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1.
Abstract

The feasibility of using a geographic information system (GIS) to evaluate the subsurface transport of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is evaluated. A GIS analysis based on selected soil properties and a flow path model were used to demonstrate the visualization of a probable path taken by diffusing VOC vapors in the vadose zone. The model uses soil properties such as texture, organic matter content, water content, bulk density, and permeability as path finding indices. The values of the soil properties used in the validation of this model were obtained from the respective County Soil Survey Reports. The various combinations of these soil properties resulted in deviations from the anticipated path taken by the diffusing organic vapors as they migrated through the subsurface.

The model was evaluated using two soil systems and estimated diffusion coefficients. A proportionality constant (k) was calculated and used in conjunction with the assigned soil property values in the calculation of diffusion coefficients (Df) for trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors for each soil system. For each case, the model depicts the probable path taken by the VOC vapors as being the route through the soils having characteristics most favorable for chemical migration. Specifically, the soils along the predicted flow path have combinations of high moisture contents, low bulk densities, clay and organic matter contents as well as higher porosity and permeability than soils along any other possible flow path in the given soil systems.  相似文献   

2.
Accurate estimation of the ratio of carotenoid (Car) to chlorophyll (Chl) content is crucial to provide valuable insight into diagnoses of plant physiological and phenological status in crop fields. Studies for assessing the ratio of Car to Chl content have been extensively conducted with semi-empirical approaches using spectral indices. However, spectral indices established in previous studies generally relied on site- or species-specific measured data and these indices typically lacked sufficient estimation accuracy for the ratio of Car to Chl content to be used across various species and under different physiological conditions. In this study, we propose a novel combined carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio index (CCRI) in the form of the carotenoid index (CARI) divided by the red-edge chlorophyll index (CIred-edge): The value of the index is illustrated using synthetic data simulated from the leaf radiative transfer model PROSPECT-5 and with extensive measured datasets at both the leaf and canopy level from the ANGERS dataset and winter wheat and maize field experiments. Results show that CCRI was the index with the highest correlation with the ratio of Car to Chl content in PROSPECT-5 simulations (R2 = 0.99, RRMSE = 8.65%) compared to other spectral indices. Calibration and validation results using the ANGERS and winter wheat leaf level data showed that CCRI achieved accurate estimation of the ratio of Car to Chl content (R2 = 0.52, RRMSE = 14.10%). CCRI also showed a good performance (R2 = 0.54, RRMSE = 17.08%) for estimation of the ratio of Car to Chl content in both calibration and validation with the winter wheat and maize canopy spectra measured in field experiments. Further investigation of the effect of the correlation between leaf Chl and Car content on the performance of CCRI indicated that variation of the correlation affected the retrieval accuracy of CCRI, and CCRI might not be very sensitive to changes of the ratio of Car to Chl content with low values (<0.10).  相似文献   

3.
Arsenic stress induces in subtle changes in the canopy chlorophyll content (CCC). Therefore, the establishment of a spectral index that is sensitive to subtle changes in the CCC is important for monitoring crop arsenic contamination in large areas by remote sensing. Experimental sites with three contamination levels were selected and were located in Chang Chun City, Jilin City, Jilin Province, China. Arsenic stress can induce small changes in the CCC, reflecting in the crop spectrum. This study created a new index to monitor the CCC. Then, the results from the index were compared with these from other indices and the random forest model, respectively. The final purpose of this study is to find an optimal index, which is sensitive to small changes in the CCC under arsenic stress for monitoring regional CCC in rice. The results indicate that the distribution of the CCC is aligned with the distribution of the arsenic stress level and that NVI (R640, R732, and R752) is the best index for monitoring CCC. The correlation coefficient R2 between the predicated values using NVI and the measured values of canopy chlorophyll content is 0.898, which performs better than the random forest model and other indices.  相似文献   

4.
A numerical technique for transformation of ground based sail spectral information into soil mapping — unit information, in terms of the total information content index has been proposed. The study carried out on 14 surface soil samples. widely differing in their physical appearance of colour and collected from different parts of India, revealed that total information content index could distinctly discriminate between the contrasting soil physiographic units with black cotton, red and sandy soil types. A comparison of the proposed index with the conventionally used two or three waveband specific indices (e.g. NIR/Red and NIR-Red/Red-Green) showed that the proposed index was more characteristic of the various soil types studied. Further, unlike the conventional 2-D indices, the proposed, numerical technique lead to the complete compression of the information contained in the entire reflectance spectrum (irrespective of the number of wavebands) to a single characteristic value in 1-D Space and a simplified 1-D clustering analysis.  相似文献   

