitor for the early part of the next century. This is particularly so in view of its low sulphur content which is about half that of Scottish coal on an energy equivalent basis. Lignite also offers security of supply at predictable prices, an important advantage, and thus carries a premium over coal, oil and natural gas which are imported at prices determined wholly exogenously.As the Province has by far the highest rate of regional unemployment in the United Kingdom, one argument advanced for the use of indigenous lignite is that its use in electricity generation would create much needed additional employment — an estimated 400 jobs being associated with the mining operations needed to support a 450 MW power station. But the Coagh example shows that other considerations must be taken seriously. It is extremely unlikely that the lignite in this area will ever be worked unless local attitudes change dramatically or there is some national fuel crisis which would over-ride local opposition. It is difficult enough developing lignite without having to contend with such strong resistance at the local level.This study has shown that certainly in the Northern Irish context it is highly important for the policy makers not only to consider the economic factors involved in choice of an energy fuel but to work closely with local communities and the various environmental bodies, to take their perceptions, right or wrong, into consideration. 相似文献
5.
Rural gentrification in Catalonia, Spain: A case study of migration, social change and conflicts in the Empordanet area 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Miguel Solana-Solana 《Geoforum》2010,41(3):508-517
The intensity of rural depopulation in Catalonia has diminished since the 1980s. New population growth patterns are occurring in rural areas, basically due to immigration. Although there has been a certain awareness of the magnitude of this process and its territorial distribution, little is known about the protagonists in this immigration and the impact on rural municipalities. Results are presented from a study of the immigration process in a group of rural inland municipalities close to the Costa Brava, a Mediterranean coastal region with extensive tourism. The great beauty of the landscape and the existence of housing stock that is being abandoned but remains desirable have led to a population influx from Catalonia’s large urban areas, especially Barcelona, purchasing these homes as a primary or secondary residence.This has led to rehabilitation of the housing stock, but also to higher housing prices and the resulting exodus of the young local population that cannot afford them; a potential source of conflict between the local population and the newcomers. The study is based on census data and statistical records, as well as extensive fieldwork, including interviews with local residents, newcomers and key informants. 相似文献
6.
引大入秦工程是由大通河向甘肃中部兰州市永登县秦王川地区跨流域引水的以农业灌溉为主要目的大型调水工程。工程建成通水后,对改变当地农业生产条件和贫困面貌、安置贫困山区移民、促进秦王川地区的经济社会发展发挥了重要作用。但是,由于各种因素的综合影响,工程在设计效益的发挥等方面存在一些问题,集中表现在供水能力未能充分发挥、工程水资源配置没有实现最优化。在收集到翔实的第一手资料的基础上,将引大灌区和周边可能的供水范围作为一个统一的研究对象即引大工程供水区,根据供水区的供需水现状和用水发展趋势,采用水资源系统分析理论中的最优化技术,建立以经济效益、社会效益和环境效益最优为目标、以供需水量为约束条件的优化配置模型,通过求解模型,确定近期和远期供水区的水资源在各子区不同用水部门间的最优化配置方案,为富余水源寻找出路,这对最大限度地发挥工程效益,促进区域经济社会的可持续发展具有重要作用。 相似文献
7.
An archaeology of fear and environmental change in Philadelphia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alec Brownlow 《Geoforum》2006,37(2):227-245
This paper examines how mechanisms of social control function to mediate human-environment relations and processes of environmental change in the city. Using the Fairmount Park System of Philadelphia as a case study, I argue that a history of social control mechanisms, both formal and informal, maintained viable socio-environmental urban relationships. Their decline over the last several decades has produced a legacy of fear towards the city’s natural environment that has had, and continues to have, profound socio-spatial and ecological implications. I argue that these changes have their origin in a set of racially motivated decisions made during the volatile years of the late 1960s and early 1970s and that African American women, in particular, have been impacted disproportionately by their consequences. Fear of crime in the natural environment and suspicion of environmental change have resulted in the exclusion of local women and children from what was, historically, a politically and socially viable public space. In this context, urban ecological change is locally understood as more an issue of social control than one of environmental concern. 相似文献
8.
