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1.
S. A. Mirbagheri S. A. Hashemi Monfared 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2009,6(2):233-242
Pesticide transport and transformation were modeled in soil column from the soil surface to groundwater zone. A one dimensional dynamic mathematical and computer model is formulated to simulate two types of pesticides namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 1,2-dibromo 3-chloro propane in soil column. This model predicts the behavior and persistence of these pesticides in soil column and groundwater. The model is based on mass balance equation, including convective transport, dispersive transport and chemical adsorption in the phases such as solid, liquid and gas. The mathematical solution is obtained by finite difference implicit method. The model was verified with experimental measurements and also with analytical solution. The simulation results are in good agreement with measured values. The major findings of this research are the development of the model which can calculate and predict the concentration of pesticides in soil profiles, as well as groundwater after 4, 12, 31 days of pesticide application under steady state and unsteady water flow condition. With the results of this study, the distribution of various types of pesticides in soil column to groundwater table can be predicted. 相似文献
2.
Limin Chen Shannon L. Meseck Sujoy B. Roy Thomas M. Grieb Barbara Baginska 《Estuaries and Coasts》2012,35(6):1551-1570
Selenium behavior in North San Francisco Bay, the largest estuary on the US Pacific coast, is simulated using a numerical model. This work builds upon a previously published application for simulating selenium in the bay and considers point and non-point sources, transport and mixing of selenium, transformations between different species of selenium, and biological uptake by phytoplankton, bivalves, and higher organisms. An evaluation of the calibrated model suggests that it is able to represent salinity, suspended material, and chlorophyll a under different flow conditions beyond the calibration period, through comparison against long-term data, and the distribution of different species of dissolved and particulate selenium. Model-calculated selenium concentrations in bivalves compared well to a long-term dataset, capturing the annual and seasonal variations over a 15-year period. In particular, the observed lower bivalve concentrations in the wet flow periods, corresponding to lower average particulate selenium concentrations in the bay, are well represented by the model, demonstrating the role of loading and hydrology in affecting clam concentrations. Simulated selenium concentrations in higher organisms including white sturgeon and greater scaup also compared well to the observed data in the bay. Finally, a simulation of changing riverine inflows into the bay that might occur as a consequence of proposed hydrologic modifications indicated significant increases in dissolved and particulate selenium concentrations in the bay. The modeling framework allows an examination of the relationship between selenium loads, variations in inflow, in-bay concentrations, and biota concentrations to support management for limiting wildlife impacts. 相似文献
3.
酸性污染物欧拉型输送转化模式的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
数值模式是研究酸性污染及其长距离输送特性的一种重要方法。７０年代以来，国内外发展了许多欧拉型的输送转化模式，我国在欧拉型酸性污染物长距离输送模式的研究中也取得了重要进展。主要介绍了国内外的欧拉酸性污染物输送转化模式，并就模式的发展方向进行了讨论。 相似文献
4.
地表水入渗对垃圾填埋场水质水量影响的数值模拟分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
将填埋垃圾视作一种特殊土体,建立了综合描述垃圾填埋场内渗滤液水分的饱和-非饱和渗流、垃圾土体沉降变形、有机污染物的释放、迁移、转化,以及微生物的生长、衰减等物理化学过程的多场耦合仿真分析模型,将任意的Lagrangian- Eulerian（ALE）方法引入到模型求解中,基于自行开发的仿真分析程序,开展了地表水入渗对垃圾填埋场水质、水量影响的数值仿真分析研究。模拟结果表明：300 d的非饱和水分入渗及内源水产生可使填埋单元内渗滤液饱和液面最高达6 m;地表水入渗对水相可溶性可降解有机物浓度和厌氧微生物浓度具有显著的影响,并间接地影响固相可溶性可降解有机物和微生物的浓度分布。 相似文献
5.