5.
This paper examines the hyperspectral signatures (in the Visible Near Infrared (VNIR)-Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) regions) of soil samples with varying colour and minerals. 36 samples of sands (from river and beach) with differing clay contents were examined using a hyperspectral radiometer operating in the 350–2,500 nm range, and the spectral curves were obtained. Analysis of the spectra indicates that there is an overall increase in the reflectance in the VNIR-SWIR region with an increase in the content of kaolinite clay in the sand samples. As regards the red and black clays and sand mixtures, the overall reflectance increases with decreasing clay content. Several spectral parameters such as depth of absorption at 1,400 nm and 1,900 nm regions, radius of curvature of the absorption troughs, slope at a particular wavelength region and the peak reflectance values were derived. There exists a correlation between certain of these spectral parameters (depth, slope, position, peak reflectance, area under the curve and radius of the curve) and the compositional and textural parameters of the soils. Based on these well-defined relations, it is inferred that hyperspectral radiometry in the VNIR and SWIR regions can be used to identify the type of clay and estimate the clay content in a given soil and thus define its geotechnical category.  相似文献   

6.
Rocks are weathered by chemical and physical processes into a mixture of loose material that produces soil. Mineralogical and textural changes are involved, which can be detected by imagery through digital image processing based on rock spectral behaviour as recorded by ground and laboratory spectrometers. Different densities of vegetation cover can be mapped qualifying further evolution of the area in terms of erosion, transport and sedimentation. Hyperspectral imagery helps to map the weathering front and different degrees of weathering on granite rock through mineralogical and textural associations related to the geomorphological processes in the area on various granitic facies. Abundance of feldspar and porfidic texture on the fresh rock are the critical parameters conditioning intensity of weathering in the area. Maps spectrally elaborated gather information on lithologies, mineralogical changes produced by geomorphological processes associated to landforms, topography and climate. Such maps contribute to estimating the spatial controls of erosion, suggesting soil particle size distribution, soil aggregation, soil depth, and consequently, helping to elaborate soil loss and soil conservation maps.  相似文献   

7.
Surface samples (Ap horizon) of twenty one soils widely differing in their physical appearance of colour were collected from different parts of India. Air-dried soils, passed through 2 mm sieve, were packed in black round trays for reflectance measurements. Soil colour of air-dry soils was designated using Munsell colour charts. Spectral reflectance patterns were obtained by a portable spectroradiometer using sunlight as the illuminant. For each sample, the XYZ tristimulus values; x,y chromaticity coordinates were obtained from reflectance patterns using the CIE standard methods. Munsell. notations were also converted to tristimulus and chromaticity coordinates using published tables of Wyszecki and Stiles (1982). The RGB colour coordinates obtained from both the systems were compared. The RGB values from spectral data were well correlated with reflectance in TM bands, while those from Munsell notation were correlated to a lesser extent. The tristimulus values were used to designate each soil with specific set of values to locate them in Universal Colour Space.  相似文献   

8.
Soil Resource Database at Village Level for Developmental Planning   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A study was carried out in village Mohammadabad, Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh to demonstrate the potential of high-resolution remote sensing data in generating soil resource database at village level that would facilitate natural resource developmental planning. For this study, detail soil resource database was generated by interpreting IRS Resourcesat-1 LISS-IV + Cartosat-1 merged data and by undertaking soil survey and soil analysis. This database was integrated with cadastral map and was analysed for preparation of an action plan for the village that included recommendation on suitable crops, soil and water conservation measures and distribution of soil health card to farmers. The study indicates that the LISS-IV + Cartosat-1 merged satellite data helps in mapping soils at phase level and in delineation of more number of pure soil mapping units i.e. consociations at 1:10.000 scale. The plot-wise resource potential and constraints reveals that significant inter and intra-field soil variability exists. Soil fertility assessment indicates that the soils of the village are low to medium in fertility (available NPK Content) and micronutrients like copper, manganese and iron content is above the critical level for optimum growth of crops while zinc content is less than the critical level.  相似文献   

9.
Vegetation indices are widely used to assess quantitatively the biophysical characteristics of vegetation from remote sensing measurements. Different indices have their own advantages in retrieving vegetation information. It is very difficult to precisely attribute any vegetation index to any particular vegetation biophysical parameter. This study examines the correlations among different vegetation indices derived from a set of mustard, gram and wheat fields at three different phenological growth stages. The results are presented as correlation matrices along with correlation scatter plots. Homologous (equi-magnitude) vegetation information is represented by NDVI, PVI and AtRVI for wheat crop with leaf area index less than 1.  相似文献   