《Geoforum》2017
The global extraction of minerals is commonly located in areas populated by indigenous people; and while conflicts between multinational corporations and local activists and indigenous people are widespread today, the understanding of their dynamics are lacking. The Swedish government’s encouragement to an expanding mining industry has caused resistance due to environmental and social implications, particularly its effect on Sámi reindeer husbandry. The resistance to a mine in Gállok is based on the belief that the right to decide about land use historically falls on the Sámi people, and the right to affect land use is detrimental for the survival of Sámi culture and reindeer husbandry. Although the conflict may be perceived as concerning access to natural resources, we argue that the perceived environmental conflict can be viewed as part of a larger struggle over social status and recognition. Data have been collected using qualitative methods such as observations, interviews and documents. The subsequent analysis relies on a meta-theoretical framework of justice as recognition using a typology of relations of power. Our findings suggest that relations of power constitute different categories of social actors. Stakeholders like the Sámi population are subordinated to more dominant stakeholders such as the government, the company and media, who have ‘more’ power or ‘different’ kinds of power ‘over’ others. Through these asymmetric power relations, historical state-Sámi relations are continuously reproduced within prevailing institutions, and also in this mining conflict. Interviewees from business and the municipality testified to the discourses driven by a neoliberal and profit-focused worldview. Challenging the neoliberal discourse, other stakeholders, namely civil society and Sámi, expressed an alternative discourse based on a local, traditional, cultural, environmental and anti-neoliberal worldview. 相似文献
9.
能源合作是“一带一路”战略的重要内容,我国作为世界最大的能源消费国,每年要从世界各地进口大量能源资源特别是油气资源,并且对外依存度逐年攀升,油气安全问题令人担忧。实施“一带一路”战略,加强与沿途国家的能源合作,能为我国能源安全提供保障。天然气作为清洁、高效能源,对缓解能源短缺和环境污染具有重要作用,在世界能源消费结构中占据重要地位。通过对“一带一路”主要能源国家天然气产量、消费量、进/出口贸易量数据的搜集与分析,明确了主要国家天然气供需及贸易特点,并且提出了一些在“一带一路”合作框架下更有力地发展我国天然气行业的建议。 相似文献
10.
With the development of Chinese economies, air pollution is becoming more and more serious, which greatly affects the residents’ daily life and health. Meanwhile, China’s aging population is growing rapidly and bringing a number of social problems. We used the data of CHARLS and analyzed the relationships between air pollution and chronic diseases among the elderly in China. The results showed that air pollution had significant adverse effects on the health of the elderly, especially on diabetes and heart diseases. The subgroup analysis showed that female is more sensitive to air pollution than male, while different age groups are significantly sensitive to different chronic diseases. 相似文献
11.
Scott Prudham 《Geoforum》2004,35(3):343-359
In May of 2000, thousands of residents of the town of Walkerton, Ontario became ill from drinking municipal water contaminated by Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni bacteria. Seven people died, while many suffered debilitating injuries. A highly unusual and risk prone local hydrological regime, coupled with manure spreading on farms near municipal wells, and lax oversight by municipal water utility officials, were quickly blamed by Ontario government figures, including then premier Mike Harris. However, the scandal surrounding Walkerton's tragedy and a subsequent public inquiry into the incident also implicated neoliberal reforms of environmental governance introduced by Harris's government subsequent to its election in 1995. This paper examines the Walkerton incident as an important example of a “normal accident” of neoliberalism, one that can be expected from neoliberal environmental regulatory reforms arising from systematic irresponsibility in environmental governance. This irresponsibility is promulgated by an overarching hostility to any regulatory interference with free markets, as well as specific regulatory gaps that produce environmental risks. The paper also serves as a case study of the extent to which neoliberalism is constituted by environmental governance reform, and conversely, how environmental governance reform is reconfigured as part of the emergent neoliberal mode of social regulation. 相似文献
12.
R.L. Anderson I. Ratcliffe H.C. Greenwell P.A. Williams S. Cliffe P.V. Coveney 《Earth》2010,98(3-4):201-216
Water-based drilling fluids are increasingly being used for oil and gas exploration, and are generally considered to be more environmentally acceptable than oil-based or synthetic-based fluids. Unfortunately, their use facilitates clay hydration and swelling. Clay swelling, which occurs in exposed sedimentary rock formations, can have an adverse impact on drilling operations and may lead to significantly increased oil well construction costs. Minimizing clay swelling is therefore an important area attracting a large amount of interest from both academia and industry. To effectively reduce the extent of clay swelling the mechanism by which clay minerals swell needs to be understood so that efficient swelling inhibitors may be developed. Acceptable clay swelling inhibitors must not only significantly reduce clay hydration, but must also meet increasingly stringent environmental guidelines while remaining cost effective. The development of these inhibitors, which are generally based upon water soluble polymers, therefore represents a challenge to oilfield geochemistry. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism by which clay minerals swell and what steps have been taken in the development of effective and environmentally friendly clay swelling inhibitors. 相似文献
13.