建立了波浪、底部离岸流、泥沙运动和沙滩剖面演变耦合数学模型,模拟了实验室中波浪作用下沙坝剖面的形成过程,讨论了各个物理参数对剖面上的水动力和地形变化的影响。通过参数率定,较好地复演了不规则波作用下沙滩地形由均匀斜坡向沙坝剖面的演变,波高、底部离岸流、输沙率和剖面演变的计算结果与实测数据吻合良好。采用数值实验和误差分析方法,讨论了破碎波水滚倾角、泥沙扩散系数和床面休止角等物理参数对计算结果的影响。研究表明,所建立的模型能较好地描述波浪作用下沙坝剖面形成过程中的重要物理机制。 相似文献
6.
Understanding flow and transport in low-permeability media is very important in the context of nuclear waste disposal, oil and gas reservoirs and long term evolution of groundwater systems. In low-permeability media, transport by diffusion is often the most important mass transport process. This study investigates the effect of the heterogeneity of diffusion parameters on mass transport in low-permeability media. A geostatistical approach for integrating heterogeneity of diffusion parameters in groundwater flow and transport models is proposed and applied to the Toarcian argillites in France which are studied in the framework of feasibility of storing radioactive waste in deep clayey massifs. Stochastic fields of the diffusion parameters of the Toarcian argillites (France) are generated based on 64 measured values of diffusion coefficient and diffusion accessible porosity and used as input for a 3D local-scale groundwater flow and transport model. The chloride concentrations computed by these heterogeneous models are compared to the measured chloride concentrations and to concentrations calculated with a model in which the Toarcian argillites are subdivided into several homogeneous zones. The heterogeneous simulations result in a slightly better correspondence between measured and calculated values and have the additional advantage that the measured diffusion coefficient values in the Toarcian are perfectly honored in the model. This study shows that small-scale variability of diffusion parameters has a significant effect on solute concentrations and omitting this heterogeneity may be a problem in transport calculations in low-permeability media, depending on the specific setting and objectives of the study. 相似文献
7.
为弥补当前描述城市地表灰尘径流冲刷过程的指数衰减模型偏于经验、物理力学机制认识不足的问题,考虑到地表灰尘的泥沙物质属性,基于泥沙科学、从泥沙运动力学角度研究地表灰尘的径流冲刷过程与模拟方法。通过比较发现,地表灰尘径流冲刷指数衰减模型与河道冲刷条件下输沙调整的滞后响应模型具有一定的相似性。基于上述比较结果,参考河道冲刷条件下输沙调整的滞后响应模型方程,针对地表径流汇流的延时效应及不平衡输沙特点,并考虑地表灰尘颗粒的非均匀性及分组冲刷过程,对地表灰尘径流冲刷指数衰减模型进行了改进,建立了地表灰尘的分组不平衡冲刷模型。结合广东东莞牛山工业园区地表灰尘径流冲刷过程的实测资料,对模型进行了应用比较。结果表明:相比指数衰减模型,分组不平衡冲刷模型模拟地表径流灰尘浓度值与实测值变化趋势更为符合,确定性系数与纳什效率系数由0.15与0.59升至0.73与0.70,模拟效果进一步提高。研究结果有助于促进地表灰尘径流冲刷过程模拟由经验分析向具有物理基础的模拟方法转变。 相似文献
8.
Wen−Cheng Liu 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(4):535-546
Settling velocities of suspended cohesive sediment in estuaries vary over a range of several orders in magnitude. Variations in the suspended sediment concentration are often considered as the principal cause. Turbulence and the suspended sediment concentration, as well as other factors such as salinity, dissolved organic substances, flocculation ability, and the rate of floc growth affect setting velocities. A laterally–averaged finite difference model for hydrodynamics and cohesive sediment transport is developed and applied in the Tanshui River estuary, Taiwan. The model has been calibrated and verified with water surface elevation, longitudinal velocity, salinity, and cohesive sediment measured. The overall performance of the model is in qualitative agreement with the available data. The model is used to investigate the influence of settling velocity on cohesive sediment transport dynamics. The simulation indicates that the turbidity maximum zone is near Kuan–Du. When settling velocities increase the surface cohesive sediment concentration at Kuan–Du station trends to decrease and bottom cohesive sediment concentration increases. Both surface and bottom cohesive sediment concentrations decrease at Taipei Bridge and Pa–Ling Bridge. This implies that suspended sediment advected seaward and deposited. There is consequently a net seaward flux of suspended sediment near surface, and a net landward flux near the bed. 相似文献
9.