10.
A land stratification of the French territory had been previously performed based on time series of vegetation and texture indices. This stratification led to 300 radiometrically homogenous regions that were considered as land units (LUs). In this paper, we present a quantitative analysis of the LUs, with the aim of testing if these LUs are linked to landscape. In this sense, an evaluation of their thematic meaning in terms of environmental variables and land cover was performed. In order to achieve this, we first conducted a statistical analysis at national scale using a set of environmental variables and land cover by means of Moran’s autocorrelation index and Spearman rank correlation index. Second, to analyze the quality of the boundaries between neighboring LUs, we developed a method based on the Spearman rank correlation index calculated on test areas across the boundaries. The first analyses showed that the most explanatory variables of the LUs were land cover, topography and parent material. The boundaries analysis was applied at a regional scale (Pyrenean region), and showed that 89% of the boundaries were well explained by the land cover compositions. The results obtained support the hypothesis that time series of broad resolution remote-sensing images can capture landscape identities and produce LUs maps that have an environmental and land occupation sense.  相似文献   

11.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) texture has been demonstrated to have the potential to improve forest biomass estimation using backscatter. However, forests are 3D objects with a vertical structure. The strong penetration of SAR signals means that each pixel contains the contributions of all the scatterers inside the forest canopy, especially for the P-band. Consequently, the traditional texture derived from SAR images is affected by forest vertical heterogeneity, although the influence on texture-based biomass estimation has not yet been explicitly explored. To separate and explore the influence of forest vertical heterogeneity, we introduced the SAR tomography technique into the traditional texture analysis, aiming to explore whether TomoSAR could improve the performance of texture-based aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation and whether texture plus tomographic backscatter could further improve the TomoSAR-based AGB estimation. Based on the P-band TomoSAR dataset from TropiSAR 2009 at two different sites, the results show that ground backscatter variance dominated the texture features of the original SAR image and reduced the biomass estimation accuracy. The texture from upper vegetation layers presented a stronger correlation with forest biomass. Texture successfully improved tomographic backscatter-based biomass estimation, and the texture from upper vegetation layers made AGB models much more transferable between different sites. In addition, the correlation between texture indices varied greatly among different tomographic heights. The texture from the 10 to 30 m layers was able to provide more independent information than the other layers and the original images, which helped to improve the backscatter-based AGB estimation.  相似文献   

12.
以湖南省郴州市北湖区为研究区,采用GIS技术、景观生态学原理和定量分析方法,研究了湘南丘陵区农村居民点用地总量、规模、空间形态、空间分布等景观格局变化特征,并对2004年和2009年2个时段不同海拔高度农村居民点景观格局动态变化进行了分析。结果表明:农村居民点在地形低缓处集聚;从2004年到2009年,北湖区农村居民点用地增加了168.7hm2;5年来丘陵区农村居民点平均规模增长了5.57%;在空间形态上,斑块分维数和形状指数2009年比2004年分别增加了0.031、0.189,农村居民点越来越破碎;在空间分布上,斑块间邻近距离不断缩短,平均最邻近距离缩短了13.29%,呈现出集中、连片分布的特点。  相似文献   

13.
Lateritic soils of Mathamangalam, Kannur District, located in midlands of Kerala, were morphologically studied, characterized, classified and mapped at 1:50,000 scale using remote sensing techniques. The terrain of the study area being hilly and covered with perennial vegetation, soil-landscape model was applied. For this purpose physiographic information was inferred from SRTM DEM, Resourcesat-1 LISS-III satellite image and topographical maps. The interpreted units were validated in the field and characterized through soil-site examination, soil profile study and soil analysis. The study indicated that the lateritic soils of midlands of Kerala vary in physical, chemical and morphological properties in relation to micro-relief. Soils developed on moderately steeply sloping side slopes (15–30% slope) are deep, moderately well drained with gravelly clay textured, where as the soils developed on moderately slopping side slope (10–15% slope) are very deep and well drained. The soils of valleys are very deep, moderately well drained with fine texture. Very gently sloping (1–3%) laterite plateau tops have extremely shallow soils associated with rock outcrops. These soils mainly belong to Order Ultisols followed by Inceptisols and Entisols. These were further grouped up to Family and Series level by tentatively establishing seven soil series. This study helps in understanding the behaviour of lateritic soils of midlands of Kerala, which can be useful in generation of interpretative maps and in optimizing the land use.  相似文献   

14.
The main goal of this research is to investigate the influence of a map’s background colour on user preferences regarding labels’ typography, including their size, shape, orientation and texture. Four sets of backgrounds were tested: blank maps, grey scale, hot colours and cold colours. The foreground of these maps is populated with name labels, which are associated with point objects or areal objects. Bertin’s visual variables were applied to this set of name labels, both separately and in combination. User preferences of different typographic variations were registered and compared on the basis of different background colours using a one-way ANOVA. The results indicated that the typographic design of the map labels should not be adapted according to the map’s background colour.  相似文献   