This paper demonstrates a spatial approach towards the definition of localities for health care planning. Recent international decentralisation of health care provision, and more specifically devolution within the United Kingdom, emphasises the need to develop a geographical focus in the delimitation of local structures for health care planning. Geographers, but most especially those applying Geographical Information Science (GIS) techniques, have made enormous contributions in this field and more generally in research related to health services. This paper considers some of these previous approaches and moves on in the light of new technologies, and more importantly the availability of appropriate data, to create localities that reflect dynamic spaces of social interaction, administration and policy. The paper’s focus is placed on the importance of flow data that reflects␣the spatial interaction between services and the population. This data, divided into three sub-groups of administration, education and health, allows us to identify the population’s allegiance to place and ultimately create spatially bounded functional localities that reflect this. Whilst the approach is largely technology driven, it also incorporates the expertise of local health care professionals thus recognising the importance of collaboration and multi-sectoral engagement. Although this combined approach impacted upon the way in which the final localities were defined, crucially it enabled us to incorporate features of both rigorous spatial analysis and a wealth of local knowledge. 相似文献
14.
David Turnock 《GeoJournal》2001,55(2-4):485-505
Considerable environmental damage occurred during the socialist era as a consequence of the rapid rate of economic growth
with low priority for the quality of life. High levels of air and water pollution impacted negatively on human health as well
as the physical environment. The rural areas did not escape because of soil and forest degradation, while open pit mining
and associated tipping devastated large areas of countryside especially in former Czechoslovakia and East Germany. The Chernobyl
nuclear disaster proved to be a turning point since public opinion was mobilised to the point that underground movements began
to lobby for improvements and environmental quality became a factor in system change in 1989. Much has been achieved over
the past decade, thanks in part to expertise and financial help from abroad, and the priority currently being given to membership
of the European Union means that all the requirements of the environmental 'acquis' must be met over the medium term. However,
the 1990s have also introduced the sustainability agenda and current challenges are much more extensive that those of the
past. While many obligations now carry the full force of law, it is also evident that sustainability is a matter for interpretation
nationally and locally in the light of economic pressures and cultural values, moderated through the education process and
negotiation with both statutory bodies and environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs). This paper therefore serves
as a context for the more local studies that follow.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
This paper is part of a larger community health study aimed at delineating the determinants of health in Sarnia. The paper
specifically investigates Sarnia residents’ daily lived experiences, perceptions of and responses to living within the St.
Clair River “Area of Concern” (AOC) as designated by the federal government based on the hypothesis that relatively high levels
of environmental pollution in the region are negatively influencing human health. Results from in-depth interviews (N = 27) show that residents of Sarnia are conflicted by the elevation of awareness about environmental health threats by being
labelled within an AOC. Residents use their emotional and sensual experiences to adopt appropriate coping strategies to live
within a contaminated community. In contextualizing their everyday lived realities, residents argued that living in an AOC
demands personal acceptance of the conditions in Sarnia and awareness of “bad air days” to cope with pollution exposure. Yet,
residents were not willing to abandon Sarnia because of their cultural, social, and economical attachments to the place they
call home. These findings suggest the need for local health policies that incorporate local concerns and perceptions of how
environmental pollution affects people’s experiences and well-being. There is a necessity to involve community members as
central participants in the process of policy making. 相似文献
16.
Brian Pompeii 《GeoJournal》2016,81(3):457-473
Globally, modifications to the landscape have drastically transformed social and ecological communities. The implication of global climate change for small islands and small island communities is especially troublesome. Socially, small islands have a limited resource base, deal with varying degrees of insularity, generally have little political power, and have limited economic opportunities. The physical attributes of small islands also increase their vulnerability to global climate change, including limited land area, limited fresh water supplies, and greater distances to resources. The focus of this research project is to document place-specific human–environmental interactions from a political ecology perspective as a means to address local concerns and possible consequences of global environmental change. The place in which these interactions are examined is the barrier island and village of Ocracoke, NC. I focus on the specific historical-geography of land and water management on Ocracoke as a means to examine relationships between local human–environmental interactions and environmental change. I provide an account of technological changes in potable water procurement and the paralleling development of island growth (i.e. people, buildings, tourism). Then, relying on interviews with island residents, I consider how advancements in local water infrastructure, specifically the installation of an additional reverse osmosis unit, are hinged on anticipated future economic development. Lastly the social dimensions of change are discussed with specific focus on the increase in housing density and overburdened septic drainage fields in relation to changing hydrologic processes with an examination of how all of these factors affect local vulnerability. 相似文献
17.