降雨在地表上随地形流动自然形成沟谷线、汇流区、分水岭等流域形态,研究地表流水线的数字模拟对数字流域水文分析具有重要意义.提出数字地表流线模型的概念,只考虑地形因素,利用等高线图建立一个能获得区域内每滴雨水沿地表流动的轨迹模型.并运用地图代数的距离变换对等高线及所在空间进行全方位的距离度量,研究了数字地表流线模型的建立方法.实验表明,该模型利用距离变换信息而不是高程计算流向,可避免DEM高程误差对流向、流线的影响,且不需要在DEM上进行复杂的洼地、平地的识别与处理.该模型对原始数据要求不高,能有效应用于沟谷线的自动提取、汇流区自动分割和分水线网络的自动提取. 相似文献
10.
11.
浙西常山地区富硒土壤特征及成因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过浙西常山地区表层土壤的调查研究,发现大面积富硒土壤,总结了该地区表层土壤硒含量分布特征。研究区内表层土壤硒含量均值为0.44×10-6;不同土壤类型硒含量差异较大,其中石灰(岩)土土类硒含量最高,平均值为0.58×10-6;不同母质条件形成的土壤硒含量差异较明显,全新世洪冲积物形成的土壤硒含量最高,平均值为0.59×10-6。概率累积曲线表明,常山地区外源输入组分对土壤硒的影响小。土壤硒含量与V、Mo、Ni、Cr、S、Cu、Cd等含量呈显著正相关性(P<0.01),与有机质关系密切(r=0.35),而与土壤pH相关性不明显。西阳山组泥灰岩、荷塘组炭质页岩、硅质岩及宁国组炭质页岩等岩石硒含量较高。土壤硒继承了岩石硒,硒含量高的岩石分布面积广是形成富硒土壤的重要原因。 相似文献
12.
Olga V. Shuvaeva Svetlana B. Bortnikova Tamara M. Korda Elena V. Lazareva 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2000,24(2):247-252
Gold recovery in ores containing arsenopyrite releases significant amounts of arsenic into the environment due to mineral processing and oxidation during storage. The extent of arsenic weathering in a tailings dam has been investigated. Speciation of As in surface and pore waters and pond sediments showed that for gold tailings in the dam, As enrichment took place in the pore water relative to the surface water. In pond sediments As was predominantly present as residual arsenopyrite and partly as a substance co-precipitated with iron hydroxide. The arsenic release from the sediment results from a reductive dissolution of the arsenopyrite and Fe oxides. In the surface water, arsenate and arsenite are the main arsenic species (arsenate is dominant), but in the pore waters methylation processes play a significant role. Arsenic transport is accompanied by the transformation of As into the less toxic compounds (methylated species) co-existing with the most toxic species (arsenite). 相似文献
13.
针对南昌市麦园垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液防渗的实际情况,分析了重金属污染物在黏土固化注浆帷幕中的迁移转化特征,建立了地下水渗流模型和重金属污染物运移的耦合动力学模型。利用该模型对黏土固化注浆帷幕控制重金属污染物的迁移行为进行了模拟研究。数值模拟结果表明,在填埋场设计使用年限内黏土固化注浆帷幕对重金属污染物的阻滞率可以达到94.5 %以上,重金属污染物在防渗系统中的浓度范围沿地下水水流方向逐渐扩展,同一位置的浓度值随时间的延续呈逐渐增大的趋势,但距离污染源越远,污染物的浓度越低。结合现场检测情况,证明了黏土固化注浆帷幕对重金属污染物具有较强的污染控制能力。 相似文献
14.