15.
Detection, monitoring and precise assessment of the snow covered regions is an important issue. Snow cover area and consequently the amount of runoff generated from snowmelt have a significant effect on water supply management. To precisely detect and monitor the snow covered area we need satellite images with suitable spatial and temporal resolutions where we usually lose one for the other. In this study, products of two sensors MODIS and ASTER both on board of TERRA platform having low and high spatial resolution respectively were used. The objective of the study was to modify the snow products of MODIS by using simultaneous images of ASTER. For this, MODIS snow index image with high temporal resolution were compared with that of ASTER, using regression and correlation analysis. To improve NDSI index two methods were developed. The first method generated from direct comparison of ASTER averaged NDSI with those of MODIS (MODISI). The second method generated by dividing MODIS NDSI index into 10 codes according to their percentage of surface cover and then compared the results with the difference between ASTER averaged and MODIS snow indices (SCMOD). Both methods were tested against some 16 MODIS pixels. It is found that the precision of the MODISI method was more than 96%. This for SCMOD was about 98%. The RMSE of both methods were as good as 0.02.  相似文献   

16.
A study on the profile distribution of DTPA extractable iron, manganese, copper and zinc and physicochemical properties in ten delineated landforms of the Sahibi river basin of Haryana was underaken. Mean values for available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were 9.0, 11.6, 2.3 and 0.35 ppm, respectively. The soils of this area are potentially deficient in zinc. The soils of various landforms were adequately supplied with available Fe, Mn and Cu at present. In most of the soil pedons distribution of micronutrients did not follow any typical pattern neither with depth nor with landforms perhaps due to their weak pedogenic manifestation. Based on multiple regression analysis 68, 70, 71 and 16% of the variations in contents of available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn, respectively were accountable to the simultaneous influence of various soil parameters studied.  相似文献   

17.
In this work an evaluation procedure of the use of colour hue and texture for 3D symbolization of indoor environments using RGB-D data is presented. The main characteristics of the proposed method involve RGB-D cameras to collect colour and depth data and the evaluation of the visual variables colour hue and texture combined with visual aspects such as lighting and camera configuration for the symbolization of 3D indoor environments. High quality coloured point clouds of indoor environments are obtained with the Kinect sensor and then registered and processed in order to create 3D models. These sets of point clouds can be detected, recognized and classified under one of the three following main categories: ceiling, wall or floor. After classification is done, the resulting point clouds are properly treated as 3D triangular meshes in the MeshLab software. These meshes are then filtered to form complete surfaces which are then refined before being considered for visual variable application. We evaluated the proposed method on several indoor environments to show that it efficiently combines the colour and depth data obtained from RGB-D cameras with different parameters defined for the visual variables colour hue and texture for 3D symbolization of indoor environments.  相似文献   

18.
高光谱反演水稻叶面积指数的主成分分析法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了通过水稻冠层反射光谱来提取水稻叶面积指数信息，尝试利用辐射传输模型PROSPECT+SAIL来模拟水稻冠层反射光谱， 比较了各植被指数中叶面积指数(LAI)和叶绿素浓度的相关性。在观察光谱曲线后发现，红边位置光谱可以较好地区分LAI和叶绿素 浓度二者引起光谱变化的差异。由此提出对700 nm~750 nm区间内的反射光谱做主成分变换，并利用第2主成分与LAI建立反演模型( 即主成分分析法)，取得了较好效果，表明在植被指数趋近于饱和以至于无法区分二者相关性时，主成分分析法可以作为一种简单 而有效提取水稻叶面积指数信息的补充手段。  相似文献   

19.
The aim of this study was to detect and map MSV using RapidEye multispectral sensor in Ofcolaco farm. To achieve this objective, the acquired RapidEye sensor was classified using the robust Random Forest algorithm. Furthermore, the variable importance technique was used to determine the influence of each spectral band and indices on the mapping accuracy. For better performance of image data, the value of the commonly used vegetation indices in improving the classification accuracy was tested. The results revealed that the use of RapidEye spectral bands in detection and mapping of MSV yielded good classification results with an overall accuracy of 82.75%. The inclusion of vegetation indices computed from RapidEye sensor improved the classification accuracies by 3.4%. The most important RapidEye spectral bands in classifying MSV were near infrared, blue and red-edge. On the other hand, the most important vegetation indices were the Soil adjusted vegetation index, Enhanced vegetation index, Red index and Normalized Vegetation Index. The current study recommends future studies to assess the importance of multi-temporal remote sensing applications in detecting and monitoring the spread of MSV.  相似文献   

20.
面向宽基线立体影像匹配的高质量仿射不变特征提取方法   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
针对宽基线影像匹配问题,提出基于信息量和空间分布均衡性双重约束的多层次特征筛选方法,并在此基础上探讨集成该特征筛选方法、MSER(Maximally Stable Extremal Region detector)、SIFT(Scale Invariant Scale Transformation)的特征提取算法,以达到提取高质量(高信息量、空间分布均衡、高重复率)仿射不变特征的目的。实验表明,相对现有最优算法,本文方法具有更高的重复率和匹配成功率,更有利于后续的(宽基线)立体匹配。  相似文献   

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