运用层次分析和全局主成分分析结合的综合统计评价模型（AHP-GPCA模型）,以县域和流域为评价单元,以气温、降水、归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）、冰川密度、湿地密度、湖泊率、人口密度、荒漠化率等数据为评价指标基础,基于GS／GIS对20世纪70年代末期至2000年青藏高原生态环境变迁进行综合评价,并探讨了研究区生态环境总体变化和空间分异特征。结果表明：从20世纪70年代末期到2000年,青藏高原生态环境变迁较为剧烈,重度中度恶化面积占青藏高原总面积的31．8％,轻度恶化面积占14．5％,好转的地区面积占13．5％,反映青藏高原地区生态环境自20世纪70年代末期以来总体恶化,仅有部分县域生态环境好转;依据全局主成分分析得到的三个主成分分别是荒漠化、冰川密度和NDVI,其累计贡献率超过70％,基本能够代表最初获取的8个指标;生态环境退化程度最为严重的流域主要在青藏高原腹地、柴达木盆地以及环青海湖地带,恶化最为严重的流域为格尔木地区,生态环境好转程度最大的流域为藏东南地区;青藏高原环境变迁呈现由边缘地区向腹地恶化的多层次结构,并呈现向两个极端方向发展的特征,其中生态环境转好的县域多分布在冰川较为集中的地区,反映了从20世纪70年代末期到2000年在冰川变迁影响下部分县域的局地气候、生态环境、水资源变化的复杂性。最后探讨了Rs／GIS和AHP_GPcA模型进行综合评价的优势,认为该方法兼顾了评估主客观权重,减少了信息重复,使结果具有直观化的特点。 相似文献
18.
Environmental hazards posed by the Los Angeles Basin urban oilfields: an historical perspective of lessons learned 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Urban encroachment into areas historically reserved for oil and gas field operations is an ever-present problem within the Los Angeles Basin. The recent frenzy in real estate development has only intensified what can be characterized as a conflict in land usage. Subsurface mineral rights are severed from surface ownership, often resulting in developments being approved without adequate consideration of the underlying oil and gas field consequences. Also, surface operations are frequently co-located within residential areas without consideration of the health and safety consequences of emissions of toxics to air. This paper presents a review of the environmental, health and safety hazards posed by urban oilfield operations, with an emphasis upon the lessons learned from the L.A. Basin: Original Urban Oilfield Legend (see Castle and Yerkes 1976; Denton and others 2001; Endres and others 2002; Kouznetsov and others 1994; Katz and others 1994; Schumacher and Abrams 1994; and Schoell 1983). The Los Angeles Basin has provided the authors with one of the largest natural laboratories in the world for studying the consequences of these issues. The results presented are part of a long-term research program based upon the application of geoscience and petroleum engineering principles in obtaining a fundamental understanding of the root causes of the environmental hazards posed. Topics addressed include: (1) vertical migration of gas to the surface along faults and improperly completed or abandoned wellbores (e.g., due to poor cementing practices), (2) subsidence caused by the fluid production and declining reservoir pressures, (3) soil and groundwater contamination resulting from historic oil and gas field operations, and (4) air toxics resulting from surface operations. A number of case histories are discussed that illustrate the seriousness of the problem. A clear case is made for the urgent need for closer coordination and education by the petroleum industry of the local government planning departments. These departments have the principal role in determining land use policies, acting as the lead agency in performing environmental site assessments (e.g., under the California Environmental Quality Act), and in establishing mitigation measures for dealing with the long-term environmental hazards. This paper establishes prudent practices on the part of oilfield operators for the monitoring and mitigation of these hazards. 相似文献
19.
北京市固体矿山生态环境现状及修复对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
目前,北京市固体矿山存在非常严重的生态环境问题,与北京市的发展定位与规划明显不相适应。在对已有研究成果分析总结的基础上,通过查阅大量资料,并现场对矿山、修复示范工程等进行调研,分析了北京市固体矿产资源开发利用情况和生态环境现状,结合相关法律法规,针对北京地区的气候、水文、降雨、土壤、矿山地质条件等特点,制定出矿山生态环境修复的总体原则和具体措施。这对减轻政府负担,实现矿山资源开采与环境保护及可持续发展,建设节约型社会,推动北京市社会和经济发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。同时,我国其他地区的矿山环境问题也十分严重,该研究可为其他地区提供良好的借鉴经验。 相似文献
20.
Y. Takahashi 《GeoJournal》1981,5(6):573-574
After WW II, water demand in Japan for municipal and industrial use has increased drastically in those large cities and industrial regions with rapid urbanization and high economic growth. This was true especially in the decades of 1950 and 1960.Water shortage continues to be serious in some large cities in summer months. The author attempts to explain the reasons for this water shortage by explaining the relation between population growth and water demand in large cities. To meet these water shortages, there has been active development of water resources including construction of dams and saline barriers in large river basins and modernization of the water use system to increase its efficiency and re-use capacity for sewage treatment etc.At the same time, water resources development projects have been encountering various environmental problems as well as increased local protest in the 1970s. The author discusses the present dimensions of these problems and also presents several ideas regarding water resources planning for the future. 相似文献