基于CoupModel的青藏高原多年冻土区土壤水热过程模拟 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
近年来, 青藏高原多年冻土区生态环境呈现出逐年恶化趋势, 从而对多年冻土活动层水热过程造成显著影响. 此外, 如何构建更加有效、 针对寒区的陆面过程模式成为寒区研究的重点、 热点之一. 作为一种有效的参数估计方法, Bayes参数估计算法具有准确估计陆面过程模式参数的能力. 因此, 基于2005-2008年观测数据, 利用CoupModel模型对青藏高原风火山流域土壤水热运移过程进行模拟; 同时, 利用Bayes参数估计方法估计部分水热运移参数. 结果显示: 模型对土壤温度(ST)的模拟效果较好, NSE系数均在0.90以上; 也能够较好模拟浅层(0~40 cm)土壤水分, NSE值均达到0.80以上, 而对40 cm以下土壤水分的模拟结果较差. 模型也能够较准确模拟活动层土壤的冻结-融化过程. 模型对温度水分极值和40 cm深度以下水分的模拟存在一些偏差. 值得一提的是, 基于重要性采样MCMC方案的Bayes参数估计算法能够有效估计水热运移参数, 模型模拟结果得到极大的改进. Bayes算法能够广泛解决陆面过程模式参数估计问题. 相似文献
15.
富硒土地资源研究进展与评价方法 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
硒是重要的生命必需元素,开发富硒农产品是提升我国人体硒摄入水平的安全有效途径,富硒土地资源评价与利用规划是土地质量地球化学调查成果服务于特色农产品发展与脱贫攻坚的重要切入点。本文评述了近年来在土壤和作物硒含量、土壤硒成因来源、土壤硒赋存形态及其生物有效性影响因素、土壤-作物系统硒吸收运移、硒与重金属镉等元素之间的相互作用等调查研究成果。针对我国土壤硒背景值约0.20mg/kg,远低于世界土壤背景值0.40mg/kg,整体上处于低硒水平的实际情况,认为采用0.40mg/kg Se作为富硒土壤标准具有较强的科学依据;多数情况下土壤硒主要来源于成土地质背景,部分地区与人为活动密切有关;富硒土壤可分为地质高背景、次生富集作用、人为输入及其多种作用的叠加成因,元素地球化学性质决定了硒与镉等重金属元素共生的普遍性;土壤硒成因来源以及pH、Eh、有机质、铁铝氧化物等土壤理化条件决定了硒和重金属赋存形态与生物有效性,进而影响到富硒土地的可利用性,成为制定富硒土壤地方标准的理论基础与考虑因素;不同作物种类对硒吸收富集能力不同,筛选适应当地农田生态环境、富硒低镉的农作物具有实际意义;现有的部分富硒农产品标准未充分考虑人体补硒目的,并存在标准间协调性差等问题,急需加强富硒农产品标准的制定。本文提出,富硒土地资源评价不仅需要考虑土壤硒和重金属含量,而且需综合土壤硒成因来源及其生物有效性、土壤-作物系统硒迁移累积、硒与重金属镉等元素之间的相互作用机制,以及当地气候、土壤和景观条件下作物种植的适宜性,依据富硒土地资源可利用性进行分类分区、科学规划和合理种植管理。同时建议,为满足富硒土地资源调查评价与可利用性分析、富硒农产品健康效应研究的需要,需要加强土壤和作物硒含量及其形态的提取分离与分析测试方法技术研究与应用。 相似文献
16.
对浙江临安东部地区表层土壤进行地质调查,发现了大面积富硒土壤,并总结了表层土壤硒的分布特征及影响因素。研究区表层土壤硒含量平均值为0.38×10-6;不同土壤类型硒含量差异较大,其中黄壤硒含量最高,平均值为0.58×10-6。概率累积曲线表明,土壤硒主要来源于自然背景,受外源输入组分影响较小。土壤硒含量与V、Mo、Ni、Cr含量呈显著正相关,与有机质关系密切,与pH值相关性较好。荷塘组碳质页岩、硅质岩和宁国组碳质页岩是该区富硒土壤的主要来源。 相似文献
17.
The dissolution of Iceland spar in CO2-saturated solutions at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure has been followed by measurement of pH as a function of time. Surface concentrations of reactant and product species have been calculated from bulk fluid data using mass transport theory and a model that accounts for homogeneous reactions in the bulk fluid. The surface concentrations are found to be close to bulk solution values. This indicates that calcite dissolution under the experimental conditions is controlled by the kinetics of surface reaction. The rate of calcite dissolution follows an empirical second order relation with respect to calcium and hydrogen ion from near the initial condition (pH 3.91) to approximately pH 5.9. Beyond pH 5.9 the rate of surface reaction is greatly reduced and higher reaction orders are observed. Calculations show that the rate of calcite dissolution in natural environments may be influenced by both transport and surface-reaction processes. In the absence of inhibition, relatively short times should be sufficient to establish equilibrium. 相似文献
18.
低渗透岩土是水文地质及环境地质研究的重点关注对象,有效扩散系数是研究低渗透岩土的关键参数之一。文章以原状黏土和粉砂质黏土为例,以Cl-为示踪剂,利用自主研发的室内径向扩散实验装置,建立Cl-径向运移模型,模拟其扩散运移过程。以实验模型为初始条件和边界条件,利用COMSOL软件模拟溶质理论浓度随时间变化的曲线,与实验数据进行拟合,利用绝对残差平均值进行理论浓度与实测值拟合优度统计,提取试样的有效扩散系数。结果表明:试样塘沽G1孔101.2~101.5 m、苏北SY1孔147.1~147.3 m、170.48~170.68 m的有效扩散系数分别为6.0×10-10 m2/s、4.5×10-10 m2/s、3.9×10-10 m2/s 时,理论浓度的绝对残差平均值最小,且孔隙度和有效扩散系数高度相关,进一步证明了该实验方法的可行性。同时,利用Archie定律有效孔隙度与有效扩散系数的关系,取常量n=1.9,预测了试验样品的有效孔隙度,分别为0.26,0.19,0.16。 相似文献
19.
CLM3和SHAW模式在青藏高原中部NMQ站的模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用那曲地区NMQ站2010年11月1日至2011年7月26日的观测资料作为通用陆面过程模式CLM3.0和水热耦合模式SHAW的大气强迫, 在青藏高原中部季节冻土区进行了单点模拟研究.在参照观测资料的基础上, 对两个陆面模式的模拟结果对比发现: SHAW模式和CLM3.0模式模拟的向上短波辐射和向下长波辐射值基本相近或重合, 但两个模式均未考虑新雪存在对向上短波辐射的影响, 以及青藏高原日冻融循环过程中潜热释放对向上长波辐射的影响.此外, SHAW模式和CLM3.0模式均能模拟各层土壤温度的逐日变化, 均是上层土壤的模拟效果较下层好; 相比SHAW模式, CLM3.0各层土壤温度的模拟值更接近于实测值.对土壤含水量的模拟而言, 60 cm以上(包括60 cm)SHAW模式和CLM3.0模式各有其优缺点, 60 cm以下SHAW模式的模拟结果要好于CLM3.0, 尤其是土壤冻结和消融时段的模拟结果. 相似文献
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利用SWMM模型模拟岩溶峰丛洼地系统降雨径流过程——以桂林丫吉试验场为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
文章以桂林丫吉试验场为例,验证是否可以利用SWMM模型模拟以管道为主的岩溶峰丛洼地系统降雨径流过程。以洼地为单元,把研究区概化为由管道相连的6个次级汇水流域,选择Green-Amp入渗计算方法,同时考虑包气带裂隙水对管道的补给,运行SWMM模型计算出研究区管道总出口S31泉的流量曲线。结果显示：模拟流量变化过程与实测流量变化过程基本一致。说明该模型可以用来模拟岩溶峰丛洼地地区降雨径流过程。经验证,模拟时段内S31泉总量相对误差为19.1%。 相似文献